115 年 國立中央大學化學工程與材料工程學系碩士班《化工熱力學及化學反應工程》
第 Problem 1 題15 分
A proprietary recipe (reaction) for producing CME coffee through the Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) process exists. The reaction involves mixing coffee (A) with hot water (B) to produce CME coffee (C). To produce 46.4 mol/sec of CME coffee, a 16.1 mol/dm caffeine solution is mixed with equal volumetric flow rate of water containing 1.0 wt% of the secret catalyst and fed into the reactor. The specific reaction rate constant is 0.311 min. The initial concentration of hot water is 55.5 mol/dm. The reactor is to be operated isothermaally.
(a) To achieve an 80% conversion, determine the necessary CSTR volume. (5 pts)
(b) What would be the corresponding conversion if two 3.03 m reactors were arranged in parallel, with the feed equally divided? (5 pts)
(c) What would the corresponding conversion be if two 3.03 m reactors were arranged in series? (5 pts)
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核心觀念
本題考查液相定容反應在 CSTR 中的設計,以及多個反應器的串聯、並聯配置。
由速率常數單位 可知採用擬一級反應速率式:
其中:
- :咖啡原料
- :熱水
- :CME 咖啡
等體積流量混合後, 的入口濃度減半:
熱水濃度混合後為:
由於題目已給定擬一級速率常數,且反應在等溫下操作, 與催化劑濃度的影響已包含在有效速率常數中。
解題方法
CSTR 穩態設計方程式為:
入口莫耳流率為:
因此,咖啡原料溶液的體積流率為:
熱水與其等體積流入,所以總體積流率:
換算為 :
對定容、擬一級反應:
故:
代入 CSTR 設計式:
約去 ,得到:
(a) 轉化率為 80% 所需的 CSTR 體積
令:
則:
因此所需 CSTR 體積為:
(b) 兩個 反應器並聯
兩個反應器的總體積為:
因為進料平均分配,每一個反應器的流量為:
每一個反應器的空間時間:
對單一擬一級 CSTR:
先計算:
所以:
兩個並聯反應器的出口組成相同,混合後轉化率仍為相同的 :
第 Problem 2 題20 分
Problem 2 (20 pts)
(a) A membrane reactor is a physical device that integrates a chemical conversion process with a membrane separation process. What are the advantages of employing a membrane reactor? (5 pts)
(b) Do the mole balances (A, B, and C) for the membrane reactor and write down the transport law. (5 pts)
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(c) AI provides you with the - diagram, as shown in the figure below. Describe why the slope is the same for and after a certain . (5 pts) Also, calculate the conversion of A at , and the initial molar flow rate of A is . (5 pts)
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核心觀念
本題考查膜反應器如何結合化學反應與選擇性分離,以及如何用莫耳流率對反應器體積的變化描述反應與膜傳輸。依原卷圖示,反應為 ,且膜只讓 透過。
(a) 膜反應器的優點
膜反應器可在反應進行時選擇性移除產物 ,降低其在反應區的濃度。若反應為可逆反應,移除產物會使平衡往生成物方向移動,提升 的轉化率與目標產物產率。
此外,反應與分離可在同一設備中完成,減少後續分離設備與能耗;選擇性移除產物也能減少產物抑制或副反應,改善反應選擇性。
(b) 莫耳衡算與傳輸定律
令 為正向反應 的淨反應速率,單位為 ;令 為 穿膜通量, 為單位反應器體積所對應的膜面積。穩態下,對微小反應器體積 作莫耳衡算:
與 不穿膜,因此其衡算只有反應項; 除了由反應生成,也會穿膜移除,所以需扣除膜傳輸項。若以整座反應器的進出口流率表示,則:
依圖中的濃度標示,若採濃度差形式, 的傳輸定律可寫為:
第 Problem 3 題15 分
The initial reaction in the elementary reaction:
2A + B 3C
was measured as a function of temperature when the concentration of A was 3M, and B was 2M.
The table shows the data of (mol/(dm·s)) vs T(K).
| (mol/(dm·s)) | 0.002 | 0.046 | 0.72 | 8.33 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| T(K) | 300 | 320 | 340 | 360 |
(a) How can you manipulate the above table and the answers to (b) and (c) if you have a fitting line with ? Note that X and Y are the axes of your choice. (5 pts)
(b) What is the activation energy? (3 pts)
(c) What is the frequency factor? (3 pts)
(d) What is the rate constant as a function of temperature using K as the base case? (4 pts)
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核心觀念
對單一步驟基元反應 ,依質量作用定律,反應速率與 成正比。Arrhenius 方程式為
取自然對數後:
因此,將 對 作圖,直線斜率為 ,截距為 。
解題方法
本題固定 、,故 。依題目擬合線採用的速率常數定義:
所以將每筆速率除以 ,再取自然對數,並以倒數溫度為橫軸:
| (K) | (K) | |
|---|---|---|
| 300 | 0.0033333 | |
| 320 | 0.0031250 | |
| 340 | 0.0029412 | |
| 360 | 0.0027778 |
套用題目給定的擬合線:
與 Arrhenius 直線比較,可得:
(a) 表格與擬合線的用法
橫軸取 ,縱軸取 ,也就是 。因此斜率用來求活化能,截距用來求頻率因子。
(b) 活化能
(c) 頻率因子
由截距 :
第 Problem 4 題20 分
Our highly efficient plant has a nitrogen stream at 2.5 bar and 300 K which is presently vented to the atmosphere. Management would like to use this stream to satisfy some of the heating or cooling requirements of other processes. A smart engineer, Ricky Johnson, has devised a black box that will produce equal amounts of a hot stream at 450 K and a cold stream at 150 K and thus have simultaneously some heating and cooling requirements. Furthermore, Ricky claims that his device will be self-sustaining because no additional heat or work need to be supplied to the device. Another new engineer, Barry Bonds, claims that he has a black-box device that will produce equal amounts of hot stream of 530 K and a cold stream of 70 K. His device will also be self-sustaining. Assume that the atmospheric pressure is 1 bar and the heat capacity of nitrogen is 29.3 J/mol-K, independent of temperature.
(a) Determine the minimum work required for Ricky’s device to be self-sustaining. (10 pts)
(b) Determine the minimum work required for Barry’s device to be self-sustaining. (10 pts)
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 第一與第二定律的聯立分析
- 流動可用能(exergy)
- 最小功需求與環境死狀態
- 熱力學第二定律對「同時製造高溫流與低溫流」的限制
環境條件為
氮氣入口狀態為
假設兩股出口氮氣皆排放至大氣壓 ,且每 mol 入口氮氣分成各 mol 的熱流與冷流。
對理想氣體、定壓熱容量而言,單位莫耳流體的物理可用能為
其中
因此
最小外加功為出口總可用能減去入口可用能:
若 ,代表設備理論上不但不需外加功,還可輸出功;因此實際所需的外加功為 。
氮氣性質:
(a) Ricky Johnson 的設備
入口氮氣可用能
入口溫度等於環境溫度,因此只有壓力可用能:
450 K 熱流的可用能
出口壓力為 bar,壓力項為零:
150 K 冷流的可用能
出口總可用能
每股出口各為 mol,因此
第 Problem 5 題13 分
By measuring the temperature (T) change and the specific volume (v) change accompanying a small pressure (P) change in a reversible adiabatic process, one can evaluate the derivative .
(a) Write down the definition of coefficient of thermal expansion . (3 pts)
(b) Develop an expression for in terms of , and (coefficient of thermal expansion). (10 pts)
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 體膨脹係數 的定義;
- 可逆絕熱過程的熵變關係;
- Maxwell 關係式;
- 定壓熱容量 與熵微分式的應用。
其中,體膨脹係數通常記為 ; 則代表定容熱容量,並非體膨脹係數。
(a)熱膨脹係數 的定義
定壓下,體積隨溫度變化的體膨脹係數定義為
若題目使用比體積 ,則等價寫成
因此
(b)推導
解題方法
直接從熵的全微分式切入。因為過程是可逆絕熱過程,所以
而熵可表示為 ,其微分式為
由定壓熱容量定義,
再由 Gibbs 自由能
所得到的 Maxwell 關係式,
因此
代入 ,得
可逆絕熱過程滿足 ,所以
整理後,
兩邊除以 ,即得
第 Problem 6 題17 分
The vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) phase diagram provides essential information for the analysis of vapor–liquid separation processes, such as distillation. Therefore, it is crucial for chemical engineers to understand how to interpret VLE phase diagrams and how to estimate the equilibrium compositions of the vapor and liquid phases. Based on the following -- diagram for the binary mixture of methyl ethyl ketone (1) and dimethyl sulfoxide (2) at [adapted from J. Chem. Eng. Data 2024, 69 (11), 3991–3998], answer the following questions:
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(a) Determine the boiling temperature of the binary mixture of methyl ethyl ketone (1) and dimethyl sulfoxide (2) at the equimolar composition and , and determine the vapor-phase mole fractions for both compounds. (6 pts)
(b) A closed container contains a mixture consisting of methyl ethyl ketone and dimethyl sulfoxide at and . What is the phase state of the mixture? (3 pts)
(c) The container and the mixture described in part (b) are then cooled to while the pressure is maintained at . What are the resulting phase state(s) of the fluid in the container, and what are the compositions of both components in each phase? (8 pts)
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核心觀念
在定壓的 -- 圖中,較低的曲線是泡點線,表示液體開始汽化的條件;較高的曲線是露點線,表示蒸氣開始凝結的條件。兩條曲線之間為氣液兩相區:泡點線上的組成以液相莫耳分率 表示,露點線上的組成以氣相莫耳分率 表示。
解題方法
圖的縱軸是溫度 (K),橫軸是第 1 成分的液相或氣相莫耳分率 ,範圍為 至 。圖中下方曲線為泡點線,上方曲線為露點線;在指定溫度下作水平線,可由兩條曲線分別讀出平衡液相與氣相組成。
(a) 等莫耳液體的沸點與平衡氣相組成
等莫耳液體表示 。由泡點線讀得沸點約為 。在此溫度作水平線至露點線,讀得氣相 ,因此:
(b) 時的相態
整體組成為 。在 時,該組成位於露點線上方,故混合物為單一氣相。
(c) 冷卻至 時的相態與組成