115 年 國立臺灣大學國際三校農業生技與健康醫療碩士學位學程《全球生技與醫療策略》
第 1 題
Focus Taiwan: Taiwan becomes a super-aged society
(https://focustaiwan.tw/society/202601090009)
Taipei, Jan. 9 (CNA) Taiwan has officially become a "super-aged society" under United Nations criteria, with people aged 65 and older now accounting for more than 20 percent of the population, according to statistics released by the Ministry of the Interior (MOI) on Friday.
As of the end of December, Taiwan's population aged 65 and older totaled 4,673,155, or 20.06 percent of the total population, the MOI said.
MOI data showed that Taiwan's total population stood at 23,299,132 at the end of December, down 101,088 from the same period in 2024, marking the second consecutive year of population decline.
Births remained low, with a total of 9,027 babies born in December, up 1,081 from November but 3,469 fewer than in December 2024. For the full year, Taiwan recorded 107,812 newborns, extending the decline in births to a 10th consecutive year since 2016, the MOI said.
Meanwhile, 200,268 deaths were reported in December, 1,839 fewer than in December 2024.
🖼️【此處有附圖，請對照原卷】
Number of births and deaths per year in Taiwan
The crude death rate for the month stood at 8.58 per 1,000 people, the MOI data showed.
Population figures showed that by the end of 2025, those aged 14 or younger totaled 2,681,890, or 11.51 percent of the population, while people aged 15 to 64 numbered 15,944,087, or 68.43 percent.
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本題目的核心在於理解「超高齡社會」的定義以及其人口結構數據的解讀。
核心概念：
「超高齡社會」是聯合國定義的標準，指 65 歲以上人口佔總人口比例超過 20%。
數據解讀與分析：
- 超高齡社會的確認： 文章開頭明確指出，台灣 65 歲以上人口佔總人口比例已達 20.06%，符合聯合國「超高齡社會」的定義。
- 人口總數趨勢： 總人口數在年底為 23,299,132 人，較前一年同期減少 101,088 人，這是連續第二年人口下降。
- 出生率： 12 月份出生嬰兒數為 9,027 人，雖然較 11 月增加，但較前一年同月減少 3,469 人。全年出生人數為 107,812 人，連續第十年出生人數下降。
第 2 題
The United Nations defines a "super-aged society" as one in which people aged 65 and older make up at least 20 percent of the population. An "aged society" is defined as having 14 percent or more, while an "aging society" refers to 7 percent or more.
Among local governments, Taipei had the highest proportion of residents aged 65 and older, at 24.18 percent, while Hsinchu County had the lowest, at 15.08 percent, according to the MOI statistics.
Three of Taiwan's six special municipalities -- Taipei, Kaohsiung and Tainan -- reported elderly populations exceeding 20 percent, at 24.18 percent, 20.79 percent and 20.48 percent, respectively.
New Taipei's figure stood at 19.95 percent, while Taichung and Taoyuan recorded 17.4 percent and 16.72 percent, respectively.
Other counties and cities across Taiwan with elderly populations above 20 percent include Chiayi County (24.11 percent), Nantou County (22.66 percent), Keelung City (22.28 percent), Pingtung County (21.84 percent), Yunlin County (21.76 percent) and Hualien County (21.52 percent).
Also reporting elderly populations above 20 percent were Penghu County (21.03 percent), Taitung County (20.93 percent), Yilan County (20.77 percent), Changhua County (20.37 percent) and Miaoli County (20.23 percent).
Only five counties and cities recorded elderly populations below 20 percent: Chiayi City (19.9 percent), Kinmen County (19.69 percent), Lienchiang County (17.14 percent), Hsinchu City (16.16 percent) and Hsinchu County (15.08 percent), the data showed.
As for marriages, 104,376 couples tied the knot in 2025, down 18,685 from 2024. Meanwhile, 52,101 couples divorced in 2025, 1,368 fewer than a year earlier, the MOI statistics showed.
(By Lai Yu-chen and Lee Chieh-yu)
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本題目的核心在於理解不同層級的「高齡社會」定義，並能從數據中辨識台灣各縣市老年人口比例的分布情況。
核心概念：
- 高齡社會 (Aging Society): 65 歲以上人口佔總人口比例 7% 或以上。
- 高齡社會 (Aged Society): 65 歲以上人口佔總人口比例 14% 或以上。
- 超高齡社會 (Super-aged Society): 65 歲以上人口佔總人口比例 20% 或以上。
數據分析與辨識：
- 全球定義與台灣現況： 文章再次強調了聯合國對「超高齡社會」的定義（65+ 佔 20% 以上），並與前一題的數據（20.06%）相互印證。
- 台灣各縣市老年人口比例分布：
- 超過 20% (超高齡)：
- 特別市：台北 (24.18%)、高雄 (20.79%)、台南 (20.48%)
- 超過 20% (超高齡)：
第 3 題
Based on the demographic transition to a super-aged society in Taiwan (65+ population now 20.06%), chose 3
topics from the following list, elaborate your critical opinion, with consideration on the feasibility and
potential impact in Taiwan and worldwide.
-
Epidemiological Impact of Aging
Taiwan has officially become a super-aged society with over 20% of the population aged 65 or older. Describe
three major clinical challenges this demographic transition poses for chronic disease management (e.g.,
cardiovascular disease, diabetes, dementia). Provide evidence-based medical strategies to mitigate each
challenge.
Points to consider: multimorbidity, polypharmacy risks, care coordination. -
Healthcare Resource Allocation
Assuming the prevalence of age-associated conditions increases, how should Taiwan's health system reorganize
its workforce (e.g., geriatricians, nurse practitioners, allied health professionals) to maintain quality care?
Justify your proposal with reference to population needs and cost-effectiveness. -
Preventive Screening
Identify at least four preventive screenings that are recommended for adults aged 65+. For each, propose an
age-specific screening interval and discuss the evidence supporting its effectiveness in reducing morbidity
and mortality. -
Nutrition and Sarcopenia Prevention
Sarcopenia (age-related muscle loss) is a common concern in elderly populations. Propose a diet plan that
optimizes muscle protein synthesis for individuals aged 65+, including macronutrient distribution and key
micronutrients. Support your plan with current nutritional research. -
Malnutrition Screening and Intervention
Design a clinical nutrition screening tool for elderly patients that can be used at primary care visits. Include
key indicators and explain how early diet interventions can impact health outcomes such as fall risk, immune
function, and recovery from illness. -
Cultural Dietary Patterns
Considering Taiwan's traditional dietary patterns and the trend toward Westernized diets, discuss how cultural
eating habits can be modified to improve cardiometabolic health among older adults. Provide at least three
specific dietary recommendations with scientific rationale. -
Population Health Policy
In light of Taiwan's demographic shift to a super-aged society, critique the current public health
infrastructure's capacity to support healthy aging. Recommend three policy interventions that address
preventive care, long-term care, and community support. Explain how each intervention could reduce health
disparities. -
Health Promotion & Disease Prevention
Design a community-based public health campaign that promotes healthy aging for people over 65.
Include goals, target behaviors (e.g., physical activity, vaccination), key performance indicators (KPIs),
and methods for evaluating effectiveness. -
Economic Implications of Aging
Analyze how aging affects healthcare expenditures, labor force participation, and social welfare
systems. Propose an integrated public health approach that balances economic sustainability with quality of
care for the elderly. -
Ethics and Health Prioritization
With limited healthcare resources, discuss the ethical considerations in prioritizing interventions
for an aging population. Formulate a framework for resource allocation that balances equity, need, and
efficiency.
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本題為申論題，要求考生從提供的十個子題中選擇三個，針對台灣邁入超高齡社會的背景，進行深入的分析與論述，並考量其可行性與影響。這是一道綜合性的題目，旨在評估考生對全球生技與醫療策略的理解深度、批判性思考能力、問題解決能力以及政策規劃能力。
解題策略：
- 理解題目要求： 必須選擇三個子題，進行「批判性意見闡述」，並考量「可行性」與「潛在影響」，範圍涵蓋「台灣」與「全球」。
- 審視各子題： 快速瀏覽所有子題，判斷哪些是自己最熟悉、最有論述空間的。
- 選擇三個子題： 根據個人專業知識、研究背景或對時事的掌握度，挑選三個最有把握深入探討的題目。
- 架構論述： 對於每個選定的子題，都應包含以下要素：
- 背景分析： 簡述該議題與超高齡社會的關聯性。
- 挑戰/問題陳述： 深入分析該議題面臨的主要挑戰或問題。
- 策略/建議： 提出具體、可行的解決方案或建議。
- 可行性評估： 考量資源、技術、政策、社會接受度等因素，評估建議方案的可行性。
- 影響評估： 闡述該方案在台灣及全球的潛在影響，包括正面與負面。
- 證據支持： 盡可能引用相關研究、數據、案例或理論來支持論點。
- 跨題連結（加分項）： 若能在不同子題的論述中找到聯繫，並提出整合性的觀點，將更能展現深度。
- 時間管理： 由於是申論題，需預留足夠時間思考、撰寫與檢查。
以下針對每個子題提供可能的切入點與思考方向（考生只需選擇其中三個進行深入論述）：
-
1. 流行病學影響 (Epidemiological Impact of Aging)：
- 挑戰： 多重疾病 (multimorbidity) 增加，慢性病管理複雜化；用藥過多 (polypharmacy) 風險；照護協調困難。
- 策略： 整合式照護模式；個人化治療計畫；遠距醫療監測；社區健康支持網絡。
- 影響： 醫療系統負擔加重，但若管理得當，可提升長者生活品質，降低不必要醫療支出。全球趨勢皆然。
-
2. 醫療資源分配 (Healthcare Resource Allocation)：
- 挑戰： 專科醫師（如老年醫學科醫師）不足；護理師、輔具治療師等專業人力需求增加；如何平衡品質與成本。
- 策略： 擴大訓練體系；發展跨專業團隊；提升初級照護能力；運用科技輔助（如AI診斷輔助）。
- 影響： 需大量投入資源與改革，成功則能維持醫療品質，失敗則可能導致資源分配不均與醫療可及性下降。
-
3. 預防性篩檢 (Preventive Screening)：
- 挑戰： 篩檢項目選擇、頻率設定、證據力評估；如何讓長者願意接受篩檢。
- 策略： 針對 65 歲以上成人，建議至少四項篩檢（如：癌症篩檢-大腸癌、乳癌、攝護腺癌；骨質疏鬆篩檢；心血管風險評估；認知功能篩檢；視力、聽力檢查）。需說明各自的篩檢間隔與證據。
- 影響： 早期發現、早期治療，降低疾病負擔與死亡率，但可能增加醫療成本與偽陽性問題。
-
4. 營養與肌少症預防 (Nutrition and Sarcopenia Prevention)：
- 挑戰： 肌少症是長者常見問題，影響活動力與獨立性。