109 年 國立臺灣大學食品科技研究所丙組《專業英文（G）》

文章第一段提到「Researchers are working to find ways to reduce the staggering amounts of wasted food, and one of the latest studies on the topic suggests that thinking of fresh produce in terms of human traits may help.」以及「This humanizing of food may help people look at fruits and vegetables that are a little less than fresh or imperfect in a different way.」以及「Subjects rated these types of images more favorably than images of produce that was not anthropomorphized.」。

文章中提到「This humanizing of food may help people look at fruits and vegetables that are a little less than fresh or imperfect in a different way.」以及「the researchers anthropomorphized produce... to show a banana lounging in a chaise and arranging cucumber slices in a way to show a human face.」。
「Anthropomorphize」這個詞的字根「anthropo-」意為「人」，「morph-」意為「形狀」或「形態」。因此，「anthropomorphize」的字面意思是賦予非人類事物以人的形狀、特徵或行為。

文章中提到：「This humanizing of food may help people look at fruits and vegetables that are a little less than fresh or imperfect in a different way.」、「We suggest that when old produce is humanized, it is evaluated more favorably, since it leads consumers to evaluate the old product with a more compassionate lens.」、「Subjects rated these types of images more favorably than images of produce that was not anthropomorphized.」以及「The researchers suggest that store managers and food marketers

文章中多次提到「fresh produce」、「fruits and vegetables」。例如：「thinking of fresh produce in terms of human traits」、「people look at fruits and vegetables」、「images of produce」。

文章第一段提到：「Researchers are working to find ways to reduce the staggering amounts of wasted food, and one of the latest studies on the topic suggests that thinking of fresh produce in terms of human traits may help. Here is a shameful statistic: A little more than 1 billion tons of food is wasted every year around the world. Researchers are working to find ways to reduce the staggering amounts of wasted food, and one of the latest studies on the topic suggests that thinking of fresh produce in terms of human traits may help. This humanizing of food may help people look at fruits and vegetables that are a little less than fresh or imperfect in a different way. "We suggest that when old produce is humanized, it is evaluated more favorably, since it leads consumers to evaluate the old product with a more compassionate lens," write the researchers, who are from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and University of Houston. A couple of the ways that the researchers anthropomorphized produce that was slightly past its prime in images was to show a banana lounging in a chaise and arranging cucumber slices in a way to show a human face. Subjects rated these types of images more favor

文章第二篇「Article 2」的標題是「Students engineer honey using bacterium, not bees」。內文提到「A team of 12 students from the Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering at the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology has won a gold medal at the International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) competition in Boston for its bee-free honey.

文章第二篇（Article 2）的內文提到：「In addition to alleviating some of the pressure on declining bee populations, the artificial honey enables manufacturers to formulate the end product to the desired specifications, including taste.」

文章第二篇（Article 2）中提到：
「The synthetic honey is produced by the bacterium Bacillus subtilis, which "learns" to produce honey following reprogramming in the lab.」
「Our vision is to create a sustainable BeeFree honey using engineered bacteria, which will process a nectar-like solution using secreted enzymes that mimic the honey stomach environment.」
「To replicate this process, the team established a comprehensive model of the entire "Synthetic Honey Stomach" metabolic pathway.」

文章第二篇（Article 2）中提到：
「We used B. subtilis as a bacterial model for protein secretion because its high secretion capacity made it a prime candidate to produce the target enzymes and create the artificial honey.」

這段話直接說明了選擇 B. subtilis 的原因：
(1) It is a major bacterium in the honeybee's stomach. (它是蜜蜂胃中的主要細菌)：文章沒有提到這個原因。
(2) It is the assigned species by iGEM. (它是 iGEM 指定的物種)：文章沒有提到這個原因，iGEM 是競賽，而不是指定特定細菌。
(3) It produces great quantities of proteins. (它能產生大量的蛋白質)：文章提到「protein secretion」和「high secretion capacity」，這意味著它能產生大量的蛋白質分泌物，而這些分泌物是產生目標酵素的基礎。
(4) It is a natural source of targeted enzymes. (它是目標酵素的天然來源)：文章提到它是「produce the target enzymes」，但不是說它是「natural source」的目標酵素，而是它有能力「produce」（產生）這些酵素。

選項 (3) 「It produces great quantities of proteins」是基於「high secretion capacity」和「protein secretion」的描述。

文章第二篇（Article 2）中提到：
「iGEM is a competition established in 2004 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), which gives students the opportunity to study and experiment with all aspects of scientific and applied research in synthetic biology.」

文章第三篇（Article 3）的標題是「Neuroprotective Effects of Bioavailable Polyphenol-Derived Metabolites against Oxidative Stress-Induced Cytotoxicity in Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells」。
摘要（Abstract）的第一句指出：「Oxidative stress is involved in cell death in neurodegenerative diseases.」。
接著說：「Herein, we evaluate the effects of a panel of bioavailable polyphenols and derived metabolites at physiologically relevant conditions against H2O2-induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells.」
這明確指出了研究的目的是「evaluate the effects of ... polyphenol-derived metabolites」在對抗氧化壓力引起的細胞毒性方面。

文章第三篇（Article 3）的摘要（Abstract）中提到：「Oxidative stress is involved in cell death in neurodegenerative diseases.」以及「Among the 19 metabolites tested, ... prevented neuronal apoptosis via attenuation of ROS levels, increased REDOX activity, and decreased oxidative stress-induced apoptosis by preventing the caspase-3 activation via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in SH-SY5Y cells.」

文章第三篇（Article 3）的摘要（Abstract）中提到：「...prevented neuronal apoptosis via attenuation of ROS levels, increased REDOX activity, and decreased oxidative stress-induced apoptosis...」
「REDOX」是「reduction-oxidation」的縮寫，指的是氧化還原反應。在生物學中，REDOX 活動通常與細胞內的能量代謝和抵抗氧化壓力有關。

文章第三篇（Article 3）的標題和摘要都明確指出了實驗所使用的細胞類型：「Neuroprotective Effects of Bioavailable Polyphenol-Derived Metabolites against Oxidative Stress-Induced Cytotoxicity in Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells」。

文章第三篇（Article 3）的摘要（Abstract）提到：「...prevented neuronal apoptosis via attenuation of ROS levels, increased REDOX activity, and decreased oxidative stress-induced apoptosis by preventing the caspase-3 activation...」

文章第四篇（Article 4）的標題是「Dietary fiber isolated from sweet potato residues promotes a healthy gut microbiome profile」。
文章的第一段開頭就說明：「This study investigated the impact of dietary fiber from sweet potato residue (SPDF) on the diversity of the gut microbiota.」
後續的內容也持續圍繞著 SPDF 對腸道菌群的影響進行探討，例如「prebiotic role of SPDF」、「effects of SPDF on the intestinal microecosystem」、「prebiotic effects」、「significant increase in the concentrations of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus」、「significant decrease of Enterobacillus, Clostridium perfringens and Bacteroides」、「Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes ratio」、「amount of Akkermansia」、「production of propionate and butyrate」、

文章第四篇（Article 4）的內容提到：「The production of propionate and butyrate in the rat feces of both 3% and 15% SPDF groups was higher than that in the control group...」
這表示 propionate 和 butyrate 是文章中提到的短鏈脂肪酸 (short chain fatty acid, SCFA)。

文章第四篇（Article 4）提到：「16S rRNA gene sequencing, short chain fatty acid quantification and physiochemical property analysis in the rat feces were then conducted. The results showed that SPDF significantly increased the Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes ratio at the phylum level and the amount of Akkermansia was also increased at the genus level, which was confirmed by qRT-PCR.」
這裡提到「Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes ratio at the phylum level」是通過 16S rRNA gene sequencing 檢測出來的，並且「which was confirmed by qRT-PCR」。
這表示，雖然 16S rRNA gene sequencing 是主要的分析方法，但 qRT-PCR (quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction) 用來「確認」了某些結果，包括在菌種層級 (genus level) 的 Akkermansia 增加。
題目問的是「bacterial composition at phylum levels was determined by」。文章中提到「Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes ratio at the phylum level」，這是通過 16S rRNA gene sequencing 確定的，並由 qRT-PCR 確認。
但是，選項中沒有 16S rRNA gene sequencing。我們需要從選項中找出最適合的答案。
文章說「The results showed that SPDF significantly increased the Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes ratio at the phylum level ... which was confirmed by qRT-PCR.」

文章第四篇（Article 4）提到：「The results showed that SPDF significantly increased the Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes ratio at the phylum level and the amount of Akkermansia was also increased at the genus level, which was confirmed by qRT-PCR.」
這句話明確指出，「Akkermansia」在「genus level」（菌屬層級）有增加。

選項分析：
(1) Enterobacillus：文章提到 SPDF 誘導了「significant decrease of Enterobacillus」，所以是減少，不是增

文章第四篇（Article 4）提到：「Furthermore, to investigate the effects of SPDF on the intestinal microecosystem, diets containing different concentrations of SPDF were used to feed Wistar rats for 4 weeks. 16S rRNA gene sequencing, short chain fatty acid quantification and physiochemical property analysis in

文章第五篇（Article 5）的引言（Introduction）中提到：「Nine of the top 15 risk factors for global morbidity result from poor dietary quality, while diseases associated with poor dietary quality, including coronary heart disease (CHD), type II diabetes, stroke, and colorectal cancers, account for nearly 40% of global mortality...」
這裡提到了「morbidity」和「mortality」。
「Morbidity」通常指的是疾病的發生率或患病狀態，而「mortality」指的是死亡率。

選項分析：
(1) state of being subject to death (面臨死亡的狀態)：這是死亡的定義，與 morbidity 不同。

核心觀念

本題考查文章中「食物對健康的影響」與「對環境的影響」之交叉比較。判斷時要同時符合兩個條件：

1. 與較佳健康結果相關；
2. 相較於其他健康食物，具有較高的負面環境影響。

一般而言，水果與蔬菜屬於健康且環境負擔較低的食物；加工紅肉則同時與較差健康結果及較高環境負擔相關。魚類雖常被視為有益健康，但捕撈、養殖及運輸等過程可能造成較高的碳排放、生態破壞與資源消耗。

解題方法

先抓題幹中的兩個關鍵描述：

• improved health：有助於改善或維持健康；
• relatively higher negative environmental impacts：相較之下，環境負面影響較高。

逐一比對各食物：

• 水果、蔬菜通常同時具備健康效益與較低環境負擔；
• 加工紅肉不符合「有益健康」；
• 魚類符合「有益健康」，但環境影響相對較高。

因此答案為魚類。

選項分析

(1) fruits 水果：錯誤

水果通常富含維生素、礦物質、膳食纖維及多種植物化合物，與較佳健康結果相關。然而，多數水果的整體環境影響相對較低，未符合題目所說的「相對較高負面環境影響」。

(2) vegetables 蔬菜：錯誤

文章第五篇（Article 5）的摘要（Abstract）提到：「Foods associated with the largest negative environmental impacts--unprocessed and processed red meat are consistently associated with the largest increases in disease risk.」
這段話說明了「unprocessed red meat」和「processed red meat」這兩類食物，同時具有「largest negative environmental impacts」（最大的負面環境影響）和「largest increases in disease risk」（最大的疾病風險增加）。

文章也提到：「processed foods high in sugars harm health but can have relatively low environmental impacts.」
這句話說明「processed foods high in sugars」（高糖加工食品，如 sugar-sweetened beverages）會「harm health」（危害健康，即高疾病風險），但「can have relatively low environmental impacts」（環境影響相對較低）。

文章第五篇（Article 5）在描述環境影響時提到：「...and 2 forms of nutrient pollution-acidification and eutrophication.」
雖然文章沒有直接定義「eutrophication」，但它被列為「nutrient pollution」（營養物污染）的一種形式。
「Eutrophication」在環境科學中的定義是指由於過量的營養物質（如氮和磷）進入水體，導致藻類和其他水生植物過度生長，進而消耗水中的氧氣，對水生生態系統造成破壞的過程。

文章第五篇（Article 5）在描述環境影響時提到：「agricultural food production emits ~30% of global greenhouse gasses (GHGs) (3, 4)...」
文章沒有直接列出哪些是溫室氣體，但我們需要依據科學常識來判斷。
常見的溫室氣體包括：二氧化碳 (CO2)、甲烷 (CH4)、氧化亞氮 (N2O)、水蒸氣 (H2O) 等。

文章第六篇（Article 6）的引言（Introduction）中定義了「Domestication」：「'Domestication' is a term that refers to artificial selection and breeding of wild species to obtain cultivated variants with enhanced desirable features that thrive in man-made environments, often at the cost of suboptimal fitness in natural settings.」
雖然這裡定義的是廣義的「Domestication」，但文章後續也將這個概念應用於酵母菌。

文章第六篇（Article 6）在討論啤酒酵母的馴化時提到：「Firstly, beer yeasts are harvested and re-used after the fermentation process to initiate the next fermentation batch, a process called 'backslopping'.」
這句話直接解釋了「backslopping」的定義：將一批啤酒酵母在發酵完成後收穫，並用於啟動下一批次的发酵。

選項分析：
(1) a portion of beer yeasts culture are re-used in next fermentation batch (一部分啤酒

文章第六篇（Article 6）在討論啤酒酵母的演化時提到：「We will discuss S. cerevisiae and S. pastorianus, both involved in production of specific beer types, which underwent a different route to domestication」
這句話表明，S. cerevisiae 和 S. pastorianus 是兩種參與啤酒生產的酵母菌。
文章前面也提到：「making both ale (S. cerevisiae) and lager (S. pastorianus) producing strains ideal models...」。
這表明：

• Ale 酵母是 S. cerevisiae。
• Lager 酵母是 S. pastorianus。

進一步查閱資料（或根據文章最後一句「which underwent a different route to domestication」推測），S. pastorianus 是 S. cerevisiae 和另一種酵母（S. eubayanus）的雜交種（hybrid）。

文章第六篇（Article 6）在討論啤酒酵母的馴化時提到：「beer yeasts are harvested and re-used after the fermentation process to initiate the next fermentation batch, a process called 'backslopping'. This continuous growth in a very specific industrial niche has resulted in continuous selection imposed by the brewing environment.」

核心觀念

本題比較葡萄酒酵母（wine yeast）與啤酒酵母（beer yeast）對不同發酵環境的適應性。判斷重點在於兩者所面對的主要選拔壓力：

• 葡萄酒酵母適應葡萄汁的高糖、酸性、較高酒精濃度，以及葡萄栽培過程中可能殘留的銅離子。
• 啤酒酵母適應麥汁環境，對麥芽糖、麥芽三糖及麥汁中的含氮營養利用較具特色。
• 葡萄酒酵母通常具有較強的糖代謝與酒精發酵能力，但不能因此推論其含氮代謝活性也一定高於啤酒酵母。

解題方法

題目問的是「哪一項不是正確描述」，因此逐項判斷各敘述是否符合兩種酵母的生理適應特徵：

1. 若敘述符合葡萄酒酵母對葡萄汁環境的適應，則為正確。
2. 若敘述把啤酒酵母較具代表性的特徵誤套到葡萄酒酵母，則為錯誤。
3. 找出唯一不正確的選項，即為答案。

選項分析

（1）wine yeast has more striking adaptation than beer yeast

葡萄酒酵母面對的發酵基質通常具有高糖、低 pH，且發酵過程會累積乙醇。這些條件會造成較強的滲透壓、酸及酒精壓力，因此葡萄酒酵母對發酵環境的適應特徵較為突出。

此敘述可視為正確。

（2）wine yeast has higher sugar metabolic activity compared to beer yeast

文章第七篇（Article 7）在開頭定義了「Food fingerprints」：「Food fingerprints can be defined as molecular markers that represent a characteristic food state or condition, allowing more effective product discrimination. Essentially, it is a marker or set of markers that allow us to answer many questions about food authenticity...」
文章後續也提到：「This practical guide will allow an easy search of metabolites, contributing to eventually identify new molecular routes for food authentication...」

文章第七篇（Article 7）提到 food fingerprints 的目的是「allowing more effective product discrimination」和「answer many questions about food authenticity」。
同時也提到「deliberate adulteration of food and beverages to deceive consumers is illegal」。

文章第七篇（Article 7）提到：「Although the deliberate adulteration of food and beverages to deceive consumers is illegal in any part of the world, the promise of fast economical incomes is becoming very prevalent and affects a broad range of products, from dietary food products to beverages. Food products adulteration is carried out to increase volume and weight, mask inferior quality and replace authentic substances with cheaper ones, with benefits for sellers and possible harms to consumers.」

文章第七篇（Article 7）在探討 food fingerprints 時，提到它可以回答關於「food authenticity」的問題。文章也列舉了食物欺詐的幾種類型，包括：

• adulteration (摻假，例如加水)
• sophistication processes (精緻化過程，例如使用糖、添加劑或調味劑)
• counterfeiting (仿冒，例如使用違禁添加劑和色素、不正確的植物學和地理學聲明、重複使用過期產品、或錯誤地命名為有機產品)。

其中，「geographical origin」（地理來源）是文章中明確提到的與食物真實性（authenticity）相關的問題，例如「Does this saffron really originate from Spain?」。

文章第七篇（Article 7）提到：「In USA, the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) defined by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) establishes several rules to prevent foodstuffs adulteration.」
文章也提到 FSMA 由 FDA 提出，並且是美國的法律。
美國總統簽署法案是其生效的過程。

選項分析：
(1) legislation to prevent food fraud (防止食物欺詐的立法)：文章提到 FSMA 旨在「prevent foodstuffs adulteration」，這與防止食物欺詐的目標一致。

文章第十篇（Article 10）提到：「In food authentication field, there are targeted and untargeted methods of analysis. The first approach focuses on the analysis of a specific metabolite or group of metabolites, while in the untargeted approach, the major goal is discrimination of patterns of metabolites that may change in response to environmental, genetic or human alterations (adulteration).」
「Targeted analysis」是指針對「specific metabolite or group of metabolites」（特定的代謝物或代謝物群組）。

核心觀念

本題考查 代謝體學（metabolomics） 的研究目的與分析型態。

代謝體學是對生物樣品中的小分子代謝物進行整體性分析，藉此比較不同樣品的代謝物組成與濃度差異，並利用統計模型找出樣品的分類特徵、來源及真偽。因此，食品代謝體學常應用於：

• 食品安全評估
• 食品真偽與來源鑑定
• 品種、產地或加工方式辨識
• 樣品間代謝差異比較

代謝體分析主要可分為：

1. 非標的代謝體分析（untargeted metabolomics）
   在沒有預先限定特定代謝物的情況下，盡可能全面偵測樣品中的代謝物，再以統計方法找出具差異或分類能力的訊號。

2. 標的代謝物分析（targeted metabolite analysis）
   事先選定一組已知代謝物，進行定性或定量分析。此方法雖可被廣義歸入代謝體研究，但並非一般考試中對「代謝體學研究」的典型描述。

本題以代謝體學的典型定義為判斷基準，重點在於辨認其「全面性、差異比較及統計分類」的特徵。

解題方法

判斷各選項是否符合代謝體學的核心特色：

1. 是否強調全面分析大量代謝物？
2. 是否比較不同樣品的代謝差異？
3. 是否利用多變量統計或模式辨識方法進行分類、來源預測？
4. 是否能應用於食品安全與真偽鑑定？

其中，若選項把代謝體學直接描述成只分析預先指定的代謝物，就與典型的非標的代謝體學概念不符。

選項分析

（A）a targeted analysis

此描述錯誤。

典型的代謝體學研究通常採取 非標的分析，先廣泛偵測樣品中的代謝物，再透過統計分析找出具有辨識力的代謝特徵。其研究重點不是只鎖定少數事先選定的代謝物。

「標的分析」是先決定欲測量的特定代謝物，再進行精確定量，較接近 targeted metabolite analysis。因此，將代謝體研究直接描述為標的分析，不符合本題所採用的標準定義。

核心觀念

1. 食品指紋分析（Food Fingerprinting）：

   • 屬於非目標性分析技術（Non-targeted Analysis），主要透過全光譜、質譜或多重化學特徵的連續訊號，建立食品整體的整體特徵圖譜（Profile）。
   • 常用於食品真實性鑑別（Authenticity）、產地追溯（Geographical origin trace）、摻偽檢測（Adulteration）及品質監控。
   • 該技術要求分析工具具備高維度資訊量（High-throughput/Multiplexed data），如各式光譜法（Spectroscopy）、螢光光譜法（Spectrofluorimetry）、質譜法（Mass Spectrometry, MS）或核磁共振（NMR），並搭配化學計量學（Chemometrics）進行多變量統計分析（如 PCA、PLS-DA）。

2. 技術特性比較：

   • 指紋分析適用工具：能在單次量測中獲取大量分子振動、吸收、激發發射矩陣（EEM）或質荷比（$m/z$）等複雜圖譜訊號。
   • 無效或侷限工具（Futile）：傳統電化學技術（Electrochemistry）多針對特定氧化還原活性物質（Redox-active species）進行「單一特定分析物（Targeted analysis）」之定量，整體訊號維度低，缺乏足以代表食品整體組成特徵的指紋圖譜解析能力，因此在建立全食品指紋時最無效或效益極低。

解題方法

1. 語意解析：

   • 題幹問「To achieve food fingerprint, which technology may futile?」，關鍵字為 food fingerprint（食品指紋） 與 futile（無效的、徒勞的）。
   • 核心切入點是辨識哪一項技術「最不適合」或「最無法提供」食品指紋圖譜所需的複雜多變量特徵數據。

2. 技術維度判斷：

   • 評估選項中各儀器分析法所產出的數據型態（Data profile）。光譜法、質譜法均為食品指紋技術的黃金標準，具備多重訊號峰與連續光譜；反觀傳統電化學技術主要依賴特定電位下的電流響應，難以反映複雜食品基質的整體分子特徵。

選項分析

文章第十篇（Article 10）提到：「The popularity of MS approaches is due to ability to distinguish small differences between samples in complex matrices.」
「Complex matrices」指的是樣品中除了目標物之外的各種干擾物質。能夠在複雜基質中區分微小差異，意味著它能夠克服「matrix effect」。

選項分析：
(A) it is a non-destructive method (它是一種非破壞性方法)：文章提到 spectroscopy 和 spectrofluorimetry methods 的「non-des

文章第十篇（Article 10）提到：
「Hence, the main objective of this work is to assign high significant biomarkers to food authenticity and safety monitoring according to their geographical and botanical origin, genetic diversity, production systems, adulteration and spoilage or freshness indication.」
這段話列出了 metabolomic study 的多個目的：

• geographical and botanical origin (地理和植物學來源)
• genetic diversity (遺傳多樣性)
• production systems (生產系統)
• adulteration (摻假)
• spoilage or freshness indication (腐敗或新鮮度指示)

題目問哪個「NOT the purpose」。
選項分析：
(A) indicator for spoilage or freshness (腐敗或新鮮度的指標)：文

文章第八篇（Article 8）的摘要（Abstract）提到：「Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a serious neurological disorder worldwide that affects about 26 million people, and whose prevalence has been calculated to quadruple by 2050, thus reaching over 1% of the total population, with the highest prevalence occurring in both adults and e

文章第八篇（Article 8）在描述 AD 的特徵時提到：「The characteristic clinical and neuropathological hallmarks of AD are: dementia as the main clinical symptom and in post-mortem neuropathological examination, the presence of amyloid plaques as well as neurofibrillary tangles and loss of neurons in the brain of AD patients.」

文章第八篇（Article 8）提到：「The characteristic clinical and neuropathological hallmarks of AD are: dementia as the main clinical symptom and in post-mortem neuropathological examination, the presence of amyloid plaques as well as neurofibrillary tangles and loss of neurons in the brain of AD patients. The role of amyloid and tau protein is questioned in the etiology of AD and other causes such as ischemic etiology are being considered.」
文章後面還提到：「The diet contains large amounts of fat and low carbohydrates with vitamin supplementation. New scientific articles suggest that a low-carbohydrate and high-fat ketogenic diet may help alleviate the brain damage in AD.」

文章第八篇（Article 8）提到：「The social and economic burden associated with AD was calculated as an example in the United States alone; 600 billion dollars annually is spent on caring for AD patients.」
文章提到的是「annually」（每年）花費 6000 億美元。
題目問的是「per month」（每月）。

選項分析：
(1) 10 billion
(2) 50 billion
(3) 100 billion
(4) 600 billion

文章明確給出了「annually」的數字是 600 billion dollars。
如果題目問的是「annually」，答案就是 (4)。
但是題目問的是「per month」。

文章沒有直接給出每月花費。但如果我們必須從選項中選擇，而選項 (4) 是文章中提到的「annual」總額，那麼這個題目可能是在考驗對 annual 和 monthly 的轉換，或者題目本身可能存在問題。
我們需要檢查文章是否有其他線索。
文章只給了「annually」的數據。
如果我們將 600 billion dollars 除以 12 個月，得到 50 billion dollars per month。

文章第八篇（Article 8）的內文提到：「The role of amyloid and tau protein is questioned in the etiology of AD and other causes such as ischemic etiology are being considered.」
「Etiology」在醫學上指的是疾病的「病因」或「起因」。

核心觀念

本題考查阿茲海默症（Alzheimer’s disease, AD）在失智症中的地位、型態與社會影響。

• AD 是失智症最常見的病因。
• AD 可分為家族性（familial）與散發性（sporadic）型。
• 散發性 AD 約占大多數病例，並非少數型態。
• AD 不僅影響患者，也會增加照顧者與醫療體系的負擔。

解題方法

題幹問的是 not true，因此要逐項判斷敘述是否符合 AD 的基本醫學概念。關鍵在於辨認 AD 的主要型態：

• 散發性 AD：通常沒有明確的家族遺傳史，與年齡、環境及多重遺傳因素有關，占 AD 病例的絕大多數。
• 家族性 AD：與特定基因突變及家族遺傳有關，病例比例相對少。

因此，凡是宣稱「散發性 AD 不是 AD 的主要型態」的敘述，均與事實相反。

選項分析

(1) the most important cause of dementia is AD

此敘述正確。AD 是失智症最常見的原因，尤其在老年型失智症中占有最大比例。題目中的 the most important cause 可理解為「最主要、最常見的病因」。

文章第八篇（Article 8）提到：「New scientific articles suggest that a low-carbohydrate and high-fat ketogenic diet may help alleviate the brain damage in AD.」以及「A ketogenic diet can alleviate the effects of impaired glucose metabolism in AD...」

文章第八篇（Article 8）提到：「The role of amyloid and tau protein is questioned in the etiology of AD and other causes such as ischemic etiology are being considered.」
「Ischemic etiology」指的是由於血液供應不足（缺氧）引起的病因。

選項分析：
(1) Amyloid (類澱粉蛋白)：文章提到「amyloid and tau protein is questioned in the etiology of AD」，表明類澱粉蛋白與 AD 的病因有關。

文章第八篇（Article 8）提到：「To date, only a few drugs are approved, such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine. Drugs that regulate partly the activity of neurotransmitters and partly alleviate behavioral symptoms. Other treatment options include active and passive immunization, anti-aggregation specifics, and secretase inhibitors. The road to clarity AD etiology, early final ante mortem diagnosis and treatment has been one fraught with a wide range of complications and numerous revisions with a lack of a final solution.」

根據這段話：

• 已經批准的藥物有：acetylcholinesterase inhibitors 和 memantine。
• 其他治療選項包括：active and passive immunization, anti-aggregation specifics, and secretase inhibitors.
• 文章也提到了「early final ante mortem diagnosis」是研究的目標，但「has been one fraught with a wide range of complications and numerous revisions with a lack of a final solution」，這意味著診斷方法還沒有成熟或最終確定。

選項分析：
(1) memantine (美金剛)：文章明確指出是已批准的藥物。
(2) passive immunization (被動免疫)：文章明確指出是「Other treatment options」。
(3) secretase inhibitor (分泌酶抑制劑)：文章明確指出是「secretase inhibitors」，是治療選項之一。

文章第八篇（Article 8）提到生酮飲食（ketogenic diet）：
「The diet contains large amounts of fat and low carbohydrates with vitamin supplementation.」
「New scientific articles suggest that a low-carbohydrate and high-fat ketogenic diet may help alleviate the brain damage in AD.」
「A ketogenic diet can alleviate the effects of impaired glucose metabolism in AD by providing ketones as an additional source of energy.」
「Therefore, other treatment options can be recommended, and the ketogenic diet seems to be an interesting last resort solution at the moment.」

選項分析：
(1) is a kind of high-fat and low-carbohydrate diet (是一種高脂肪低碳水化合物的飲食)：文章明確提到「large amounts of fat and low carbohyd