114 年 國立清華大學哲學研究所《英文》
第 1 題45 分
請將下列段落翻譯成中文(共2題,總計100分,每題佔分見分別注明):
The problem we have to discuss is whether there is any reason for believing in what is
called "the uniformity of nature." The belief in the uniformity of nature is the belief that
everything that has happened or will happen is an instance of some general law to which there
are no exceptions. The crude expectations which we have been considering are all subject to
exceptions, and therefore liable to disappoint those who entertain them. But science habitually
assumes, at least as a working hypothesis, that general rules which have exceptions can be
replaced by general rules which have no exceptions. "Unsupported bodies in air fall" is a
general rule to which balloons and airplanes are exceptions. But the laws of motion and the
law of gravitation, which account for the fact that most bodies fall, also account for the fact
that balloons and airplanes can rise; thus the laws of motion and the law of gravitation are not
subject to these exceptions. (Bertrand Russell, The Problems of Philosophy) (佔45%)
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題為翻譯題,主要考驗考生對哲學與科學概念的理解及中文表達能力。
解題思路:
- 理解核心概念:段落探討「自然界的統一性」(uniformity of nature) 這個信念,以及科學如何透過尋找無例外的普遍法則來取代有例外的規則。
- 逐句翻譯與潤飾:
- "The problem we have to discuss is whether there is any reason for believing in what is called 'the uniformity of nature.'"
- 直譯:我們必須討論的問題是,是否有任何理由相信所謂的「自然界的統一性」。
- 潤飾:我們接下來要討論的問題是,是否有理由相信所謂的「自然界的統一性」。
- "The belief in the uniformity of nature is the belief that everything that has happened or will happen is an instance of some general law to which there are no exceptions."
- 直譯:對自然界統一性的信念,是相信所有已經發生或將要發生的事,都是某種沒有例外的普遍法則的實例。
- 潤飾:自然界的統一性這個信念,指的是相信所有過去或未來發生的事物,都是某種沒有例外的普遍法則的體現。
- "The crude expectations which we have been considering are all subject to exceptions, and therefore liable to disappoint those who entertain them."
- 直譯:我們一直在考慮的粗略期望,都受到例外的限制,因此容易讓抱持這些期望的人失望。
- 潤飾:我們先前所考慮的那些比較粗淺的期望,都可能受到例外的影響,因而容易讓抱持這些期望的人感到失望。
- "But science habitually assumes, at least as a working hypothesis, that general rules which have exceptions can be replaced by general rules which have no exceptions."
- 直譯:但是科學習慣上假設,至少作為一個工作假設,有例外的普遍規則可以被沒有例外的普遍規則取代。
- 潤飾:但科學研究習慣上會假設,至少作為一種工作假設,有例外的普遍規則是可以被沒有例外的普遍規則所取代的。
- "The problem we have to discuss is whether there is any reason for believing in what is called 'the uniformity of nature.'"
第 2 題55 分
請將下列段落翻譯成中文(共2題,總計100分,每題佔分見分別注明):
There has been a controversy started of late, much better worth examination, concerning
the general foundation of morals; whether they be derived from reason, or from sentiment;
whether we attain the knowledge of them by a chain of argument and induction, or by an
immediate feeling and finer internal sense; whether, like all sound judgment of truth and
falsehood, they should be the same to every rational intelligent being; or whether, like the
perception of beauty and deformity, they be founded entirely on the particular fabric and
constitution of the human species.
The ancient philosophers, though they often affirm, that virtue is nothing but conformity to
reason, yet, in general, seem to consider morals as deriving their existence from taste and
sentiment. On the other hand, our modern enquirers, though they also talk much of the beauty
of virtue, and deformity of vice, yet have commonly endeavored to account for these
distinctions by metaphysical reasonings, and by deductions from the most abstract principles
of the understanding. (David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals) (佔
55%)
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題為翻譯題,主要考驗考生對倫理學、哲學概念的理解及中文表達能力。
解題思路:
- 理解核心概念:段落探討了關於道德(morals)的根本基礎的爭議,以及不同哲學家(古代哲學家與現代哲學家)對其來源的看法,包括理性、情感、論證、直覺、普遍性等概念。
- 逐句翻譯與潤飾:
- "There has been a controversy started of late, much better worth examination, concerning the general foundation of morals;"
- 直譯:最近開始了一場爭議,更值得審查,關於道德的一般基礎;
- 潤飾:最近以來,出現了一場關於道德根本基礎的爭議,這場爭議非常值得我們深入探討;
- "whether they be derived from reason, or from sentiment;"
- 直譯:它們是否源於理性,或源於情感;
- 潤飾:(爭議在於)道德是源於理性(reason),還是源於情感(sentiment);
- "whether we attain the knowledge of them by a chain of argument and induction, or by an immediate feeling and finer internal sense;"
- 直譯:我們是否透過一連串論證和歸納來獲得對它們的認識,或是透過一種即時的感受和更精微的內在感覺;
- 潤飾:我們是透過一連串的論證(argument)與歸納(induction)來認識道德,還是藉由一種即時的感受(feeling)與更敏銳的內在感官(internal sense)來認識道德;
- "whether, like all sound judgment of truth and falsehood, they should be the same to every rational intelligent being; or whether, like the perception of beauty and deformity, they be founded entirely on the particular fabric and constitution of the human species."
- 直譯:它們是否,像所有對真假的正當判斷一樣,應該對每一個理性的智慧存在者都相同;或者,它們是否,像對美與醜的感知一樣,完全建立在人類物種的特定結構與構成之上。
- 潤飾:道德是否應該像所有對真偽的正確判斷一樣,對每一個理性的智慧存在者都適用;抑或,道德是否像對美醜的感知一樣,完全是建立在人類物種獨特的構造與特質之上。
- "The ancient philosophers, though they often affirm, that virtue is nothing but conformity to reason, yet, in general, seem to consider morals as deriving their existence from taste and sentiment."
- 直譯:古代哲學家,雖然他們常肯定,美德不過是符合理性,但總的來說,似乎認為道德是從品味和情感中獲得其存在的。
- "There has been a controversy started of late, much better worth examination, concerning the general foundation of morals;"