108 年 國立臺灣大學食品科技研究所丁組《專業英文(G)》
第 1 題
Article 1
Food allergy is an abnormal immunological response or allergic reaction that occurs when certain foods are consumed. It is considered a major public health concern, affecting 1-2% of adults and 3-6% of children living in developed countries. A survey conducted in 2013 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, revealed that the number of children allergic to certain foods increased by 50% between 1997 and 2011. Besides, over 150 million Europeans suffer from food allergy and it is speculated that an astounding 44% of adults living in Britain have at least one form of allergy or the other, growing by around 2 million from 2008 to 2009 alone. Generally, over 170 foods can provoke allergenic reactions, but 90% of incidences are believed to be caused by allergenic proteins present in milk, egg, soy, crustacean/shellfish, fish, tree nut, peanut, and wheat, but a large number of potentially allergenic individuals are unaware of their allergic reactions to certain foods until after consumption. Typically, clinical symptoms include respiratory issues, skin reactions, cardiovascular disorders and problems with the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Meanwhile, clinical manifestations associated with non-IgE-mediated food allergies include food protein induced enterocolitis (FPIES), weight depreciation, proctocolitis syndrome, pulmonary hemosiderosis and celiac disease. Other symptoms of food allergy includes the life threatening anaphylaxis, with a detailed epidemiological survey conducted in the united states revealing that annually, about 125000 cases of emergency and 53700 cases of anaphylaxis is caused by food allergies, leading to hospitalization of 2000 patients and in acute cases, 200 deaths. Unfortunately, the current best practice to prevent food allergy is to avoid consumption of allergenic foods.
The characteristic nature of antigenic proteins is basically glycoproteins with molecular masses of 10-70 kDa, which contain protein sites called epitopes. These epitopes are recognizable and interact with allergen receptors based on their three-dimensional conformation. Considering their molecular configuration and structure, any process that induces changes in protein conformation can also affect structural features of epitopes, thereby influencing antibody binding ability. In fact, some treatments such as heating induce formation of new allergenic compounds, otherwise called neo-allergens via interactions among constituents.
With the developments of nonthermal processing techniques, such as pulsed light, high pressure processing (HPP), irradiation, cold plasma, ultrasound and pulsed electric field(PEF), it is possible that nonthermal processing techniques can also induce changes in protein conformation and mitigate the allergenicity of certain proteins, while retaining the original characteristics of the food materials. Therefore, researchers have explored the impact of non-heat based processing technologies on allergenic proteins and the possibility of producing hypoallergenic foods using such approaches.
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The allergenic reaction is usually cause by which food component? (A) lipid (B) Carbohydrate (C) Protein (D) Amino acid (E) trans-fat
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Which of the following may not be a common clinical symptom of food allergy? (A) hypersomnia (B) rhinitis (C) hypotension (D) vomiting (E) abdominal pain
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What is the best practice to prevent food allergy? (A) take medicine (B) consume functional food (C) not eat allergenic food (D) be a vegetarian (E) wash hand often.
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What is epitops? (A) glycolipids (B) oiligosaccharides (C) protein (D) amino acid (E) nucleoid.
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Which of the following is not a non-thermal processing method? (A) pulsed electric field (B) Ozone (C) high pressure processing (D) microwave (E) ultrasound processing
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文章開頭即指出食物過敏是一種免疫反應,並在後續段落中說明,90% 的食物過敏事件是由食物中的「致敏蛋白」(allergenic proteins)所引起。題目直接詢問引起過敏反應的食物成分,文章明確指出是「allergenic proteins」。選項 (C) Protein 即為蛋白質,是文章提到的致敏成分。
選項分析:
(A) lipid(脂質):文章未提及脂質是引起過敏反應的主要原因。
(B) Carbohydrate(碳水化合物):文章未提及碳水化合物是引起過敏反應的主要原因。
(C) Protein(蛋白質):文章明確指出 90% 的事件是由「allergenic proteins」(致敏蛋白)引起。
(D) Amino acid(胺基酸):胺基酸是蛋白質的組成單位,但文章直接點名的是蛋白質本身,而非其基本單位。
(E) trans-fat(反式脂肪):文章未提及反式脂肪與食物過敏的直接關聯。
【答案】(C)
文章在描述食物過敏的臨床症狀時,列出了「respiratory issues, skin reactions, cardiovascular disorders and problems with the gastrointestinal (GI) tract」。接著補充說明非 IgE 媒介的食物過敏症狀,包括 FPIES、體重減輕、直腸結腸炎、肺出血和乳糜瀉。此外,還提到危及生命的「anaphylaxis」。題目詢問哪個選項「不是」常見的臨床症狀。
選項分析:
(A) hypersomnia(嗜睡):文章未提及嗜睡是食物過敏的常見症狀。
(B) rhinitis(鼻炎):屬於 respiratory issues (呼吸道問題) 的一種,可能與食物過敏有關。
(C) hypotension(低血壓):雖然嚴重過敏反應(anaphylaxis)可能導致低血壓,但文章並未將其列為「常見」臨床症狀,且其他選項 (B), (D), (E) 均為較常見的症狀描述。
(D) vomiting(嘔吐):屬於 gastrointestinal (GI) tract problems (腸胃道問題),是常見症狀。
(E) abdominal pain(腹痛):屬於 gastrointestinal (GI) tract problems (腸胃道問題),是常見症狀。
綜合來看,hypersomnia 和 hypotension 相較於其他選項,較不常被直接列為食物過敏的「常見」臨床症狀。然而,hypotension 在嚴重過敏反應中是一個重要表現,而 hypersomnia 則較少直接連結。重新檢視文章,文章列舉的常見症狀包括「respiratory issues, skin reactions, cardiovascular disorders and problems with the gastrointestinal (GI) tract」。hypersomnia 並未出現在這些類別中。hypotension 則可歸類於 cardiovascular disorders。因此,hypersomnia 較可能是非典型或不常見的症狀。
【答案】(A)
文章最後一段明確指出:「Unfortunately, the current best practice to prevent food allergy is to avoid consumption of allergenic foods.」這句話直接回答了預防食物過敏的最佳方法。
選項分析:
(A) take medicine(服藥):文章未提及服藥是預防方法。
(B) consume functional food(食用機能性食品):文章未提及。
(C) not eat allergenic food(不食用致敏食物):與文章最後一句的「avoid consumption of allergenic foods」完全一致。
(D) be a vegetarian(成為素食者):文章未提及。
(E) wash hand often(經常洗手):文章未提及。
【答案】(C)
文章在描述抗原蛋白(antigenic proteins)的特性時,提到其「basically glycoproteins with molecular masses of 10-70 kDa, which contain protein sites called epitopes.」這句話直接定義了抗原蛋白包含稱為「epitopes」的蛋白質位點。
選項分析:
(A) glycolipids(醣脂質):文章未提及。
(B) oiligosaccharides(寡糖):文章未提及。
(C) protein(蛋白質):文章明確指出 epitopes 是「protein sites」。
第 2 題2 分
Which of the following may not be a common clinical symptom of food allergy?
(A) hypersomnia
(B) rhinitis
(C) hypotension
(D) vomiting
(E) abdominal pain
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核心觀念
食物過敏屬於即時型(IgE‑mediated)過敏反應,臨床表現常依照受累器官分為四大類:
- 皮膚:蕁麻疹、血管性水腫。
- 呼吸道:鼻炎(rhinitis)、打噴嚏、喘鳴、支氣管痙攣。
- 胃腸道:嘔吐(vomiting)、腹痛(abdominal pain)、腹瀉。
- 循環系統:低血壓(hypotension)或嚴重時的過敏性休克(anaphylaxis)。
神經系統症狀如嗜睡(hypersomnia)非過敏反應的常見表現,除非伴隨其他系統性休克導致意識改變,仍不屬「常見」之臨床症狀。
解題方法
直接比對選項與上述四大常見症狀類型。若某選項未屬於皮膚、呼吸道、胃腸道或循環系統之典型過敏症狀,即為「可能不是常見臨床症狀」。此題不涉及計算,只需要概念辨識。
選項分析
- (A) hypersomnia
- 嗜睡屬於神經系統功能變化,非即時過敏的常見表現,故可能不屬於食物過敏的常見症狀。
第 3 題2 分
What is the best practice to prevent food allergy?
(A) take medicine
(B) consume functional food
(C) not eat allergenic food
(D) be a vegetarian
(E) wash hand often
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核心觀念
本題測驗的是「食品過敏(food allergy)」的防治原則。過敏是免疫系統對特定食物蛋白質產生 IgE‑介導的即時型過敏反應,最根本的預防方法是避免接觸致敏原。因此,題目要求選出能最直接、最有效阻斷過敏發作的做法。
解題方法
- 先確認每個選項是否屬於「防止過敏」的直接措施。
- 評估其與「避免致敏原接觸」的關聯程度。
- 若選項僅為間接或無關之措施,即為錯選。
選項分析
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(A) take medicine
服藥(如抗組織胺或皮質類固醇)只能緩解已發作的過敏症狀,並無法根除或預防過敏原的接觸,屬於治療而非預防,故錯誤。 -
(B) consume functional food
功能性食品可能含有益生菌、抗氧化劑等,有助於腸道健康,但目前尚無科學證據證明其能防止過敏原引發免疫反應。此選項屬於間接、未確定的措施,錯誤。
第 4 題2 分
What is epitopes?
(A) glycolipids
(B) oligosaccharides
(C) protein
(D) amino acid
(E) nucleoid
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核心觀念
- Epitope(抗原決定位):指抗體、T 細胞受體或B 細胞受體能夠辨識並結合的抗原表面特定區域。
- 免疫學定義:抗原(antigen)是能誘導免疫反應的分子;其上能被免疫系統辨識的最小結構單位即為 epitope。
- 常見類型:
- 線性(連續)epitope:由相鄰的胺基酸序列組成,多見於蛋白質。
- 構象(非連續)epitope:由空間上靠近但序列上分散的胺基酸殘基形成,亦多屬於蛋白質結構。
- 雖然糖類或脂質亦可作為抗原,但在教材中「epitope」最常指蛋白質上的免疫決定位。
解題方法
- 先回想「epitope」的基本定義:免疫系統辨識的抗原片段。
- 判斷選項中哪一類分子最符合「能提供特定、可被抗體/受體結合的表面區域」的特徵。
- 由於蛋白質的胺基酸序列與三維構造最能形成具體且特異的結合位點,故其最符合 epitope 的概念。
選項分析
| 選項 | 內容 | 正確性 | 說明 |
|---|---|---|---|
| (A) glycolipids | 糖脂類,結構包含糖鏈與脂質部分 | ❌ | 雖可作為抗原,然而「epitope」一詞在免疫學教材中並不特指糖脂;糖脂的免疫決定位較少被稱為 epitope。 |
第 5 題2 分
Which of the following is not a non-thermal processing method?
(A) pulsed electric field
(B) Ozone
(C) high pressure processing
(D) microwave
(E) ultrasound processing
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核心觀念
非熱加工(non‑thermal processing)指的是在不顯著升高食品溫度的情況下達到殺菌、延長保存或改良品質的技術。常見的非熱加工包括:
- 脈衝電場(Pulsed Electric Field, PEF):利用高電壓短脈衝破壞微生物細胞膜。
- 臭氧(Ozone):強氧化劑,直接氧化微生物或酶,作用於表面或氣相,不需加熱。
- 高壓加工(High Pressure Processing, HPP):在 100 MPa–600 MPa 壓力下,使微生物蛋白變性、膜結構受損,同樣不產生顯著熱效應。
- 超聲波加工(Ultrasound Processing):利用高頻聲波產生空化效應,破壞細胞結構,同樣屬於低溫或室溫操作。
解題方法
辨識每個選項所屬的加工原理,判斷其是否屬於非熱加工。若某方法的主要機制是利用熱能(如微波加熱),即不符合「非熱」的定義,則為答案。
選項分析
- (A) Pulsed Electric Field