108 年 國立暨南國際大學外國語文學系碩士班文學與翻譯組《英文作文與翻譯》
第 A-1 題15 分
A. Shown below are two translations of arguably the most important work of Western literature.
A-1: Please identify the source and discuss thoroughly its importance and influence on the Western culture and humanity as a whole. (15%)
Trans. X.
Rage:
Sing, Goddess, Achilles' rage,
Black and murderous, that cost the Greeks
Incalculable pain, pitched countless souls
Of heroes into Hades' dark,
And left their bodies to rot as feasts
For dogs and birds, as Zeus' will was done.
Begin with the clash between Agamemnon—
The Greek warlord—and godlike Achilles.
Which of the immortals set these two
At each other's throats?
Apollo,
Zeus' son and Leto's, offended
By the warlord. Agamemnon had dishonored
Chryses, Apollo's priest, so the god
Struck the Greek camp with plague,
And the soldiers were dying of it.
Chryses
Had come to the Greek beachhead camp
Hauling a fortune for his daughter's ransom.
Displaying Apollo's sacral ribbons
On a golden staff, he made a formal plea
To the entire Greek army, but especially
The commanders, Atreus' two sons:
"Sons of Atreus and Greek heroes all:
May the gods on Olympus grant you plunder
Of Priam's city and a safe return home.
But give me my daughter back and accept
This ransom out of respect for Zeus' son,
Lord Apollo, who deals death from afar."
A murmur rippled through the ranks:
"Respect the priest and take the ransom."
But Agamemnon was not pleased
And dismissed Chryses with a rough speech:
Trans. Y.
S.
ING, goddess, the anger of Peleus' son Achilleus
and its devastation, which put pains thousandfold upon the
Achaians,
hurled in their multitudes to the house of Hades strong souls
of heroes, but gave their bodies to be the delicate feasting
of dogs, of all birds, and the will of Zeus was accomplished
since that time when first there stood in division of conflict
Atreus' son the lord of men and brilliant Achilleus.
What god was it then set them together in bitter collision?
Zeus' son and Leto's, Apollo, who in anger at the king drove
the foul pestilence along the host, and the people perished,
since Atreus' son had dishonoured Chryses, priest of Apollo,
when he came beside the fast ships of the Achaians to ransom
back his daughter, carrying gifts beyond count and holding
in his hands wound on a staff of gold the ribbons of Apollo
who strikes from afar, and supplicated all the Achaians,
but above all Atreus' two sons, the marshals of the people:
'Sons of Atreus and you other strong-greaved Achaians,
to you may the gods grant who have their homes on Olympos
Priam's city to be plundered and a fair homecoming thereafter,
but may you give me back my own daughter and take the ransom,
giving honour to Zeus' son who strikes from afar, Apollo.'
Then all the rest of the Achaians cried out in favour
that the priest be respected and the shining ransom be taken;
yet this pleased not the heart of Atreus' son Agamemnon,
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本題考驗考生對西方文學經典的認識，以及其文化影響力的理解。
核心觀念：
識別經典文學作品，並闡述其在西方文化與人文精神中的重要性及深遠影響。
解題思路：
-
識別來源 (Identify the Source):
從文本內容（如「Sing, Goddess, Achilles' rage」、「Peleus' son Achilleus」、「Agamemnon」、「Apollo」、「Zeus' son」等關鍵字）可以清楚辨識出這是古希臘史詩《伊利亞德》（The Iliad）的開篇。這兩段翻譯都忠實地呈現了史詩的開場，即詩人祈求繆斯女神（Goddess）歌唱阿基里斯（Achilles）的憤怒，以及這場憤怒所引發的災難。 -
闡述重要性與影響力 (Discuss Importance and Influence):
- 文學價值 (Literary Value): 《伊利亞德》是西方文學的基石之一，被譽為西方史詩的典範。它不僅是一部描寫特洛伊戰爭的宏大敘事，更深刻地探討了諸如榮譽（honor）、勇氣（courage）、命運（fate）、死亡（death）、憤怒（rage）、戰爭（war）和人類的尊嚴（human dignity）等永恆主題。其精湛的敘事技巧、生動的人物刻畫（如阿基里斯的英雄氣概與矛盾情感，赫克托耳的愛國與家庭責任感），以及對神祇與凡人互動的描寫，都對後世文學產生了巨大影響。
- 文化影響 (Cultural Influence):
第 A-2 題45 分
A. Shown below are two translations of arguably the most important work of Western literature.
A-2: Please compare the two translations very critically and exhaust every possible aspect—from the diction, the style to, even, the textual layout, to name a few—and produce an organized criticism on their respective artistic achievements. (45%)
Trans. X.
Rage:
Sing, Goddess, Achilles' rage,
Black and murderous, that cost the Greeks
Incalculable pain, pitched countless souls
Of heroes into Hades' dark,
And left their bodies to rot as feasts
For dogs and birds, as Zeus' will was done.
Begin with the clash between Agamemnon—
The Greek warlord—and godlike Achilles.
Which of the immortals set these two
At each other's throats?
Apollo,
Zeus' son and Leto's, offended
By the warlord. Agamemnon had dishonored
Chryses, Apollo's priest, so the god
Struck the Greek camp with plague,
And the soldiers were dying of it.
Chryses
Had come to the Greek beachhead camp
Hauling a fortune for his daughter's ransom.
Displaying Apollo's sacral ribbons
On a golden staff, he made a formal plea
To the entire Greek army, but especially
The commanders, Atreus' two sons:
"Sons of Atreus and Greek heroes all:
May the gods on Olympus grant you plunder
Of Priam's city and a safe return home.
But give me my daughter back and accept
This ransom out of respect for Zeus' son,
Lord Apollo, who deals death from afar."
A murmur rippled through the ranks:
"Respect the priest and take the ransom."
But Agamemnon was not pleased
And dismissed Chryses with a rough speech:
Trans. Y.
S.
ING, goddess, the anger of Peleus' son Achilleus
and its devastation, which put pains thousandfold upon the
Achaians,
hurled in their multitudes to the house of Hades strong souls
of heroes, but gave their bodies to be the delicate feasting
of dogs, of all birds, and the will of Zeus was accomplished
since that time when first there stood in division of conflict
Atreus' son the lord of men and brilliant Achilleus.
What god was it then set them together in bitter collision?
Zeus' son and Leto's, Apollo, who in anger at the king drove
the foul pestilence along the host, and the people perished,
since Atreus' son had dishonoured Chryses, priest of Apollo,
when he came beside the fast ships of the Achaians to ransom
back his daughter, carrying gifts beyond count and holding
in his hands wound on a staff of gold the ribbons of Apollo
who strikes from afar, and supplicated all the Achaians,
but above all Atreus' two sons, the marshals of the people:
'Sons of Atreus and you other strong-greaved Achaians,
to you may the gods grant who have their homes on Olympos
Priam's city to be plundered and a fair homecoming thereafter,
but may you give me back my own daughter and take the ransom,
giving honour to Zeus' son who strikes from afar, Apollo.'
Then all the rest of the Achaians cried out in favour
that the priest be respected and the shining ransom be taken;
yet this pleased not the heart of Atreus' son Agamemnon,
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本題要求考生對兩種翻譯進行深入的比較和批評，涵蓋詞彙、風格、結構等多個層面，展現其對翻譯理論與文學批評的掌握能力。
核心觀念：
文學翻譯的評估標準，包括忠實度（fidelity）、美學效果（aesthetic effect）、語氣（tone）、風格（style）、詞彙選擇（diction）、句法結構（syntax）、文本佈局（textual layout）等，以及如何進行系統性的文學批評。
解題思路：
這是一道高難度的翻譯與文學批評題，需要考生展現出對原文（《伊利亞德》）的理解、對兩種譯文的細緻分析，以及清晰的批判性思維。以下從幾個關鍵面向進行比較：
1. 詞彙選擇 (Diction):
- 開場白 (Invocation/Opening):
- Trans. X: "Rage:" (一個獨立的詞，簡潔有力，但略顯突兀，缺乏原詩的詩意呼喚感)。「Sing, Goddess, Achilles' rage」。Goddess 是泛指，Achilles' rage 是主語。
- Trans. Y: "S. ING, goddess, the anger of Peleus' son Achilleus..." (更貼近原文的詩歌結構，首字母大寫的 "ING" 似乎是為了強調動作，"anger" 比 "rage" 稍弱，但 "Peleus' son Achilleus" 則更為精確地指出了阿基里斯的身份，"Achaians" (Achaians) 也是更貼近希臘語的音譯)。
- 描述戰爭的痛苦與死亡 (Describing Pain and Death):
- Trans. X: "Black and murderous," "Incalculable pain," "pitched countless souls / Of heroes into Hades' dark," "left their bodies to rot as feasts / For dogs and birds." (「Black and murderous」直接描繪了憤怒的性質，「Incalculable pain」和「countless souls」強調了痛苦的廣度和數量。「pitched into Hades' dark」和「rot as feasts for dogs and birds」描寫死亡的慘狀。)
- Trans. Y: "anger... and its devastation, which put pains thousandfold upon the Achaians," "hurled in their multitudes to the house of Hades strong souls / of heroes, but gave their bodies to be the delicate feasting / of dogs, of all birds..." (「devastation」和「pains thousandfold」強調了毀滅性。「hurled in their multitudes」和「strong souls of heroes」更具體地描繪了英雄們的靈魂被送往冥界。「delicate feasting」是一個反諷的用法，與 Trans. X 的「rot」相比，更有文學上的深度和冷酷感。)
- 描述衝突的起因 (Describing the Cause of Conflict):
- Trans. X: "the clash between Agamemnon— / The Greek warlord—and godlike Achilles." (「warlord」強調了阿伽門農的軍事身份，「godlike Achilles」則突顯了阿基里斯的超凡。)
- Trans. Y: "division of conflict / Atreus' son the lord of men and brilliant Achilleus." (「lord of men」是荷馬史詩中常用的稱謂，比「warlord」更富詩意和權威感。「brilliant Achilleus」則讚揚了阿基里斯的傑出。)
- 描述阿波羅的介入 (Describing Apollo's Intervention):
- Trans. X: "Apollo, / Zeus' son and Leto's, offended / By the warlord. Agamemnon had dishonored / Chryses, Apollo's priest..." (直接點出原因，簡單明瞭。)
- Trans. Y: "Apollo, who in anger at the king drove / the foul pestilence along the host, and the people perished, / since Atreus' son had dishonoured Chryses, priest of Apollo..." (「foul pestilence」描繪了瘟疫的恐怖，「the people perished」強調了疾病的致命性。更清晰地連結了阿伽門農的行為與瘟疫的爆發。)
- 克里塞斯 (Chryses) 的請求 (Chryses' Plea):
第 B 題20 分
B. Please talk about the literary allusions you have spotted in popular visual media—movies, TV series, commercials, sit-coms and so on—EXCLUSIVE of published literature. Elaborate on their significance. Be systematic. (20%)
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本題旨在考察考生對流行文化中文學典故的辨識能力，以及對這些典故在當代語境下意義的分析能力。
核心觀念：
文學典故（literary allusion）在流行文化中的應用，以及其象徵意義、文化功能和對觀眾的影響。
解題思路：
考生需要系統性地列舉並分析在電影、電視劇、廣告等流行視覺媒體中出現的文學典故，並闡述其意義。以下提供一個範例結構和內容，考生應根據自己的觀看經驗填充具體例子。
結構建議：
- 引言： 定義文學典故，並指出其在流行文化中的普遍性及其作用。
- 分類與舉例分析：
- 按文學作品類型分類：
- 古典文學（如希臘羅馬神話、莎士比亞）：
- 例子： 電影《特洛伊》（Troy）或《特洛伊：木馬屠城》（Troy）直接改編自《伊利亞德》；許多電影（如《獅子王》The Lion King）借鑑了《哈姆雷特》Hamlet 的兄殺弟奪權情節；廣告可能用「潘朵拉的盒子」（Pandora's Box）來象徵開啟未知事物。
- 意義： 借用這些經典故事的權威性和普世性，賦予當代內容更深的文化底蘊和戲劇張力；喚起觀眾對熟悉情節和角色的聯想，從而產生共鳴或諷刺效果。
- 近代文學（如狄更斯、簡·奧斯汀、喬伊斯）：
- 例子： 電視劇《唐頓莊園》（Downton Abbey）中的人物關係和社會議題常有簡·奧斯汀式的描寫；某些廣告可能引用狄更斯《雙城記》A Tale of Two Cities 的開頭「It was the best of times, it was the worst of times...」來對比現代社會的變化。
- 意義： 藉助經典小說的人物塑造、情節結構或主題，增加作品的深度和複雜性；通過對比或借鑑，引發觀眾對特定時代、社會問題或人性的思考。
- 當代文學（雖然題目排除「出版的文學」，但某些廣為流傳的當代故事，如《哈利波特》系列，若在影視中被廣泛引用，也可考慮，但需謹慎處理「排除出版文學」的界線）：
- 例子： 許多科幻電影會借用喬治·奧威爾《1984》中的「老大哥」（Big Brother）概念來描繪監控社會。
- 意義： 藉助知名當代作品的符號，快速建立觀眾的認知和理解，批判或反思當代社會現象。
- 古典文學（如希臘羅馬神話、莎士比亞）：
- 按典故內容分類：
- 人物典故： 如「羅密歐與茱麗葉」象徵悲劇愛情，「薛西弗斯」（Sisyphus）象徵徒勞無功的努力。
- 情節/場景典故： 如「伊卡洛斯」（Icarus）的飛行象徵過度自信的毀滅，「愛麗絲夢遊仙境」（Alice in Wonderland）象徵奇幻的、不合邏輯的體驗。
- 按文學作品類型分類：
第 C 題20 分
C. What is in a literary genre? Why is it an important factor in the criticism of a literary work? Be specific and concrete. (20%)
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本題要求考生解釋「文學體裁」的定義，並論述其在文學批評中的重要性，需要具體、確切地說明理由。
核心觀念：
文學體裁（literary genre）的定義、特徵，及其在文學批評中的功能（如判斷標準、理解框架、預期建立等）。
解題思路：
-
定義文學體裁 (What is a literary genre?)
- 文學體裁是指根據文學作品的內容、形式、風格、結構、主題、敘事方式等特徵，將其劃分出的類別。
- 它是一種分類系統，幫助我們組織和理解文學作品。
- 常見的體裁包括：詩歌（Lyric Poetry, Narrative Poetry）、戲劇（Tragedy, Comedy）、小說（Novel, Novella）、短篇小說（Short Story）、散文（Essay, Memoir）、史詩（Epic）、童話（Fairy Tale）、科幻（Science Fiction）、奇幻（Fantasy）、偵探小說（Detective Fiction）、傳記（Biography）等等。
- 體裁的劃分並非絕對，有時作品可能融合多種體裁特徵（如科幻史詩、歷史小說）。
-
為何文學體裁是批評的重要因素 (Why is it an important factor in the criticism of a literary work?)
文學體裁之所以重要，是因為它為讀者和批評家提供了以下幾個關鍵的框架和工具：-
建立預期與框架 (Establishing Expectations and Frameworks):
- 當我們知道一部作品屬於某種體裁（例如，偵探小說），我們就對其結構、情節發展、角色類型（如偵探、兇手、嫌疑人）、主題（如謎團的解開、正義的伸張）以及結局（通常是謎底揭曉）有一定的預期。
- 具體例子： 讀者閱讀科幻小說時，預期會看到對未來科技、外星文明、社會變革的探討；閱讀十四行詩（Sonnet）時，預期會看到特定的韻律和結構（通常是14行，有特定韻腳和節奏）。如果一部作品未能滿足這些基本預期，批評家可以從「體裁違背」的角度進行分析，例如，一部本應是輕鬆喜劇的電影，卻充滿了悲劇色彩，這可能是一個失敗之處，也可能是創作者故意打破體裁慣例以達到某種藝術效果。
-
提供評估標準 (Providing Criteria for Evaluation):
- 不同的體裁有其獨特的評估標準。批評一部史詩的標準與批評一首情詩的標準是不同的。
- 具體例子：
- 史詩 (Epic): 批評時會關注其宏大的敘事、英雄的塑造、對國家民族命運的影響、語言的莊重性。例如，批評《伊利亞德》時，我們會看它是否成功地描寫了戰爭的宏偉與殘酷，以及阿基里斯的英雄形象。
-