109 年 國立臺灣大學圖書資訊系碩士班《專業英文(J)》
第 1 題25 分
"Tables and graphs of quantitative information can be used for analyzing, communicating, monitoring, and planning. Tables and graphs don't just display numbers; they present them in a manner that relates them to something, such as to time or to one another, to reveal a meaningful message in context. Sometimes the quantitative relationships we display are simple associations between quantitative values and the categorical items that label them. Sometimes the relationships display direct associations between different sets of quantitative values. While categorical items that we used in tables and graphs to label corresponding measures can relate to one another in a nominal, ordinal, interval, or hierarchical form, the quantitative values can exhibit relationships in ranking, ratio, or correlation."
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本題為翻譯題,要求將英文敘述翻譯成中文。
核心觀念:
此題主要在說明表格(Tables)和圖表(Graphs)在呈現量化資訊時的功能與特性,以及量化數值與分類項目之間可能存在的各種關係。
詳解:
「Tables and graphs of quantitative information can be used for analyzing, communicating, monitoring, and planning.」
量化資訊的表格與圖表可用於分析、溝通、監控與規劃。
「Tables and graphs don't just display numbers; they present them in a manner that relates them to something, such as to time or to one another, to reveal a meaningful message in context.」
表格與圖表不僅僅是顯示數字;它們以一種將數字與某事物(例如時間或彼此之間)關聯的方式呈現,以在特定情境中揭示有意義的訊息。
「Sometimes the quantitative relationships we display are simple associations between quantitative values and the categorical items that label them.」
有時候,我們呈現的量化關係是量化數值與標示它們的分類項目之間的簡單關聯。
第 2 題25 分
"The possibilities for misunderstanding a survey question are endless, and no researcher is immune. Frequently, researchers ask respondents for a single answer to a question that actually has multiple chunks. For example, "The United States should abandon its space program and spend the money on domestic programs." Although many people would unequivocally agree with the statement and others would unequivocally disagree, still others would be unable to answer. Some would want to abandon the space program and give the money back to the taxpayers. Others would want to continue the space program but also put more money into domestic programs. As a general rule, whenever the word and appears in a question or questionnaire statement, check whether a researcher is asking a double-barreled question."
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核心觀念
本題考查問卷設計中的 double-barreled question(雙重問題/雙頭問題)。
雙重問題是指:一個問句同時包含兩個以上不同的主張,卻要求受訪者只能給出一個答案。若受訪者對其中一個主張同意、對另一個主張不同意,單一答案便無法真實反映其立場,造成研究結果失真。
題中文字所舉的句子是:
The United States should abandon its space program and spend the money on domestic programs.
此句同時包含兩項主張:
- 美國應放棄太空計畫。
- 美國應把相關經費用於國內計畫。
這兩項主張在邏輯上可以分開判斷。受訪者可能同意其中一項,卻不同意另一項,因此不能用單一的「同意/不同意」完整表達立場。
解題方法
判斷本題的關鍵,是將問卷敘述拆成個別命題,再確認受訪者能否以一個答案清楚回應。
原句的邏輯結構可表示為:
其中:
- :美國應放棄太空計畫。
- :美國應將經費投入國內計畫。
- :表示「且/並且」。
若問卷要求受訪者對整句只能回答「同意」或「不同意」,便會產生問題:
- 同意 ,不同意 ;
- 不同意 ,同意 ;
- 同意 ,也同意 ;
- 不同意 ,也不同意 。
其中前兩種情況尤其會造成單一答案無法準確表達意見。文章後半段正是利用具體例子說明此問題:
- 有人希望放棄太空計畫,並把錢退還納稅人;
- 有人希望繼續太空計畫,但同時增加國內計畫經費。
因此,這不是單純的「支持或反對太空計畫」問題,而是把兩個不同政策選擇綁在同一個問句中。
較好的問法應拆成兩題:
- 美國是否應放棄太空計畫?
- 美國是否應增加國內計畫的經費?
如此一來,兩個立場便能分別測量,研究者也能取得較精確的資料。
文章內容解析
第一部分:研究者也可能誤解問題
The possibilities for misunderstanding a survey question are endless, and no researcher is immune.
問卷問題被誤解的可能性很多,任何研究者都不能完全避免。
- possibilities:可能性
- misunderstanding:誤解
- survey question:問卷問題
- immune:不受影響的、免疫的
此句指出問卷設計中的基本風險:受訪者理解的問題,未必等於研究者原本想測量的內容。
第二部分:一題包含多個部分
Frequently, researchers ask respondents for a single answer to a question that actually has multiple chunks.
研究者經常要求受訪者對一個實際上包含多個部分的問題,提供單一答案。
- frequently:經常地
- respondents:受訪者
- a single answer:單一答案
- multiple chunks:多個部分
此句說明雙重問題的核心矛盾:問題內容很複雜,回答方式卻過度簡化。
第三部分:太空計畫的例子
The United States should abandon its space program and spend the money on domestic programs.
美國應放棄太空計畫,並把這筆錢用於國內計畫。
第 3 題25 分
"Metadata is commonly described as 'data about data.' While easy to remember, this definition is far too vague to be useful. According to the National Information Standards Organization (NISO) in the United States, metadata is structured information that describes, explains, locates, or otherwise makes it easier to retrieve, use, or manage an information resource. It facilitates organization, indexing, discovery, access, analysis, and use of print and online resources. It also influences search engine results and rankings. However, recent questions about metadata and potential data breaches become even more concerning when considered in terms of enabling data to be shared across social media platforms. There are concerns this may make data less, rather than more, secure."
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本題為翻譯題,要求將英文敘述翻譯成中文。
核心觀念:
此題定義了「中繼資料」(Metadata),並闡述了其在資訊組織、檢索與管理中的重要性,同時也提到了其在現代網路環境(特別是社群媒體)下可能帶來的安全隱憂。
詳解:
"Metadata is commonly described as 'data about data.'"
中繼資料通常被描述為「關於資料的資料」。
"While easy to remember, this definition is far too vague to be useful."
雖然容易記住,但這個定義過於模糊,無法實用。
"According to the National Information Standards Organization (NISO) in the United States, metadata is structured information that describes, explains, locates, or otherwise makes it easier to retrieve, use, or manage an information resource."
根據美國國家資訊標準組織(NISO)的定義,中繼資料是結構化的資訊,用以描述、解釋、定位,或以其他方式使其更容易檢索、使用或管理資訊資源。
"It facilitates organization, indexing, discovery, access, analysis, and use of print and onli
第 4 題25 分
"During the design of the Web site, information architecture (IA) is concerned with creating organizational and navigational schemes that allow users to move through site content efficiently and effectively. IA on the Web is closely related to the field of information retrieval: the design of systems that enable users to find information easily. However, Web site architectures are often called on to do more than just help people find things; in many cases, they have to educate, inform, or persuade users. Most commonly, IA problems require creating categorization schemes that will correspond to our own objectives for the site, the user needs we intend to meet, and the content that will be incorporated in the site. Such a categorization scheme can be designed in two ways: the top-down design (creating the architecture directly from an understanding of strategic considerations), or from the bottom-up design, i.e., based on an analysis of the content and functional requirements."
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本題為翻譯題,要求將英文敘述翻譯成中文。
核心觀念:
此題闡述了網站的資訊架構(Information Architecture, IA)的定義、目標、與資訊檢索(Information Retrieval)的關聯,以及設計時常用的兩種方法:「由上而下」(top-down)和「由下而上」(bottom-up)。
詳解:
"During the design of the Web site, information architecture (IA) is concerned with creating organizational and navigational schemes that allow users to move through site content efficiently and effectively."
在網站設計過程中,資訊架構(IA)著重於建立組織和導航方案,讓使用者能夠有效率且有效地瀏覽網站內容。
"IA on the Web is closely related to the field of information retrieval: the design of systems that enable users to find information easily."
網頁上的資訊架構與資訊檢索領域密切相關:即設計能讓使用者輕鬆找到資訊的系統。
"However, Web site architectures are often called on to do more than just help people find things; in many cases, they have to educate, inform, or persuade users."
然而,網站架構常被要求做的不僅是幫助人們找到東西;在許多情況下,它們還必須教育、告知或說服使用者。