112 年 國立清華大學哲學研究所《英文》

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本題為翻譯題，要求將段落翻譯為中文。此段落出自 David Hume 的《人性論》，探討人類心靈中的「知覺」(perceptions) 區分為「印象」(impressions) 和「觀念」(ideas) 兩種。

核心觀念：
Hume 在此區分了人類心靈中的兩種基本知覺：印象與觀念。它們的差異在於進入心靈時的強烈程度與鮮活度。

詳解：

1. "All the perceptions of the human mind fall into two distinct kinds, which I shall call 'impressions' and 'ideas'."

   • "Perceptions" 在此語境下指涉心靈的各種知覺或感受。
   • "fall into two distinct kinds" 表示分為兩種截然不同的類型。
   • "which I shall call 'impressions' and 'ideas'" 指作者將稱之為「印象」和「觀念」。
   • 中文翻譯：人類心靈的所有知覺可分為兩種截然不同的類型，我將其稱為「印象」與「觀念」。

2. "These differ in the degrees of force and liveliness with which they strike upon the mind and make their way into our thought or consciousness."

   • "These differ in the degrees of force and liveliness" 指它們在撞擊心靈的力度與鮮活度上有所不同。
   • "with which they strike upon the mind" 指它們撞擊心靈的方式。
   • "and make their way into our thought or consciousness" 指並進入我們的思想或意識。
   • 中文翻譯：它們在撞擊心靈並進入我們的思想或意識時的力度與鮮活度上有所不同。

本題為翻譯題，要求將段落翻譯為中文。此段落出自 Immanuel Kant 的《道德形上學基礎》，闡述了「善意志」(good will) 的道德價值。

核心觀念：
康德認為，道德價值不在於行為的結果，而在於行為背後的動機，即「善意志」本身。善意志的價值是絕對的，不受外在條件或傾向的影響。

詳解：

1. "The good will is good not through what it effects or accomplishes, not through its efficacy for attaining any intended end, but only through its willing, i.e., good in itself, and considered for itself, without comparison,"

   • "The good will is good not through what it effects or accomplishes"：善意志之所以是善的，並非因為它所產生或完成的結果。
   • "not through its efficacy for attaining any intended end"：也不是因為它達成任何預期目標的效力。
   • "but only through its willing, i.e., good in itself"：而是單純透過其「意志」本身，也就是說，它本身就是善的。
   • "and considered for itself, without comparison"：並且是就其自身而言，不與任何事物比較。
   • 中文翻譯：善意志之所以是善的，並非因為它所產生或完成的結果，也不是因為它達成任何預期目標的效力，而是單純透過其「意志」本身，亦即，它本身就是善的，並且是就其自身而言，不與任何事物比較。

2. "it is to be estimated far higher than anything that could be brought about by it in favor of any inclination, or indeed, if you prefer, of the sum of all inclinations."

   • "it is to be estimated far higher than anything"：它應當被評價得遠比任何事物都高。
   • "that could be brought about by it in favor of any inclination"：那些可以為了任何一種「愛好」(inclination) 而由它（善意志）促成的東西。
   • "or indeed, if you prefer, of the sum of all inclinations"：或者，如果你更喜歡這麼說，是為了所有「愛好」的總和而促成的東西。
   • 中文翻譯：它應當被評價得遠比任何可以為了任何一種愛好，或者，如果你更喜歡這麼說，是為了所有愛好的總和而由它促成的東西，都要來得高。

本題為翻譯題，要求將段落翻譯為中文。此段落出自 Dan Zahavi 的《現象學：基礎》，探討了科學與「生活世界」(lifeworld) 之間的關係。

核心觀念：
科學理論即使再抽象，也根植於前科學的「生活世界」經驗。科學在追求客觀性的同時，往往忽略了自身所依賴的日常經驗。科學與生活世界是相互依存、相互影響的動態關係。

詳解：

1. "Even the most exact and abstract scientific theories draw on the prescientific evidence of the lifeworld."

   • "Even the most exact and abstract scientific theories"：即使是最精確和最抽象的科學理論。
   • "draw on"：利用、汲取。
   • "the prescientific evidence of the lifeworld"：生活世界的前科學證據。
   • 中文翻譯：即使是最精確和最抽象的科學理論，也利用了生活世界的前科學證據。

2. "In its search for objective knowledge, science has made a virtue of its ability to move beyond and surpass bodily, sensuous, and pragmatic experience, but has frequently overlooked to what extent it is enabled by those very same experiences."

   • "In its search for objective knowledge"：在其尋求客觀知識的過程中。
   • "science has made a virtue of its ability to move beyond and surpass bodily, sensuous, and pragmatic experience"：科學將其超越和克服身體的、感性的、實用的經驗的能力視為一種優勢。
   • "but has frequently overlooked to what extent it is enabled by those very same experiences"：但卻經常忽略了它在多大程度上是由這些相同的經驗所賦能的。
   • 中文翻譯：在其尋求客觀知識的過程中，科學將其超越和克服身體的、感性的、實用的經驗的能力視為一種優勢，但卻經常忽略了它在多大程度上是由這些相同的經驗所賦能的。

3. "After all, it is often the perceived everyday object, and none other, that the 'physicist explores and scientifically determines following the method of physics'."

   • "After all"：畢竟。
   • "it is often the perceived everyday object, and none other"：通常是我們所感知到的日常對象，除此之外別無他物。
   • "that the 'physicist explores and scientifically determines following the method of physics'"：物理學家正是透過遵循物理學的方法來探索和科學地確定的。
   • 中文翻譯：畢竟，物理學家正是透過遵循物理學的方法來探索和科學地確定的，通常是我們所感知到的日常對象，除此之外別無他物。

4. "It is the planetary bodies I observe in the sky, the water I drink, the flower I admire, etc. that the natural scientist is also investigating and whose true nature she seeks to determine in as exact and objective a manner as possible."

   • "It is the planetary bodies I observe in the sky, the water I drink, the flower I admire, etc."：這就是我在天空中觀察到的行星、我喝的水、我欣賞的花朵等等。
   • "that the natural scientist is also investigating"：自然科學家也在研究這些對象。
   • "and whose true nature she seeks to determine in as exact and objective a manner as possible"：並試圖以盡可能精確和客觀的方式確定其真實本質。
   • 中文翻譯：自然科學家也在研究這些對象，例如我在天空中觀察到的行星、我喝的水、我欣賞的花朵等，並試圖以盡可能精確和客觀的方式確定其真實本質。

5. "Even in those cases, however, where the object of the scientific investigation is far removed from everyday practice, the shared lifeworld remains in play, when planning and setting up the experiments, when reading the measuring instruments, when interpreting, comparing, and discussing the results with other scient