112 年 國立暨南國際大學諮商心理與人力資源發展學系輔導與諮商碩士班《英文》

Most people can remember a phone number for up to thirty seconds. When this short
amount of time elapses, however, the numbers are 1_ from the memory. How did the
information get there in the first place? Information that makes its way to the short term
memory (STM) does so via the sensory storage area. The brain has a 2_ which only
allows stimuli that is of immediate interest to pass on to the STM, also known as the working
memory.
There is much_3_ about the capacity and duration of the short term memory. The
most accepted theory comes from George A. Miller, a cognitive psychologist who suggested
that humans can remember 4_ seven chunks of information. A chunk is defined as a
meaningful unit of information, such as a word or name rather than just a letter or number.
Modern theorists suggest that one can increase the 5_ of the short term memory by
chunking, or classifying similar information together. By organizing information, one can
optimize the STM, and improve the chances of a memory being passed on to long term
6.
When making a conscious effort to memorize something, such as information for an
exam, many people_7_ in "rote rehearsal" By repeating something over and over again,
one is able to keep a memory alive. Unfortunately, this type of memory_8_ only succeeds
if there are no interruptions. As soon as a person stops rehearsing the information, it has the
9 to disappear. When a pen and paper are not handy, people often attempt to remember a
phone number by repeating it aloud. If the doorbell rings or the dog barks to come in before
a person has the opportunity to make a phone call, he will likely forget the number_10_.
Therefore, rote rehearsal is not an efficient way to pass information from the short term to
long term memory. A better way is to practice "elaborate rehearsal". This involves assigning
11_ meaning to a piece of information so that it can be filed along with other pre-existing
long term memories.
Encoding information semantically also makes it more retrievable. Retrieving
information can be done by recognition or 12_. Humans can easily recall memories that
are stored in the long term memory and used often; however, if a memory seems to be
forgotten, it may eventually be retrieved by prompting. The more 13_ a person is given
(such as pictures), the more likely a memory can be retrieved. This is why multiple choice
tests are often used for subjects that require a lot of memorization.
1
(A) erased
(B) contributed
(C) devoted
(D) negotiated
2
(A) aviation
(B) filter
(C) perspective
(D) filter
3
(A) debate
(B) hospitality
(C) permission
(D) generation
4
(A) fondly
(B) morally
(C) approximately
(D) suddenly
5
(A) capacity
(B) expert
(C) guidance
(D) sibling
6
(A) gallery
(B) storage
(C) recognize
(D) engage
7
(A) log
(B) alter
(C) maintenance
(D) commute
8
(A) odds
(B) era
(C) pear
(D) ambition
9
(A) bias
(B) tendency
(C) chaos
(D) confusion
10
(A) instantly
(B) punctually
(C) softly
(D) annually
11
(A) inflexible
(B) ethical
(C) semantic
(D) moral
12
(A) recall
(B) style
(C) anecdote
(D) structure
13
(A) norms
(B) issues
(C) products
(D) cues

II. Grammar: Choose the best answers to fill in the blanks. (22%; 2% for each question)
Queen Elizabeth II 14_ on 21st April 1926 in London. She wasn't expected to
become queen until her uncle, King Edward VII, abdicated to marry a divorced American
woman 15 Wallis Simpson. Elizabeth was just ten when her father became King George
VI and her life changed forever.
At the end of the war in Europe in 1945, she fell in love with Prince Philip of Greece. He
was her third cousin and in the Royal Navy. They married 16 Westminster Abbey in
1947 and had four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew and Edward.
In January 1952, her father died when she was 25. She became Queen Elizabeth II and
travelled all over the Commonwealth, meeting people in newly independent countries. The
Monarchy became known 17 "Royal Family" for the first time.
18 many personal difficulties and hug world events Queen Elizabeth II continued to
work for peace and cooperation. She became the first British monarch to make an official
visit to the Irish Republic in 2011. She was still working just two days before her death on
September 8th 2022 at Balmoral Castle in Scotland. She leaves behind her four children,
eight grandchildren and 12 great-grandchildren.
(Adapted from Queen Elizabeth II: Biography)
14
(A) born
(B) was born
(C) is born
(D) borns
15
(A) call
(B) calls
(C) calling
(D) called
16
(A) at
(B) on
(C) to
(D) from
17
(A) with
(B) therefore
(C) as
(D) up
18
(A) So
(B) However
(C) Through
(D) Otherwise

The 2022 World Cup is continuing to produce shock results. The latest is Morocco's
19 European powerhouse Portugal. Youssef En Nesyri's soaring 42nd-minute
header saw Morocco advance 20 the semi-finals. In so doing, they become the first
African or Arab nation to get to the last four. Many soccer pundits argue the 1-0 result was
not a shock. Morocco are only one of three teams to reach the quarter-finals stage 21
They have also conceded just one goal. They defeated one of the pre-tournament favorites,
Belgium, at the group stage, and then eliminated former world champions Spain in an earlier
knockout stage. Their performances _ 22_ full of grit, attacking flair and determined
defending.
Dubbed the Atlas Lions, Morocco look forward to opponents France in their semi-final
on December the 14th. They are one game 23 from a historic appearance in the final.
Their win against Portugal ignited an outpouring of joy and raucous celebrations throughout
Morocco and the Moroccan diaspora across Africa. So 24 was the win that at the final
(Adapted from 2022 World Cup semi-finals)
19
(A) in
(B) at
(C) of
(D) by
20
(A) from
(B) to
(C) upon
(D) on
21
(A) defeat
(B) defeated
(C) undefeated
(D) away
22
(A) has been
(B) have been
(C) were
(D) was
23
(A) ever
(B) never
(C) quite
(D) away
24
(A) momentous
(B) momentary
(C) moment
(D) momentum

III. Reading Comprehension: Read the following passages and select the best answer for
each question. (39%; 3% for each question)
Passage One
There is a famous expression in English: "Stop the world, I want to get off!" This
expression refers to a feeling of panic, or stress, that makes a person want to stop whatever
they are doing, try to relax and become calm again. "Stress" means pressure or tension. It is
one of the most common causes of health problems in modern life. Too much stress results in
physical, emotional and mental health problems.
There are numerous physical effects of stress. Stress can affect the heart. It can increase
the pulse rate, make the heart miss beats, and can cause high blood pressure. Stress can affect
the respiratory system. It can lead to asthma. It can cause a person to breathe too fast,
resulting in a loss of important carbon dioxide. Stress can affect the stomach. It can cause
stomachaches and problems digesting food. These are only a few examples of the wide range
of illnesses and symptoms resulting from stress.
Emotions are also easily affected by stress. People suffering from stress often feel
anxious. They may have panic attacks. They may feel tired all the time. When people are
under stress, they often overreact to little problems. For example, a normally gentle parent
under a lot of stress at work may yell at at a a child child for dropping a glass of juice. Stress can make
people angry, moody, or nervous. Long-term stress stress can lead to a variety of serious mental
illnesses. Depression, an extreme feeling of sadness and hopelessness, can be the result of
continued and increasing stress. Alcoholism and other addictions often develop as a result of
overuse of alcohol or drugs to try to relieve stress. Eating disorders, such as anorexia, are
sometimes caused by stress and are often made worse by stress.
If stress is allowed to continue, then one's metal health is put at risk. It is obvious that
stress is a serious problem. It attacks the body. If affects the emotions. Untreated, it may
eventually result in mental illness. Stress has a great influence on the health and well-being
of our bodies, our feelings, and our minds. So, reduce stress: stop the world and rest for a
while.
(Adapted from The Effects of Stress)
Decide if the statements are true or false according to Passage One.
25 Tension is not related to stress.
(A) True
(B) False
26 When a heart increases its heartbeats, it can cause high blood pressure.
(A) True
(B) False
27 Anecdotal, emotional and mental problems are caused by stress.
(A) True
(B) False
28 According to the article, hands do not get physically affected by stress.
(A) True
(B) False
29 There are a variety of illnesses and other type of symptoms resulting from stress.
(A) True
(B) False
30 Symptoms of emotional stress include feeling thirsty and tired.
(A) True
(B) False
31 Long-term stress may cause depression.
(A) True
(B) False

Passage Two
You have read about Romulus and Remus whose culture shock came when they went
back to the world of human beings after being raised by a wolf. Tarzan's culture shock came
when he discovered that he was not a "white ape" but a human being. Emily Carr preferred
the culture of the First Nations people and the life she led on her explorations to the dresses
and polite conversations of her own culture. You now know that First Nations culture did not
include school or even business activity, people spent most of their time in nature or around
the fire of their home talking, telling stories and making the things they needed to survive.
Psychologists tell us that there are four basic stages that human beings pass through
when they enter and live in a new culture. This process, which helps us to deal with culture
shock, is the way our brain and our personality reacts to the strange new things we
encounter when we move from one culture to another. If our culture involves bowing when
we greet someone, we may feel very uncomfortable in a culture that does not involve
bowing. If the language we use when talking to someone in our own culture is influenced by
levels of formality based on the other person's age and status, it may be difficult for us to feel
comfortable communicating with people in the new culture.
Culture begins with the "honeymoon stage". This is the period of time when we first
arrive in which everything about the new culture is strange and exciting. We may be
suffering from "jet lag" but we are thrilled to be in the new environment, seeing new sights,
hearing new sounds and language, eating new kinds of food. This honeymoon stage can last
for quite a long time because we feel we are involved in some kind of great adventure.
Unfortunately, the second stage of culture shock can be more difficult. After we have
settled down into our new life, working or studying, buying groceries, doing laundry, or
living with a home-stay family, we can become very tired and begin to miss our homeland
and our family, girlfriend/boyfriend, pets. All the little problems that everybody in life has
seem to be much bigger and more disturbing when you face them in a foreign culture. This
period of cultural adjustment can be very difficult and lead to the new arrival rejecting or
pulling away from the new culture. This "rejection stage" can be quite dangerous because the
visitor may develop unhealthy habits (smoking and drinking too much, being too concerned
over food or contact with people from the new culture). This can, unfortunately lead to the
person getting sick or developing skin infections or rashes which then makes the person feel
even more scared and confused and helpless. This stage is considered a crisis in the process
of cultural adjustment and many people choose to go back to their homeland or spend all
their time with people from their own culture speaking their native language.
The third stage of culture shock is called the "adjustment stage". This is when you begin
to realize that things are not so bad in the host culture. Your sense of humor usually becomes
stronger and you realize that you are becoming stronger by learning to take care of yourself
in the new place. Things are still difficult, but you are now a survivor!
The fourth stage can be called "at ease at last". Now you feel quite comfortable in your
new surroundings. You can cope with most problems that occur. You may still have problems
with the language, but you know you are strong enough to deal with them. If you meet
someone from your country who has just arrived, you can be the expert on life in the new
culture and help them to deal with their culture shock.
There is a fifth stage of culture shock which many people don't know about. This is
called "reverse culture shock". Surprisingly, this occurs when you go back to your native
culture and find that you have changed and that things there have changed while you have
been away. Now you feel a little uncomfortable back home. Life is a struggle!
(Adapted from Culture Shock)
32 When does culture shock happen?
(A) when you are alone
(B) when you move to a new city
(C) when you go to live in a foreign culture
(D) when you meet foreign people for the first time
33 What is the feeling of the first stage of culture shock?
(A) bored
(B) happy
(C) lonely
(D) angry
34 What is the feeling of the second stage of culture shock?
(A) homesick
(B) interested
(C) amused
(D) no particular feelings
35 What is the feeling of the fourth stage of culture shock?
(A) depressed
(B) relaxed
(C) negative
(D) afraid
36 What does encounter mean in Passage Two?
(A) retreat
(B) consume
(C) assume
(D) face
37 Why might reverse culture shock be a problem?
(A) Most people do not expect it.
(B) It only happens to teenagers.
(C) It is tremendously stressful.
(D) It rarely happens.