112 年 國立中山大學海洋生態與保育研究所(在職生)《普通生物學》

1. In analyzing the number of difference bases in a DNA sample, which result would be consistent
   with the base-pairing rules?
   A). $A + T = G+T$
   B). $A + G = C +T$
   C). $G = T$
   D). $A = C$
   E). $A = G$

2. Which of the following descriptions of the coral reefs is wrong?
   A). One of the most diverse ecosystems on earth
   B). Corals are small-sized marine invertebrates living in compact colonies of many identical units
   C). There are no coral reefs in Peng-Hu Islands (澎湖)
   D). Increase in water temperature can cause coral bleaching
   E). Some corals rely on symbiotic algae to provide additional energy.

3. What type of migration does coho salmons (Oncorhynchus kisutch) have?
   A). Anadromous
   B). Catadromous
   C). Amphidromous
   D). All of the above
   E). None of the above

4. What type of migration does Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) have?
   A). Anadromous
   B). Catadromous
   C). Amphidromous
   D). All of the above
   E). None of the above

5. Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism?
   A). Its terminal phosphate bond has higher energy than the other two.
   B). It is one of the four building blocks for DNA synthesis.
   C). It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions.
   D). Its hydrolysis provides an input of free energy for exergonic reactions.
   E). Its terminal phosphate group contains a strong covalent bond that, when hydrolyzed, releases
   free energy.

6. Which of the following is true about imprinting?
   A). It is a type of learning that does not involve innate behavior.
   B). It causes behaviors that last for only a short time.
   C). It occurs only in birds
   D). It happens to many adult animals, but not to their young.
   E). It may be triggered by visual or chemical stimuli.

7. Which of the following statements is representative of the second law of thermodynamics?
   A). Cells require a constant input of energy to maintain their high level of organizations.
   B). Every energy transformation by a cell decreases the entropy of the universe.
   C). Heat represents a form of energy that can be used by most organisms to do work
   D). Without an input of energy, organisms would tend toward decreasing entropy
   E). Conversion of energy from one form to another is always accompanied by some gain of free
   energy.

8. After surgical removal of an infected gallbladder, a person must be especially careful to restrict
   dietary intake of
   A). Mineral.
   B). Fat.
   C). Carbohydrate.
   D). Water.
   E). All of the above.

9. Which of the following defines a genome?
   A). Representation of a complete set of a cell's polypeptides.
   B). The complete set of an organism's polypeptides.
   C). The complete set of a species' polypeptides.
   D). A karyotype.
   E). The complete set of an organism's genes.

10. Which of the following is a true statement about sexual vs. asexual reproduction?
    A). Asexual reproduction, but not sexual reproduction, is characteristic of plants and fungi.
    B). In asexual reproduction, offspring are produced by fertilization without meiosis.
    C). In sexual reproduction, individuals transmit 50% of their genes to each of their offspring.
    D). Sexual reproduction requires that parents be diploid.
    E). Asexual reproduction produces only haploid offspring.

11. Which of the following lists of organisms is ranked in correct order from lowest to highest
    percent in production efficiency?
    A). Fish, insects, mammals.
    B). Insets, fish, mammals.
    C). Mammals, insects, fish.
    D). Insects, mammals, fish.
    E). Mammals, fish, insects.

12. Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into
    smaller ones?
    A). Catalysis.
    B). Metabolism.
    C). Anabolism.
    D). Catabolism.
    E). Dehydration.

13. Which term most precisely describes the cellular process by which the body changes food and
    drink into energy?
    A). Catalysis.
    B). Metabolism.
    C). Anabolism.
    D). Dehydration.
    E). Catabolism.

14. Which of the following is not a polymer?
    A). Glucose.
    B). Starch.
    C). Cellulose.
    D). Chitin.
    E). DNA.

15. Analysis of jawbones from the skeletal remains of a vertebrate animal reveal its dietary patterns
    owing to
    A). The size of the mouth opening.
    B). Whether the mouth is the most anterior structure.
    C). The prevalence of specific kinds of teeth.
    D). The evidence of food molecules still present.
    E). The position of muscle attachment sites.

16. Some bacteria are metabolically active in hot springs because
    A). They are able to maintain a lower internal temperature.
    B). High temperature make catalysis unnecessary.
    C). Their enzymes have high optimal temperatures.
    D). Their enzymes are completely insensitive to temperature.
    E). All of the above.

17. After drinking alcoholic beverages, increased urine excretion is the result of
    A). Inhibited secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
    B). Increased reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule.
    C). The osmoregulator cells of the brain increasing their activity.
    D). Increased blood pressure.
    E). Increased aldosterone production.

18. An oocyte released from a human ovary enters the oviduct as a result of
    A). The force of the follicular ejection directing the oocyte into the oviduct.
    B). Movement of the oocyte through the pulsating uterus into the oviduct.
    C). The wavelike beating of cilia lining the oviduct.
    D). The beating action of the flagellum on the oocyte.
    E). Peristaltic contraction of ovarian muscles.

19. Nitrifying bacteria participate in the nitrogen cycle mainly by
    A). Converting nitrogen gas to ammonia.
    B). Releasing ammonium from organic compounds, thus returning it to the soil.
    C). Incorporating nitrogen into amino acids and organic compounds.
    D). Converting ammonium to nitrate, which plants absorb.
    E). Converting ammonia to nitrogen gas, which returns to the atmosphere.

20. Unlike most bony fishes, sharks maintain body fluids that are isoosmotic to seawater, so they are
    considered by many to be osmoconformers. Nonetheless, these sharks osmoregulate at least
    partially by
    A). Using their gills and kidneys to rid themselves of sea salts.
    B). Tolerating high urea concentrations that balance internal salt concentrations to seawater
    osmolarity.
    C). Monitoring dehydration at the cellular level with special gated aquaporins.
    D). Synthesizing trimethylamine oxide, a chemical that binds and precipitates salts inside cells.
    E). Possessing a special adaptation that allows their cells to operate at an extraordinarily high salt
    concentration.

21. The principle of competitive exclusion states that
    A). Competition in a population promotes survival of the best-adapted.
    B). Two species cannot coexist in the same habitat.
    C). Competition between two species always causes extinction or emigration of one species.
    D). Two species that have exactly the same niche cannot coexist in a community.
    E). Two species will stop reproducing until one species leaves the habitat.

22. The absorption of fats differs from that of carbohydrates in that
    A). Most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas carbohydrates directly enter the
    blood.
    B). Fat absorption occurs in the stomach, whereas carbohydrates are absorbed from the small
    intestine.
    C). Fats, but not carbohydrates, are digested by bacteria before absorption.
    D). Processing of fats does not require any digestive enzymes, whereas the processing of
    carbohydrates does.
    E). Carbohydrates need to be emulsified before they can be digested, whereas fats do not.

23. A human who has no access to fresh water but is forced to drink seawater instead
    A). will thrive under such conditions, as long as he has lived at the ocean most of his life.
    B). will excrete more water molecules than taken in, because of the high load of ion ingestion.
    C). will develop structural changes in the kidneys to accommodate the salt overload.
    D). will find that drinking saltwater satiates his thirst.
    E). will risk becoming overhydrated within 12 hours.

24. After ingestion by humans, the first category of macromolecules to be chemically digested by
    enzymes in the mouth is
    A). Protein.
    B). Carbohydrate.
    C). Cholesterol and other lipids.
    D). Minerals.
    E). Nucleic acids.

25. Certain nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of some animals because
    A). The nutrients are subunits of important polymers.
    B). Only certain foods contain them.
    C). Only those animals use those nutrients.
    D). These animals are not able to synthesize these nutrients.
    E). The nutrients are necessary coenzymes.

26. In ecology, r/K selection theory relates to the selection of combinations of traits in an organism that
    trade-off between quantity and quality. Please complete the following table regarding the r- and K-
    strategy using comparative descriptors (high vs low, short vs long, early vs late..., etc., except for
    the example organism (20%, 1% each):

There are four possible types of vaccines developed against the COVID-19 pandemic: inactivated virus, viral vector (i.e., Adenovirus), mRNA, and protein subunit. Please give a summary about the mechanism by a few sentences and a name of an approved vaccine for each type (20%, 2.5% each cell).

The 2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to the Swedish geneticist Svante Pääbo for his research in the field of genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution. Please give two examples of his research with a few summarizing sentences (10%, 5% each).