113 年 國立中央大學英美語文學系碩士班《文化與文學分析》
第 1 題100 分
(題組共用題幹)
At night, by the fire,
The colors of the bushes
And of the fallen leaves,
Repeating themselves,
Turned in the room,
Like the leaves themselves
Turning in the wind.
Yes: but the color of the heavy hemlocks
Came striding..
And I remembered the cry of the peacocks.
The colors of their tails
Were like the leaves themselves
Turning in the wind.
Yes: but the color of the heavy hemlocks
Came striding.
And I remembered the cry of the peacocks.
The colors of their tails were like the leaves themselves
Turning in the wind,
In the twilight wind.
They swept over the room,
Just as they flew from boughs of the hemlocks
Down to the ground.
I heard them cry -the peacocks.
Was it a cry against the twilight
Or against the leaves themselves
Turning in the wind,
Turning as the flames,
Turned in the fire,
Turning as the tails of the peacocks
Turned in the loud fire,
Loud as the hemlocks
Full of the cry of the peacocks?
Or was it a cry against the hemlocks?
Out of the window,
I saw how the planets gathered
Like the leaves themselves
Turning in the wind.
I saw how the night came,
Came striding like the color of the heavy hemlocks
I felt afraid.
And I remembered the cry of the peacocks.
Hemlock: Large graceful pine trees, pyramidal shaped with gently drooping branches.
Analyze this poem by structure, by tone, by emotion, by whatever you have to enlighten this poem by Wallace Stevens, American Poet, 1916. How does it work? What does it mean? Are we inside or outside the mind? How does it feel?
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核心觀念
本詩是華萊士.史蒂文斯(Wallace Stevens)1916 年的〈Domination of Black〉,可譯為〈黑色的支配〉。核心不在敘述一個完整事件,而在呈現「感知如何被想像改造,最後被黑暗與恐懼支配」的心理過程。
本題主要考查:
- 意象與象徵:火、樹葉、鐵杉、孔雀、行星、夜晚。
- 重複與變奏:相同語句反覆出現,每次重複都擴大或改變意義。
- 內外空間的轉換:由室內火爐旁,推向窗外的宇宙。
- 語氣與情緒的發展:由觀看、回憶,發展為不安與恐懼。
- 現代主義詩的特徵:不提供單一寓意,而是呈現意識、知覺與現實彼此滲透的狀態。
詩中「黑色」不是單純的顏色,而是一種逐步取得支配權的力量。它既包含夜晚、樹影、沉重的鐵杉,也代表未知、死亡感、宇宙的冷漠,以及人無法完全掌握的外在世界。
解題方法:從「空間移動」與「意象變奏」切入
分析本詩最有效的方法,是觀察三條線索:
- 空間從室內移向室外。
- 視覺色彩逐漸轉化為聲音與情緒。
- 重複句型不斷擴張,使個人感官經驗變成宇宙性的恐懼。
詩的結構可分為四個階段:
一、室內的火光:感官經驗尚且可控制
開頭寫:
At night, by the fire
敘述者在夜晚坐於火旁,處於室內、安全、溫暖的空間。火光使灌木與落葉的顏色映入房間:
The colors of the bushes
And of the fallen leaves,
Repeating themselves,
Turned in the room
此處的關鍵動詞是 “turned”。它同時具有「轉動」「翻轉」「變化」的意思。樹葉本來在戶外,卻因火光與視覺記憶,彷彿在室內旋轉。室內與室外因此開始重疊。
接著詩人把這些色彩比作風中翻動的樹葉:
Like the leaves themselves
Turning in the wind.
這不是單純的寫景,而是感知的轉化:火光中的影像不再只是影像,已經取得類似自然運動的生命。
二、鐵杉與孔雀:黑暗意象開始侵入
詩中兩次出現:
Yes: but the color of the heavy hemlocks
Came striding.
“Yes: but”形成明顯的轉折。敘述者先承認火光與樹葉的美感,隨即以 “but” 引入更沉重、更具壓迫性的鐵杉色彩。
“came striding”把顏色動詞化、人格化。顏色不再只是被動被觀看,而像一個沉重的存在,跨步走進房間。這使視覺意象帶有侵略性。
鐵杉的形象具有幾個特徵:
- 常綠、深色,與落葉的明暗變化形成對比。
- 樹形高大、下垂,具有陰影與重量。
- “heavy”不只形容樹,也暗示心理壓力。
- 鐵杉不是毒植物,而是題目註明的高大針葉樹;因此應以其黑暗、沉重的樹影理解。
鐵杉又喚起孔雀的叫聲:
And I remembered the cry of the peacocks.
孔雀原本代表華麗的色彩,孔雀尾羽也帶有鮮豔與展開的視覺效果;但詩人不寫孔雀的美,而寫 “cry”。美麗的視覺意象突然轉化為刺耳、難以解釋的聲音,形成「美感中含有不安」的效果。
三、重複不是停滯,而是心理壓力的累積
第二段幾乎重複第一段後半部:
The colors of their tails
Were like the leaves themselves
Turning in the wind.
Yes: but the color of the heavy hemlocks
Came striding.
And I remembered the cry of the peacocks.
這種重複具有音樂性,也像記憶反覆回返。敘述者不是單純回憶一次孔雀,而是被某種形象與聲音纏繞。
值得注意的是,重複句逐漸失去明確的事件推進,改以回旋方式加深心理狀態。詩彷彿不是在「講故事」,而是在模擬恐懼如何於意識中反覆運作。
第三段則把意象全面擴大:
The colors of their tails were like the leaves themselves
Turning in the wind,
In the twilight wind.
原本的火光、樹葉、孔雀尾羽,此時被放置於 “twilight” 的暮色之中。暮色是白晝與黑夜的中間狀態,代表界線消失、辨識能力下降,也讓室內與室外、現實與想像更難分辨。
接著:
They swept over the room
這個 “They” 可以指孔雀尾羽的顏色,也可以指那些不斷翻動的色彩與陰影。意象已經不只是「被看見」,而是掃過房間,主動佔據空間。
樹枝上的落葉與孔雀尾羽在想像中互相轉換:
Just as they flew from boughs of the hemlocks
Down to the ground.
“flew”使落葉具有羽毛般的飛行感;孔雀尾羽也像樹葉一樣在風中翻動。自然物、動物與室內影像彼此融合,顯示敘述者看到的不是穩定的外在事物,而是經過意識重新組合的世界。
四、聲音與黑暗:恐懼由模糊轉為明確
第三段後半不斷追問孔雀的叫聲:
Was it a cry against the twilight
Or against the leaves themselves
Turning in the wind
孔雀的叫聲究竟是在反抗暮色,還是在反抗風中的樹葉?這些問題沒有提供客觀答案,因為詩的重點不是找出聲音的來源,而是呈現敘述者如何把聲音解讀成某種「反抗」。
之後火焰、孔雀尾羽、鐵杉與聲音逐層連接:
Turning as the flames,
Turned in the fire,
Turning as the tails of the peacocks
Turned in the loud fire
“turning”反覆出現,形成旋轉、回圈、無法停止的節奏。火焰、樹葉、尾羽似乎都遵循同一種運動模式;但原本具有視覺美感的旋轉,逐漸被 “loud fire” 與 “cry” 轉化為令人不安的聲響。
最後問道:
Or was it a cry against the hemlocks?