108 年 國立政治大學應用物理研究所《近代物理》

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第 1 題45 分

  1. [45 points] Short answer questions

(a) When a certain light source illuminates a metal surface, electrons are emitted from the metal with kinetic energies up to the value K. The light source is replaced with one that has the same wavelength but less intensity. With this new light source, does the upper limit of the electron kinetic energies increase, decrease, or remain the same? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.

(b) A particle of mass M at rest decays into two identical particles each of mass m = 0.100M that travel in opposite directions. What is the speed of these particles?

(c) At temperature T a body emits its most intense radiation at a wavelength of 5.6 µm. What is the wavelength of the most intense radiation emitted by the same body at temperature 4T?

(d) A particle of mass m in an infinite square well with walls at x = 0 and x = L is in a state with energy E=9ℏ2π22mL2E = \frac{9\hbar^2\pi^2}{2mL^2}. What is the probability that the particle is between x=0x = 0 and x=L/6x = L/6?

(e) A particle of mass m and spin zero is in a three-dimensional isotropic well described by a potential energy function V(r)=12mω2r2V(r) = \frac{1}{2}m\omega^2r^2, where r2=x2+y2+z2r^2 = x^2 + y^2 + z^2. How many states have energy ℏω\hbar\omega?

(f) Including the electron spin, how many possible states are there for the n = 4 energy level of hydrogen? For the n = 5 level?

(g) In a Stern-Gerlach type of experiment on an atom (such as boron) with a single 2p electron, into how many components would the beam be split?

(h) Explain how a p-n junction diode operates as a light-emitting diode (LED).

(i) The Fourier series expansion of a function f(x)f(x) that is periodic with period 2π2\pi is
f(x)=a02+∑n=1∞ancos⁡(nx)+∑n=1∞bnsin⁡(nx)f(x) = \frac{a_0}{2} + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} a_n \cos(nx) + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} b_n \sin(nx)
Consider the square wave given by the graph below. Write down all coefficients in the Fourier series expansion that are equal to zero.
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這一題的完整詳解

(a)

根據光電效應方程式:
Kmax⁡=hν−Φ=hcλ−ΦK_{\max} = h\nu - \Phi = \frac{hc}{\lambda} - \Phi
電子的最大動能 Kmax⁡K_{\max} 僅取決於入射光的波長 λ\lambda(或頻率 ν\nu)以及金屬材料的功函數 Φ\Phi。

當更換為波長相同但強度較弱的新光源時,入射光電子的單一光子能量 hνh\nu 完全保持不變,因此發射電子的最大動能極限保持不變(Remain the same)。光強度的減小僅代表單位時間內照射到金屬表面的光子數減少,從而使單位時間發射的光電子數(光電流)降低,並不影響單一光子的能量與光電子的最大動能。

【答案】Remain the same(保持不變)


(b)

設靜止粒子質量為 MM,衰變後生成的兩個相同粒子質量均為 m=0.100Mm = 0.100M,運動速度大小均為 vv。
由相對論能量守恆定律:
Ei=Ef  ⟹  Mc2=2γmc2E_i = E_f \implies M c^2 = 2 \gamma m c^2
其中勞侖茲因子 γ=11−v2/c2\gamma = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - v^2/c^2}}。
將 m=0.100Mm = 0.100M 代入上式:
Mc2=2γ(0.100M)c2=0.200γMc2  ⟹  γ=5M c^2 = 2 \gamma (0.100 M) c^2 = 0.200 \gamma M c^2 \implies \gamma = 5
求粒子速度 vv:
11−v2/c2=5  ⟹  1−v2c2=125=0.04  ⟹  v2c2=0.96\frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - v^2/c^2}} = 5 \implies 1 - \frac{v^2}{c^2} = \frac{1}{25} = 0.04 \implies \frac{v^2}{c^2} = 0.96
v=0.96 c=265 c≈0.9798 cv = \sqrt{0.96} \, c = \frac{2\sqrt{6}}{5} \, c \approx 0.9798 \, c

【答案】v=0.96 c=265 c≈0.98cv = \sqrt{0.96} \, c = \frac{2\sqrt{6}}{5} \, c \approx 0.98 c


(c)

根據維恩位移定律(Wien's Displacement Law):
λmax⁡T=b=常數\lambda_{\max} T = b = \text{常數}
即黑體輻射最強波長與絕對溫度成反比:
λ1T1=λ2T2\lambda_1 T_1 = \lambda_2 T_2
代入已知條件 T1=TT_1 = T, λ1=5.6 μm\lambda_1 = 5.6\ \mu\text{m}, T2=4TT_2 = 4T:
(5.6 μm)×T=λ2×(4T)(5.6\ \mu\text{m}) \times T = \lambda_2 \times (4T)
λ2=5.6 μm4=1.4 μm\lambda_2 = \frac{5.6\ \mu\text{m}}{4} = 1.4\ \mu\text{m}

【答案】1.4 μm1.4\ \mu\text{m}


(d)

邊界在 x=0x = 0 至 x=Lx = L 的無限深位能井,其本徵能量與本徵波函數為:
En=n2π2ℏ22mL2,ψn(x)=2Lsin⁡(nπxL)E_n = \frac{n^2 \pi^2 \hbar^2}{2mL^2}, \quad \psi_n(x) = \sqrt{\frac{2}{L}} \sin\left(\frac{n\pi x}{L}\right)
題目給定能量為 E=9ℏ2π22mL2E = \frac{9\hbar^2\pi^2}{2mL^2},可知對應主量子數 n=3n = 3。

粒子出現在 x=0x = 0 至 x=L/6x = L/6 區間的機率 PP 為:
P=∫0L/6∣ψ3(x)∣2dx=2L∫0L/6sin⁡2(3πxL)dxP = \int_0^{L/6} |\psi_3(x)|^2 dx = \frac{2}{L} \int_0^{L/6} \sin^2\left(\frac{3\pi x}{L}\right) dx
令 u=3πxLu = \frac{3\pi x}{L},當 x=0  ⟹  u=0x = 0 \implies u = 0;當 x=L/6  ⟹  u=π2x = L/6 \implies u = \frac{\pi}{2},且 dx=L3πdudx = \frac{L}{3\pi} du:
P=2L⋅L3π∫0π/2sin⁡2u du=23π[u2−sin⁡2u4]0π/2=23π(π4)=16P = \frac{2}{L} \cdot \frac{L}{3\pi} \int_0^{\pi/2} \sin^2 u \, du = \frac{2}{3\pi} \left[ \frac{u}{2} - \frac{\sin 2u}{4} \right]_0^{\pi/2} = \frac{2}{3\pi} \left( \frac{\pi}{4} \right) = \frac{1}{6}

【答案】16\frac{1}{6}


(e)

三維等向諧振子位能為 V(r)=12mω2(x2+y2+z2)V(r) = \frac{1}{2}m\omega^2 (x^2+y^2+z^2),其能量本徵值為:
E=(nx+ny+nz+32)ℏω=(N+32)ℏωE = \left( n_x + n_y + n_z + \frac{3}{2} \right) \hbar\omega = \left( N + \frac{3}{2} \right) \hbar\omega

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第 2 題10 分

  1. [10 points] Relativity

How fast and in what direction must Galaxy A be moving if an absorption line found at 550 nm (green) for a stationary galaxy is shifted to 450 nm (blue) for A? How fast and in what direction is Galaxy B moving if it shows the same line shifted to 750 nm (red)?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查狹義相對論的相對論性都卜勒效應。設靜止星系測得的譜線波長為 λ0\lambda_0,星系沿視線方向運動時,觀測波長為 λ\lambda,則

λ=λ01+β1−β,β=vc,\lambda=\lambda_0\sqrt{\frac{1+\beta}{1-\beta}}, \qquad \beta=\frac{v}{c},

其中:

  • β>0\beta>0 表示遠離觀測者;
  • β<0\beta<0 表示朝向觀測者;
  • cc 為光速。

將公式平方並解出 β\beta:

(λλ0)2=1+β1−β,\left(\frac{\lambda}{\lambda_0}\right)^2 = \frac{1+\beta}{1-\beta},

因此

β=(λλ0)2−1(λλ0)2+1.\beta = \frac{\left(\dfrac{\lambda}{\lambda_0}\right)^2-1} {\left(\dfrac{\lambda}{\lambda_0}\right)^2+1}.

波長變短為藍移,表示光源朝向觀測者;波長變長為紅移,表示光源遠離觀測者。

解題方法

已知靜止星系的譜線波長為

λ0=550 nm.\lambda_0=550\ \text{nm}.

Galaxy A:由 550 nm550\ \text{nm} 藍移至 450 nm450\ \text{nm}

代入

λAλ0=450550=911.\frac{\lambda_A}{\lambda_0} = \frac{450}{550} = \frac{9}{11}.

所以

βA=(911)2−1(911)2+1=81121−181121+1.\beta_A = \frac{\left(\frac{9}{11}\right)^2-1} {\left(\frac{9}{11}\right)^2+1} = \frac{\frac{81}{121}-1}{\frac{81}{121}+1}.

整理得

βA=−40/121202/121=−20101≈−0.198.\beta_A = \frac{-40/121}{202/121} = -\frac{20}{101} \approx -0.198.

因此

vA=βAc≈−0.198c.v_A=\beta_A c\approx -0.198c.

負號代表 Galaxy A 朝向觀測者運動,速率為

∣vA∣≈0.198c.|v_A|\approx 0.198c.

若取 c=3.00×105 km/sc=3.00\times10^5\ \text{km/s},則

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第 3 題20 分

  1. [20 points] The Schrödinger equation

In a certain region of space, a particle is described by the wave function
ψ(x)=Cxe−bx\psi(x) = Cxe^{-bx}
where C and b are real constants. By substituting into the Schrödinger equation, find the potential energy in this region and also find the energy of the particle.

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這一題的完整詳解

一維不含時薛丁格方程式為:
−ℏ22md2ψ(x)dx2+V(x)ψ(x)=Eψ(x)-\frac{\hbar^2}{2m} \frac{d^2\psi(x)}{dx^2} + V(x)\psi(x) = E\psi(x)

對波函數 ψ(x)=Cxe−bx\psi(x) = Cxe^{-bx} 計算一階與二階空間微分:
dψdx=Ce−bx−Cbxe−bx=C(1−bx)e−bx\frac{d\psi}{dx} = C e^{-bx} - C b x e^{-bx} = C(1 - bx)e^{-bx}
d2ψdx2=−Cbe−bx−Cb(1−bx)e−bx=C(b2x−2b)e−bx=(b2−2bx)ψ(x)\frac{d^2\psi}{dx^2} = -Cb e^{-bx} - C b (1 - bx)e^{-bx} = C(b^2 x - 2b)e^{-bx} = \left(b^2 - \frac{2b}{x}\right) \psi(x)

將二階微分代回薛丁格方程式:

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第 4 題25 分

  1. [25 points] Nonstationary states

Consider a particle in a one-dimensional infinite square well of length L described initially (t = 0) by a wavefunction that is a superposition of the ground state (ψ1(x)\psi_1(x)) and the first excited state (ψ2(x)\psi_2(x)) of the well:
Ψ(x,0)=C[ψ1(x)+ψ2(x)]\Psi(x, 0) = C [\psi_1(x) + \psi_2(x)]
where ψ1(x)\psi_1(x) and ψ2(x)\psi_2(x) are normalized.

(a) Find the value of C that normalizes Ψ(x,0)\Psi(x, 0).
(b) Find Ψ(x,t)\Psi(x, t) at any later time t.
(c) Find the average energy ⟨E⟩\langle E \rangle for Ψ(x,t)\Psi(x,t).
(d) Determine the uncertainty ΔE\Delta E of energy for Ψ(x,t)\Psi(x,t).

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查無限深方井中「非定態」的時間演化,以及能量期望值與能量不確定度。

無限深方井 0<x<L0<x<L 的定態滿足

H^ψn(x)=Enψn(x),\hat H\psi_n(x)=E_n\psi_n(x),

且本徵態正交歸一:

∫0Lψm∗(x)ψn(x) dx=δmn.\int_0^L\psi_m^*(x)\psi_n(x)\,dx=\delta_{mn}.

其能量本徵值為

En=n2π2ℏ22mL2.E_n=\frac{n^2\pi^2\hbar^2}{2mL^2}.

定態的時間演化為

ψn(x,t)=ψn(x)e−iEnt/ℏ.\psi_n(x,t)=\psi_n(x)e^{-iE_nt/\hbar}.

因此,初態若為多個能量本徵態的線性組合,之後各分量會分別累積不同的相位,形成非定態。


解題方法

將初態寫成能量本徵態的線性組合,利用 ψ1\psi_1 與 ψ2\psi_2 的正交性求出歸一化常數,再對每個能量本徵態分別乘上時間因子。能量期望值與不確定度則直接使用能量測量的機率分布計算。


(a) 求歸一化常數 CC

歸一化條件為

∫0L∣Ψ(x,0)∣2 dx=1.\int_0^L |\Psi(x,0)|^2\,dx=1.

代入

Ψ(x,0)=C[ψ1(x)+ψ2(x)],\Psi(x,0)=C[\psi_1(x)+\psi_2(x)],

得到

1=∣C∣2∫0L[ψ1(x)+ψ2(x)]∗[ψ1(x)+ψ2(x)] dx.1=|C|^2\int_0^L [\psi_1(x)+\psi_2(x)]^* [\psi_1(x)+\psi_2(x)]\,dx.

展開後:

1=∣C∣2[⟨ψ1∣ψ1⟩+⟨ψ2∣ψ2⟩+⟨ψ1∣ψ2⟩+⟨ψ2∣ψ1⟩].1=|C|^2\left[ \langle \psi_1|\psi_1\rangle +\langle \psi_2|\psi_2\rangle +\langle \psi_1|\psi_2\rangle +\langle \psi_2|\psi_1\rangle \right].

由於 ψ1,ψ2\psi_1,\psi_2 已歸一化且彼此正交,

⟨ψ1∣ψ1⟩=⟨ψ2∣ψ2⟩=1,\langle\psi_1|\psi_1\rangle = \langle\psi_2|\psi_2\rangle=1, ⟨ψ1∣ψ2⟩=⟨ψ2∣ψ1⟩=0.\langle\psi_1|\psi_2\rangle = \langle\psi_2|\psi_1\rangle=0.

所以

1=2∣C∣2,1=2|C|^2,

因此

∣C∣=12.|C|=\frac{1}{\sqrt2}.

通常取整體相位為零,故

C=12.\boxed{C=\frac{1}{\sqrt2}}.

(b) 求任意時間的波函數 Ψ(x,t)\Psi(x,t)

每個能量本徵態的時間演化為

ψn(x,t)=ψn(x)e−iEnt/ℏ.\psi_n(x,t)=\psi_n(x)e^{-iE_nt/\hbar}.

因此初態中的兩個分量分別演化:

Ψ(x,t)=12[ψ1(x)e−iE1t/ℏ+ψ2(x)e−iE2t/ℏ].\boxed{ \Psi(x,t)=\frac{1}{\sqrt2} \left[ \psi_1(x)e^{-iE_1t/\hbar} + \psi_2(x)e^{-iE_2t/\hbar} \right] }.

其中

E1=π2ℏ22mL2,E_1=\frac{\pi^2\hbar^2}{2mL^2}, E2=4π2ℏ22mL2=4E1.E_2=\frac{4\pi^2\hbar^2}{2mL^2}=4E_1.

若寫出無限深方井的空間本徵函數

ψn(x)=2Lsin⁡(nπxL),\psi_n(x)=\sqrt{\frac{2}{L}}\sin\left(\frac{n\pi x}{L}\right),

則

Ψ(x,t)=1L[sin⁡(πxL)e−iE1t/ℏ+sin⁡(2πxL)e−iE2t/ℏ],0<x<L.\Psi(x,t) = \frac{1}{\sqrt L} \left[ \sin\left(\frac{\pi x}{L}\right)e^{-iE_1t/\hbar} + \sin\left(\frac{2\pi x}{L}\right)e^{-iE_2t/\hbar} \right], \qquad 0<x<L.

井外則有

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