115 年 國立成功大學外文研究所甲組《美國文學史》
第 1 題50 分
You must answer both essay questions. Both require you to compare two texts written in English in what is now the U.S., or by authors from what is now the U.S. Each essay must feature one text written before 1900 and one written after 1900. The sentences in bold type are the questions; the other sentences are possible questions to help you think of how you might approach your answers. (50 points each)
Compare how two personal narratives whether framed as real (slave narrative, conversion story, memoir, autobiography) or fictional (tales & novels narrated by the first person-"I") represent moments of crisis. Are the crises merely personal, do they affect more people/characters within the narratives themselves, or are they localized in particular characters within the narratives but intended to be representative of predicaments readers might share? Are the crises external to the characters, or internal (spiritual, psychological, or both)? Do the texts explain the significance that the crises have to readers or expect them to understand what that is without help? If they don't explain, why don't they?
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本題要求考生比較兩篇個人敘事(personal narratives),探討其如何呈現「危機時刻」(moments of crisis)。此類敘事可為真實(如奴隸敘事、宗教歸依故事、回憶錄、自傳)或虛構(以第一人稱「我」敘述的短篇故事或小說)。考生需涵蓋以下幾個層面:
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危機的性質與範圍:
- 危機是純粹個人的嗎?
- 危機是否影響敘事中更多的人物或角色?
- 危機是否集中在特定角色身上,但意在代表讀者可能共享的困境?
- 危機是外在的(exernal)還是內在的(internal,如精神、心理層面)?
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危機意義的傳達:
- 文本是否解釋了危機對讀者的意義?
- 文本是否期望讀者自行理解危機的意義?
- 如果文本沒有解釋,為何如此?
解題策略:
- 選擇文本: 考生必須選擇兩篇美國文學中的個人敘事,其中一篇需寫於 1900 年之前,另一篇需寫於 1900 年之後。文本類型可以非常廣泛,包括但不限於:
- 1900 年前: 奴隸敘事(如 Frederick Douglass 的 Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave)、新英格蘭清教徒的歸依故事(如 John Bunyan 的 Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners,雖非美國,但影響深遠;或早期美國殖民地的類似作品)、早期自傳(如 Benjamin Franklin 的 Autobiography)。
- 1900 年後: 現代或當代回憶錄(如 Maya Angelou 的 I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings)、虛構的以第一人稱敘述的小說或短篇故事(如 F. Scott Fitzgerald 的 The Great Gatsby 中 Nick Carraway 的視角,或某個角色的成長小說)。
第 2 題50 分
You must answer both essay questions. Both require you to compare two texts written in English in what is now the U.S., or by authors from what is now the U.S. Each essay must feature one text written before 1900 and one written after 1900. The sentences in bold type are the questions; the other sentences are possible questions to help you think of how you might approach your answers. (50 points each)
Compare two America texts from any genres (fictional or nonfictional) that implicitly or explicitly wrestle with questions of membership in a social or political community. The communities treated may be on any scale from the most localized and restricted up to the idea of "America" itself. What constitutes membership? Who is allowed to be inside (completely or only partially)? Who is excluded? Why? How flexible and dynamic are inclusion and/or exclusion? Is membership desirable? What judgments do the texts pass on the communities they discuss or depict, if any, and what does that indicate to readers?
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本題要求考生比較兩篇美國文學作品,探討它們如何處理「社會或政治社群的成員資格」(membership in a social or political community)的問題。這些作品可以是任何類型(小說、非小說),但必須包含一篇 1900 年前,一篇 1900 年後的文本。考生需要深入分析文本如何定義、建構、質疑或批判社群的成員資格。
核心探討面向:
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社群的定義與尺度:
- 文本探討的社群是何種規模?(從地方性社群到「美國」國家認同)
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成員資格的構成:
- 什麼因素決定一個人是否屬於某個社群?(種族、階級、性別、宗教、政治立場、地理位置、文化認同等)
- 成員資格的界線是如何劃定的?
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包容與排斥:
- 誰被允許加入社群(完全或部分)?
- 誰被排除在外?
- 排斥的原因是什麼?
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成員資格的動態性:
- 社群的包容與排斥是彈性且動態的,還是僵化固定的?
- 成員資格的標準如何隨時間或情境變化?
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成員資格的價值:
- 成為社群的一員是值得追求的嗎?(Is membership desirable?)
- 文本如何評價這種成員資格?
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文本的批判與指示:
- 文本對其討論或描繪的社群做出了哪些評價(或隱含的評價)?
- 這些評價向讀者傳達了什麼信息?
解題策略:
- 選擇文本:
- 1900 年前文本範例:
- 小說/戲劇: Nathaniel Hawthorne 的 The Scarlet Letter(關於 puritan community 的排斥與邊緣化)、Frederick Douglass 的 Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave(關於奴隸作為被排除者,以及對自由社群的渴望)。
- 非小說: Benjamin Franklin 的 Autobiography(關於融入費城社會、建立公民社群的努力)、Thomas Paine 的 Common Sense(關於建立一個獨立於英國的「美國」政治社群)。
- 1900 年後文本範例:
- 1900 年前文本範例: