109 年 國立清華大學哲學研究所《英文》

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第 (一) 題25 分

Doing comparative philosophy well can be very difficult because of the vast range of texts and their intellectual and historical contexts it requires its practitioners to cover. Oversimplifications, excessively stark contrasts, and illicit assimilations count as the most frequent sins. One benefit of comparative philosophy lies in the way that it forces reflection on the most deeply entrenched and otherwise unquestioned agendas and assumptions of one's own tradition. Another benefit at which its practitioners often aim is that the traditions actually interact and enrich one another. Demands for rigor and depth of scholarship obviously rank as some of the most important standards applying to philosophy inquiry. The task of meeting these standards becomes more manageable as the field of inquiry narrows. Such a result can be legitimate but sometimes myopic and impoverishing.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題重點在於:

  1. 長句結構判讀
  2. 關係子句與介系詞搭配
  3. 抽象名詞與學術用語辨識
  4. 段落邏輯與轉折關係
  5. 字詞誤用辨正

文章主旨是:比較哲學雖然能促使人反省自身傳統,也能讓不同傳統彼此交流,但研究者必須面對材料龐雜、歷史背景複雜,以及過度簡化等問題。縮小研究範圍有助於提高研究深度,卻也可能造成視野狹隘與思想貧乏。


句子結構與翻譯

第一句

Doing comparative philosophy well can be very difficult because of the vast range of texts and their intellectual and historical contexts it requires its practitioners to cover.

主詞是動名詞片語 Doing comparative philosophy well,動詞為 can be,補語為 very difficult。
because of 引導原因,後面的 it requires its practitioners to cover 修飾前面的 the vast range of texts and their intellectual and historical contexts。

其中:

  • require + 人 + to V:要求某人做某事
  • cover:涵蓋、處理
  • practitioners:實踐者、從事者,此處指比較哲學研究者

翻譯:

要做好比較哲學可能非常困難,因為它要求研究者處理極為廣泛的文本,以及這些文本所處的思想與歷史脈絡。


第二句

Oversimplifications, excessively stark contrasts, and illicit assimilations count as the most frequent sins.

本句主詞由三個並列名詞組成:

  • Oversimplifications:過度簡化
  • excessively stark contrasts:過度強烈、截然二分的對比
  • illicit assimilations:不當的同化、非法類比

count as 表示「被視為、算作」。

翻譯:

過度簡化、過分鮮明的對立,以及不當的同化,是最常見的錯誤。

此處的 sins 是修辭性用法,不是宗教上的「罪」,而是指研究上的嚴重缺失。


第三句

One benefit of comparative philosophy lies in the way that it forces reflection on the most deeply entrenched and otherwise unquestioned agendas and assumptions of one's own tradition.

句型為:

One benefit lies in the way that + 子句\text{One benefit lies in the way that + 子句}

表示「其中一項好處在於它……的方式」。

  • force reflection on:迫使人反思……
  • deeply entrenched:根深蒂固的
  • otherwise unquestioned:平時不會受到質疑的
  • agendas and assumptions:議程與預設
  • one’s own tradition:自身所屬的傳統

翻譯:

比較哲學的一項好處,在於它會迫使人反思自身傳統中那些根深蒂固、平時不受質疑的議程與預設。


第四句

Another benefit at which its practitioners often aim is that the traditions actually interact and enrich one another.

at which its practitioners often aim 是關係子句,修飾 Another benefit。
aim at 表示「以……為目標」,因此介系詞 at 提前至關係代名詞 which 前。

主句骨架為:

Another benefit is that + 子句\text{Another benefit is that + 子句}
  • interact:互相作用、交流
  • enrich one another:彼此豐富、互相充實

翻譯:

研究者經常追求的另一項好處,是讓不同傳統真正彼此交流,並相互充實。


第五句

Demands for rigor and depth of scholarship obviously rank as some of the most important standards applying to philosophy inquiry.

本句的主要問題是 philosophy inquiry。
此處需要形容詞修飾 inquiry,應改為:

philosophical inquiry

因為:

  • philosophy 是名詞,表示「哲學」
  • philosophical 是形容詞,表示「哲學的」

此外,standards applying to... 表示「適用於……的標準」。

修正後:

Demands for rigor and depth of scholarship obviously rank as some of the most important standards applying to philosophical inquiry.

翻譯:

對學術嚴謹性與深度的要求,顯然是適用於哲學研究的最重要標準之一。


第六句

The task of meeting these standards becomes more manageable as the field of inquiry narrows.

主詞是 The task of meeting these standards,其中:

  • the task of V-ing:做某事的任務
  • meeting these standards:符合這些標準
  • manageable:較容易處理的
  • as:隨著……

翻譯:

隨著研究範圍縮小,達成這些標準的任務也會變得比較容易處理。


第七句

Such a result can be legitimate but sometimes myopic and impoverishing.

Such a result 指前一句所說的「研究範圍縮小,使研究標準較容易達成」。

本句省略了重複的連綴動詞 be:

Such a result can be legitimate but sometimes [be] myopic and impoverishing.

  • legitimate:合理、正當
  • myopic:短視的、視野狹隘的
  • impoverishing:使內容貧乏的

翻譯:

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第 (二) 題25 分

A kind person can be relied on to behave kindly when that is what the situation requires. Moreover, his reliably kind behaviour is not the outcome of a blind, non-rational habit or instinct, like the courageous behaviour—so called only by courtesy—of a lioness defending her cubs. Rather, that the situation requires a certain sort of behaviour is (one way of formulating) his reason for behaving in that way, on each of the relevant occasions. So it must be something of which, on each of the relevant occasions, he is aware. A kind person has a reliable sensitivity to a certain sort of requirement that situations impose on behaviour. The deliverances of a reliable sensitivity are cases of knowledge; and there are idioms according to which the sensitivity itself can appropriately be described as knowledge: a kind person knows what it is like to be confronted with a requirement of kindness. The sensitivity is, we might say, a sort of perceptual capacity.

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這一題的完整詳解

本題為翻譯題,要求將英文段落翻譯成中文。此段落探討了「善良之人」的行為特質,並將其與一種「感知能力」連結。

  1. 善良之人的行為: 善良之人會在情況需要時,可靠地表現出善良的行為。
  2. 區別於本能: 這種善良行為並非源於盲目、非理性的習慣或本能(例如母獅保護幼崽的所謂「勇敢」行為),而是因為他意識到情況的要求,並基於此採取行動。
  3. 意識與覺察: 善良的行為是基於對情境需求的意識,並且在每次相關場合中,他都是有所覺察的。
  4. 連結感知能力: 善良之人對情境對行為的要求有一種可靠的敏感性(sensitivity)。這種敏感性的結果是知識(knowledge),甚至這種敏感性本身也可以被描述為知識。
  5. 類比: 這種敏感性被比喻為一種「感知能力」(perceptual capacity)。善良的人知道如何面對「仁慈」的要求,這是一種親身經歷的體會。

翻譯建議:

  • "can be relied on to behave kindly":可譯為「可以信賴其表現得善良」。
  • "reliably kind behaviour":可靠的善良行為。
  • "blind, non-rational habit or instinct":盲目、非理性的習慣或本能。
  • "so called only by courtesy":僅是禮貌上(或勉强)如此稱呼。
  • "that the situation requires a certain sort of behaviour is (one way of formulating) his reason for behaving in that way":情況要求某種行為,這是(一種表述方式)他那樣行為的理由。
  • "on each of the relevant occasions":在每一個相關的場合。
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第 (三) 題25 分

It has been contended in the last chapter that coherence is in the end our sole criterion of truth. We have now to face the question whether it also gives us the nature of truth. We should be clear at the beginning that these are different questions, and that one may reject coherence as the definition of truth while accepting it as the test. It is conceivable that one thing should be an accurate index of another and still be extremely different from it. There have been philosophers who held that pleasure was an accurate gauge of the amount of good in experience, but that to confuse good with pleasure was a gross blunder. There have been a great many philosophers who held that for every change in consciousness there was a change in the nervous system and that the two corresponded so closely that if we knew the laws connecting them we could infallibly predict one from the other; yet it takes all the hardihood of a behaviourist to say that the two are the same. Similarly it has been held that though coherence supplies an infallible measure of truth, it would be a very grave mistake to identify it with truth.

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這一題的完整詳解

本題為翻譯題,要求將英文段落翻譯成中文。此段落探討了「一致性」(coherence)與「真理」(truth)之間的關係,特別是將一致性作為真理的「標準」(criterion)和「本質」(nature)區分開來。

  1. 核心論點: 前章主張一致性是真理的最終標準。本章要探討的是,一致性是否也揭示了真理的本質。
  2. 區分標準與本質: 作者首先強調,標準和本質是兩個不同的問題。人們可以接受一致性作為檢驗真理的「測試」(test),但拒絕它作為真理的「定義」(definition)。
  3. 類比一(索引與本身): 一個事物可能是另一個事物的精確指標(accurate index),但兩者本質上可能截然不同。
  4. 類比二(快樂與善): 有些哲學家認為快樂是衡量經驗中「善」(good)的準確指標,但將善與快樂混為一談是嚴重的錯誤。
  5. 類比三(意識與神經系統): 許多哲學家認為意識的每一次變化都對應著神經系統的變化,兩者高度相關,可以相互預測。然而,要說兩者是同一事物,則需要行為主義者(behaviourist)的極大勇氣。
  6. 結論: 類似地,儘管一致性提供了真理的可靠衡量標準,但將其等同於真理本身,將會是一個極其嚴重的錯誤。

翻譯建議:

  • "It has been contended in the last chapter that coherence is in the end our sole criterion of truth.":上一章主張,一致性最終是我們衡量真理的唯一標準。
  • "whether it also gives us the nature of truth.":它是否也揭示了真理的本質。
  • "coherence as the definition of truth while accepting it as the test.":將一致性視為真理的定義,同時接受它作為檢驗真理的標準。
  • "an accurate index of another and still be extremely different from it.":一個事物是另一個事物的精確指標,但兩者仍可能極其不同。
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第 (四) 題25 分

Understanding is always "of" something objects, in a broad sense—but this of-ness is not the same as that of beliefs and desires. Thus, understanding is not the same as knowledge, a special kind of knowledge, or even a complex structure or totality of knowledge. Rather, understanding is a fundamentally distinct phenomenon, without which there could be no knowledge or mind at all. It needs, therefore, a different discussion—a discussion which, as it seems to me, has been missing in philosophy. Understanding is the mark of the human. This is a better way to make the point, and for two reasons. On the one hand, understanding is not exclusively mental but is essentially corporeal and worldly as well; but, on the other, it is exclusively (and universally) human. Accordingly, intentionality, rationality, objective knowledge, and self-consciousness, properly understood, are likewise exclusively human. By 'human', I don't mean specific to homo sapiens. Humanity is not a zoological classification, but a more recent social and historical phenomenon—one which happens, however, so far as we know, to be limited to homo sapiens.

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這一題的完整詳解

本題為翻譯題,要求將英文段落翻譯成中文。此段落探討了「理解」(Understanding)的本質,並將其視為人類獨特的標誌。

  1. 理解的對象性("of"-ness): 理解總是「關於」某物,但這種「關於」與信念(beliefs)和慾望(desires)的「關於」不同。
  2. 區別於知識: 理解不同於知識,也不是一種特殊的知識,甚至不是複雜的知識結構或總體。
  3. 理解的獨特性: 理解是一種根本上不同的現象,沒有它,就沒有知識或心靈(mind)可言。作者認為,哲學界對此的討論是缺失的。
  4. 理解是人類的標誌: 這是一種更好的說法,原因有二:
    • 非純粹心靈: 理解不僅是心靈層面的,本質上也是身體的(corporeal)和關聯現實世界的(worldly)。
    • 獨特的人類屬性: 理解是專屬於(且普遍適用於)人類的。
  5. 其他人類屬性: 意向性(intentionality)、理性(rationality)、客觀知識(objective knowledge)和自我意識(self-consciousness),若被恰當理解,也都專屬於人類。
  6. 「人類」的定義: 作者在此的「人類」並非指智人(homo sapiens)這個物種。人類不是動物學分類,而是一種較新的社會歷史現象,雖然就我們所知,它碰巧僅限於智人。

翻譯建議:

  • "Understanding is always 'of' something objects, in a broad sense":理解總是(廣義上)「關於」某物。
  • "this of-ness is not the same as that of beliefs and desires.":這種「關於」性與信念和慾望的「關於」性不同。
  • "understanding is not the same as knowledge, a special kind of knowledge, or even a complex structure or totality of knowledge.":理解不同於知識,不是一種特殊的知識,甚至不是知識的複雜結構或總體。
  • "a fundamentally distinct phenomenon":一種根本上不同的現象。
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其他考古題

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