109 年 國立政治大學傳播學院傳播碩士學位學程《中英語文能力》
第 1 題25 分
2019年11月,政治大學羅家倫國際漢學講座邀請王德威院士以〈危機時刻的知識份子〉為題講演。王院士表示,自周代詩經至最近的流行語「芒果乾」,皆可窺見憂患意識深植於華人心靈。1958年,徐復觀等修改唐君毅起草的《為中國文化敬告世界人文宣言》,主張真正的智慧從來就生於憂患,呼應了政權變動反而催逼文人奮起、由悲而壯的情懷。演講最終,王院士提出自己的觀點:「幽黯」是心理與倫理之不可迴避,但藉由文學的持有(holding)與涵容(containing),或許可襯出黯中之光,故知識份子須理解幽黯,否則當善來臨時無從準備,當惡來臨時也無從判斷。
這讓人想起1925年魯迅筆下的〈希望〉:「但暗夜又在那裡呢?現在沒有星,沒有月光以至沒有笑的渺茫和愛的翔舞;青年們很平安,而我的面前又竟至于並且沒有真的暗夜。絕望之為虛妄,正與希望相同!」請妳/你以自身經驗,談談文學如何在變動世局陪伴青年理解幽黯、安頓自身、尋找價值?
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本題為申論題,旨在探討文學在面對時代變遷與個人困境時,如何提供青年心靈上的支持與引導。題目引用了王德威院士關於「幽黯」的觀點,以及魯迅對「希望」與「絕望」的辯證思考,引導考生連結文學作品與自身經驗,闡述文學在陪伴青年理解生命中的黑暗面、安頓心靈、以及尋找生命價值方面的功能。
解題思路:
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理解核心概念:
- 幽黯:王德威院士提出的概念,指涉心理與倫理層面中不可迴避的黑暗、困境、或不確定性。
- 憂患意識:華人心靈中根深蒂固的特質,常在逆境中激發智慧與力量。
- 文學的持有與涵容:文學作為一種媒介,能夠承載、理解、並轉化生命中的「幽黯」,從中尋找光明。
- 魯迅的〈希望〉:透過對「暗夜」的描寫,反思希望與絕望的關係,指出過度的平安或對黑暗的迴避,反而可能導致無法應對真正的困境。
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連結自身經驗與文學作品:
- 考生需要從自身閱讀經驗中,挑選一至兩部能夠體現文學陪伴青年面對「幽黯」的文學作品。這些作品不限於經典,可以是小說、詩歌、散文、戲劇等。
- 說明這些作品如何描寫角色的困境、掙扎,以及如何透過文學的敘事、情感表達、或哲思,幫助角色(或讀者)理解、接納、甚至超越這些困境。
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闡述文學的功能:
- 理解幽黯:文學能提供一個安全的空間,讓讀者得以窺見、理解生命中存在的各種不如意、挫折、迷惘(即「幽黯」),而不至於過度恐懼或逃避。例如,透過閱讀描寫戰爭、貧困、失落、或內心掙扎的作品,青年可以更深刻地認識世界的複雜性與人性的脆弱。
- 安頓自身:文學作品中的角色,即使身處逆境,也可能展現出韌性、勇氣、或對生命的堅持。
第 4 題1 分
Please read the following news and answer the questions below.
July 19, 2019, Taipei Times
Instagram yesterday started hiding "likes" on its platform in Australia, Brazil and several other major markets, saying it wanted to ease pressure on users, following criticism about its impacts on mental health. The Facebook Inc-owned social media giant's trial changes mean users in the six countries will no longer be able to see the number of likes other people's posts receive.
"We want Instagram to be a place where people feel comfortable expressing themselves," Facebook Australia and New Zealand policy director Mia Garlick said in a statement. "We hope this test will remove the pressure of how many likes a post will receive, so you can focus on sharing the things you love."
Australia, Italy, Ireland, Japan, Brazil and New Zealand are involved in the new trial, which follows an initial test that was launched in Canada in May. Although Instagram described the hiding of the likes for users as a "test," no deadline was given for when it would end.
Instagram, which has more than 1 billion users, is a platform that allows users to post images and videos that others can then like or comment on.
However, in the chosen test countries, likes will not be visible on people's profiles, the main image feed or permalink pages. While Instagram users will still be able to view the total number of likes on their own posts, they will need to click through to another page to do so.
Social media giants have faced increased scrutiny over the impact their platforms can have on users, and there is some research to suggest Instagram can negatively affect the mental health of young people who use it.
A 2017 study by the Royal Society for Public Health ranked Instagram as the worst social media platform for young people's mental health in the UK.
A survey of teenagers in the US by the Pew Research Center last year found that nearly 40 percent felt pressure to only share digital content that had garnered a lot of likes or comments.
Another statement from Instagram emphasized they were in response to concerns about the pressures that users felt.
"We are testing this because we want your followers to focus on the photos and videos you share, not how many likes they get," an Instagram spokesman said. "We don't want Instagram to feel like a competition."
The latest measure came just a week after Instagram implemented new features aimed at curbing online bullying using artificial intelligence.
In another effort introduced in February to safeguard the mental health of young users, Instagram clamped down on images related to self harm.
It said the measures to conceal likes would not affect measurement tools used by businesses that use the platform to promote their products.
(1) Please discuss the reasons why there is such an initiative. (10%)
(2) Please explain the last sentence ("It said the measures to conceal likes would not affect...") and discuss the implications for professionals in our field. (15%)
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核心觀念
本題旨在評估考生對 社群平台調整功能背後的社會、心理及商業因素 的理解,以及 對相關產業專業人員(如傳播與行銷從業者)所產生的影響 的分析能力。考點含蓋:公共政策與企業社會責任、使用者心理健康、平台商業模式的平衡。
(1) 為何會推出隱藏「讚」的措施?(10%)
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使用者心理健康的考量
- 研究顯示 Instagram 的「讚」機制會產生社會比較與自尊心受損的現象。
- 文章中引用 2017 年 Royal Society for Public Health 的研究,將 Instagram 列為英國青少年心理健康最差的社群平台;Pew Research Center 亦指出近 40% 美少年感受到「必須獲得大量讚」的壓力。
- 因此,隱藏讚數的目的在於 降低使用者的社會比較與焦慮,讓使用者能更專注於內容本身。
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企業社會責任(CSR)與形象維護
- 作為 Facebook 旗下產品,Instagram 必須回應公眾與媒體對其「影響青少年心理」的批評。
- 宣稱「讓使用者感受到舒適、減少競爭」可提升品牌形象,展現企業在社會議題上的正面回應,進而減少負面新聞與可能的監管壓力。
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市場與競爭策略
- 隱藏讚數的功能先於 2019 年在澳洲、巴西等六大市場測試,若成效顯著,可成為 差異化行銷點,吸引用重視隱私與心理健康的使用者。
- 同時,此舉也可防止競爭對手(如 TikTok)利用「讚」機制作為用戶黏著度的指標,搶占市場。
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技術與產品測試
- 試行階段允許平台收集使用者行為變化的數據(如停留時間、互動率),以評估隱藏讚數對整體平台活躍度的影響,進一步決定是否全球推廣。
【答案】 Instagram 隱藏「讚」的舉措是基於降低使用者心理壓力、回應社會對平台造成負面心理影響的批評、提升企業社會責任形象、在市場上形成差異化競爭,以及透過實驗數據檢視此功能對平台活躍度的長遠效益。
(2) 解釋最後一句話並討論對我們專業領域的意涵(15%)
“It said the measures to conceal likes would not affect measurement tools used by businesses that use the platform to promote their products.”
解釋
- 「measurement tools」指的是
- Instagram 為企業與廣告主提供的 洞察(Insights)功能:包括貼文曝光、互動率、點