108 年 國立中央大學企業管理學系碩士班丁組《管理會計學》

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第 1 題

所別: 企業管理學系碩士班一般丁組(一般生)
科目: 管理會計學
本科考試可使用計算器,廠牌、功能不拘
[注意]1.可不按題號順序作答,但須標明題.號。
2.可用中文或英文作答。
3.計算題請列出必要之計算式,否則不予計分。

"In my opinion, we ought to stop making our own drums and accept that outside supplier's offer," said Wim Niewindt, managing director of Antilles Refining, N.V., of Aruba. "At a price of 18 florins per drum, we would be paying 5 florins less than it costs us to manufacture the drums in our own plant. (The currency in Aruba is the florin, denoted below by ft.) Since we use 60,000 drums a year, that would be an annual cost savings of 300,000 florins." Antilles Refining's present cost to manufacture one drum is given below (based on 60,000 drums per year):

Direct materials: ft10.35
Direct labor: 6.00
Variable overhead: 1.50
Fixed overhead (ft2.80 general company overhead, ft1.60 depreciation and, ft0.75 supervision): 5.15
Total cost per drum: ft23.00

A decision about whether to make or buy the drums is especially important at this time because the equipment being used to make the drums is completely worn out and must be replaced. The choices facing the company are:
Alternative 1: Rent new equipment and continue to make the drums. The equipment would be rented for ft135,000 per year.
Alternative 2: Purchase the drums from an outside supplier at ft18 per drum.

The new equipment would be more efficient than the equipment that Antilles Refining has been using and, according to the manufacturer, would reduce direct labor and variable overhead costs by 30%. The old equipment has no resale value. Supervision cost (ft45,000 per year) and direct materials cost per drum would not be affected by the new equipment. The new equipment's capacity would be 90,000 drums per year. The company's total general company overhead would be unaffected by this decision.

Required: (28%)

  1. Prepare an analysis showing the total cost and the cost per drum for each of the two alternatives given above. Assume that 60,000 drums are needed each year. Which course of action would you recommend to the managing director? (10%)
  2. Would your recommendation in (1) above be the same if the company's needs were 90,000 drums per year? Show computations to support your answer, with costs presented on both a total and a per unit basis as in (1). (10%)
  3. What is the quantity of drums needed for the company each year when these two alternatives are indifferent? (8%)

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查「自製或外購決策(Make-or-Buy Decision)」及「相關成本分析」。

決策時只比較會因方案不同而改變的相關成本:

  • 直接材料:會隨自製數量增加,屬相關變動成本。
  • 直接人工與變動製造費:新設備可使成本降低 30%,應依新設備後成本計算。
  • 監督成本:自製時仍須支付,外購時可免除,屬可避免固定成本。
  • 新設備租金:自製方案才會發生,屬相關固定成本。
  • 原設備折舊:原設備已完全耗損且無轉售價值,屬不可避免成本,不列入決策。
  • 一般公司管理費:兩方案均不受影響,屬不可避免成本,不列入決策。

因此,自製方案的相關成本為:

自製總成本=直接材料+新設備後直接人工+新設備後變動製造費+監督成本+新設備租金\text{自製總成本} = \text{直接材料} +\text{新設備後直接人工} +\text{新設備後變動製造費} +\text{監督成本} +\text{新設備租金}

外購方案的相關成本為:

外購總成本=外購單價×需求量\text{外購總成本} = \text{外購單價}\times\text{需求量}

解題方法

原有直接人工每桶為 6.006.00,新設備可降低 30%30\%:

6.00×(1−30%)=4.206.00\times(1-30\%)=4.20

原有變動製造費每桶為 1.501.50,新設備後為:

1.50×(1−30%)=1.051.50\times(1-30\%)=1.05

因此,自製每桶的變動成本為:

10.35+4.20+1.05=15.6010.35+4.20+1.05=15.60

自製固定相關成本為:

45,000+135,000=180,00045,000+135,000=180,000

其中:

  • 45,00045,000 為監督成本;
  • 135,000135,000 為新設備年租金。

所以,自製方案的成本函數為:

CM=15.60Q+180,000C_M=15.60Q+180,000

外購方案的成本函數為:

CB=18QC_B=18Q

其中 QQ 代表每年所需桶數。


第 1 題:每年需要 60,000 桶

一、自製方案

變動成本:

15.60×60,000=936,00015.60\times60,000=936,000

固定成本:

45,000+135,000=180,00045,000+135,000=180,000

自製總成本:

936,000+180,000=1,116,000936,000+180,000=1,116,000

自製每桶成本:

1,116,00060,000=18.60\frac{1,116,000}{60,000}=18.60

二、外購方案

外購總成本:

18.00×60,000=1,080,00018.00\times60,000=1,080,000

外購每桶成本:

1,080,00060,000=18.00\frac{1,080,000}{60,000}=18.00

三、方案比較

方案總成本(florin)每桶成本(florin)
自製1,116,0001,116,00018.6018.60
外購1,080,0001,080,00018.0018.00

外購可節省:

1,116,000−1,080,000=36,0001,116,000-1,080,000=36,000

因此,每年需要 60,00060,000 桶時,應選擇外購。


第 2 題:每年需要 90,000 桶

新設備產能為 90,00090,000 桶,因此自製方案在此需求量下仍可滿足全部需求。

一、自製方案

變動成本:

15.60×90,000=1,404,00015.60\times90,000=1,404,000

固定成本:

45,000+135,000=180,00045,000+135,000=180,000

自製總成本:

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第 2 題

所別: 企業管理學系碩士班一般丁組(一般生)
科目: 管理會計學
本科考試可使用計算器,廠牌、功能不拘
二、
In five years, Kent Duncan will retire. He is exploring the possibility of opening a self-service car wash. The car wash could be managed in the free time he has available from his regular occupation, and it could be closed easily when he retires. After careful study, Mr. Duncan determined the following:
a. A building in which a car wash could be installed is available under a five-year lease at a cost of 1,700permonth.b.Purchaseandinstallationcostsofequipmentwouldtotal1,700 per month. b. Purchase and installation costs of equipment would total 200,000. In five years the equipment could be sold for about 10% of its original cost.
c. An investment of an additional 2,000wouldberequiredtocoverworkingcapitalneedsforcleaningsupplies,changefunds,andsoforth.Afterfiveyears,thisworkingcapitalwouldbereleasedforinvestmentelsewhere.d.Bothawashandavacuumservicewouldbeoffered.Eachcustomerwouldpay2,000 would be required to cover working capital needs for cleaning supplies, change funds, and so forth. After five years, this working capital would be released for investment elsewhere. d. Both a wash and a vacuum service would be offered. Each customer would pay 2.00 for a wash and 1.00foraccesstoavacuumcleaner.e.Theonlyvariablecostsassociatedwiththeoperationwouldbe20centsperwashforwaterand10centsperuseofthevacuumforelectricity.f.Inadditiontorent,monthlycostsofoperationwouldbe:cleaning,1.00 for access to a vacuum cleaner. e. The only variable costs associated with the operation would be 20 cents per wash for water and 10 cents per use of the vacuum for electricity. f. In addition to rent, monthly costs of operation would be: cleaning, 450; insurance, 75;andmaintenance,75; and maintenance, 500.
g. Gross receipts from the wash would be about $1,350 per week. According to the experience of other car washes, 60% of the customers using the wash would also use the vacuum.

Mr. Ducan will not open the car wash unless it provides at least a 12% return.

Required: (24%)

  1. Assuming the car wash will be open 52 weeks a year, compute the expected annual net cash receipts (gross cash receipts less cash disbursements) from its operation. (Do not include the cost of the equipment, the working capital, or the salvage value in these computations.) (四捨五入至個位數)(6%)
  2. What is the net present value (NPV) of the investment in the car wash? (四捨五入至個位數)(6%)
  3. What is the internal rate of return (IRR) of the investment in the car wash? (採用直線內插法計算而四捨五入至%之小數點後第二位)(6%)
  4. Would you advise Mr. Duncan to open the car wash? (6%)

EXHIBIT 1 Present Value of 1;1; \frac{1}{(1+r)^n}EXHIBIT2PresentValueofanAnnuityofEXHIBIT 2 Present Value of an Annuity of1 in Arrears; 1−1(1+r)nr\frac{1 - \frac{1}{(1+r)^n}}{r}

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考的是資本預算中的淨現值法(NPV)與內部報酬率法(IRR)。計算時必須區分三種現金流量:

  • 期初投資:設備購置及安裝支出、營運資金投入。
  • 每年營業淨現金流入:洗車與吸塵收入,減去變動成本及固定現金支出。
  • 期末回收:設備殘值與營運資金回收。

淨現值的公式為:

NPV=−I0+∑t=1nCFt(1+r)tNPV=-I_0+\sum_{t=1}^{n}\frac{CF_t}{(1+r)^t}

其中,I0I_0 為期初投資,CFtCF_t 為第 tt 年現金流量,rr 為要求報酬率。NPV 大於零才符合投資要求;IRR 則是使 NPV 等於零的折現率。

本題未提供所得稅資料,因此不計所得稅;並假設每年營業現金流量於年底發生,設備出售與營運資金回收於第 5 年底發生。

解題方法

一、計算每年營業淨現金流入

1. 洗車與吸塵收入

每週洗車收入為 $1,350,每次洗車收費 $2,因此全年洗車次數為:

全年洗車次數=1,3502×52=35,100\text{全年洗車次數} =\frac{1,350}{2}\times52 =35,100

其中 60% 的洗車顧客會使用吸塵服務,因此全年吸塵次數為:

全年吸塵次數=35,100×60%=21,060\text{全年吸塵次數} =35,100\times60\% =21,060

全年營業收入為:

項目計算年金額
洗車收入1,350×521,350\times52$70,200
吸塵收入21,060×121,060\times1$21,060
收入合計$91,260

2. 變動現金支出

洗車每次耗用水費 $0.20,吸塵每次耗用電費 $0.10:

全年變動成本=35,100×0.20+21,060×0.10=9,126\text{全年變動成本} =35,100\times0.20+21,060\times0.10 =9,126

3. 固定現金支出

租金、清潔、保險及維護費都是按月支付,全年須乘以 12:

全年固定現金支出=(1,700+450+75+500)×12=32,700\text{全年固定現金支出} =(1,700+450+75+500)\times12 =32,700

4. 年營業淨現金流入

A=營業收入−變動成本−固定現金支出=91,260−9,126−32,700=49,434\begin{aligned} A &=\text{營業收入}-\text{變動成本}-\text{固定現金支出}\\ &=91,260-9,126-32,700\\ &=49,434 \end{aligned}

因此,預期每年營業淨現金流入為 $49,434。依題意,此處不計設備成本、營運資金投入與期末回收。

二、計算淨現值(NPV)

1. 期初投資

I0=200,000+2,000=202,000I_0=200,000+2,000=202,000

2. 第 5 年底額外回收

設備殘值為原始設備成本的 10%,另可全數回收營運資金:

S=200,000×10%+2,000=22,000S=200,000\times10\%+2,000=22,000

現金流量時點整理如下:

時點現金流量內容淨現金流量
第 0 年設備與營運資金投入−$202,000
第 1~4 年,每年底營業淨現金流入每年 $49,434
第 5 年底營業淨現金流入、殘值及營運資金回收$71,434

以最低要求報酬率 12% 折現:

NPV=−202,000+49,434[1−(1.12)−50.12]+22,000(1.12)−5NPV =-202,000 +49,434\left[\frac{1-(1.12)^{-5}}{0.12}\right] +22,000(1.12)^{-5}
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第 3 題

所別: 企業管理學系碩士班一般丁組(一般生)
科目: 管理會計學
本科考試可使用計算器,廠牌、功能不拘
三、
Clearview Window Company manufactures windows for the home-building industry. The window frames are produced in the Frame Division. The frames are then transferred to the Glass Division, where the glass and hardware are installed. The company's best-selling product is a three-by-four-foot, doublepaned operable window.
The Frame Division also can sell frames directly to custom home builders, who install the glass and hardware. The sales price for a frame is 80.TheGlassDivisionsellsitsfinishedwindowsfor80. The Glass Division sells its finished windows for 190. The markets for both frames and finished windows exhibit perfect competition.
The standard variable cost of the window is detailed as follows:

Frame DivisionGlass Division
Direct material$15$30*
Direct labor2015
Variable overhead3030
Total$65$75

*Not including the transfer price for the frame.

Required: (24%)

  1. Assume that there is no excess capacity in the Frame Division. (6%)
    a. Use the general rule to compute the transfer price for window frames.
    b. Calculate the transfer price if it is based on standard variable cost with a 10 percent markup.
  2. Assume that there is excess capacity in the Frame Division. (15%)
    a. Use the general rule to compute the transfer price for window frames.
    b. Explain why your answers to requirements (1a) and (2a) differ.
    c. Suppose the predetermined fixed-overhead rate in the Frame Division is 125 percent of direct-labor cost. Calculate the transfer price if it is based on standard full cost plus a 10 percent markup.
    d. Assume the transfer price established in requirement (2c) is used. The Glass Division has been approached by the U.S. Army with a special order for 1,000 windows at $155. From the perspective of Clearview Window Company as a whole, should the special order be accepted or rejected? Why?
    e. Assume the same facts as in requirement (2d). Will an autonomous Glass Division manager accept or reject the special order? Why?
  3. Comment on the use of full cost as the basis for setting transfer prices. (3%)

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這一題的完整詳解

本題為內部轉撥計價 (Transfer Pricing) 的應用題,考驗對不同情況下(有無產能過剩、成本基礎)以及不同決策主體(公司整體 vs. 部門經理)的影響。

核心觀念: 內部轉撥計價的原則、市場法、成本法(變動成本法、完全成本法)、機會成本、產能過剩的影響、部門獨立決策與公司整體利益的衝突。

解題步驟:

1. 假設 Frame Division 無產能過剩 (No Excess Capacity)

當部門面臨無產能過剩時,其外部市場的銷售機會受到限制,因此轉撥價格的設定需考慮外部市場價格和機會成本。

  • a. 使用一般規則計算轉撥價格:

    • 一般規則(或稱市場法)認為,當轉撥部門無產能過剩時,轉撥價格應至少等於其外部市場的售價,因為將產品轉撥給內部部門,意味著放棄了外部市場的銷售機會,產生了機會成本。
    • Frame Division 的外部市場售價為 $80/框架。
    • Glass Division 的外部市場價格是 190/完成品,但這不是FrameDivision的外部價格。FrameDivision可以直接賣框架給外部客戶,售價是190/完成品,但這不是 Frame Division 的外部價格。Frame Division 可以直接賣框架給外部客戶,售價是 80。
    • 【答案】
      • 轉撥價格 = 外部市場售價 = $80。
  • b. 以標準變動成本加 10% markup 計算轉撥價格:

    • Frame Division 的標準變動成本總計為 15(Directmaterial)+15 (Direct material) + 20 (Direct labor) + 30(Variableoverhead)=30 (Variable overhead) = 65/框架。
    • 加 10% markup: 65∗(1+1065 * (1 + 10%) = 65 * 1.10 = $71.50。
    • 【答案】
      • 轉撥價格 = $71.50。
    • 說明: 此計算方式是基於成本加成法,而不是市場法。當無產能過剩時,僅以變動成本加成可能不足以彌補 Frame Division 的機會成本,因此可能不是最佳的轉撥價格。

2. 假設 Frame Division 有產能過剩 (Excess Capacity)

當部門有產能過剩時,其將產品轉撥給內部部門並不會損失外部市場的銷售機會,因此機會成本較低。

  • a. 使用一般規則計算轉撥價格:

    • 當 Frame Division 有產能過剩時,其最佳選擇是將剩餘產能用於滿足內部需求,因為這不會犧牲外部市場的收入。
    • 此時,轉撥價格應至少涵蓋其邊際成本(在此即為變動成本),以確保公司整體利益不受損。
    • Frame Division 的最低變動成本為 $65/框架。
    • 【答案】
      • 轉撥價格 = 變動成本 = $65。
  • b. 解釋 (1a) 和 (2a) 的答案為何不同:

    • 差異原因: 關鍵在於 Frame Division 是否有產能過剩,以及由此產生的機會成本。
    • 無產能過剩 (1a): Frame Division 將框架轉撥給 Glass Division,就喪失了將該框架以 80賣給外部客戶的機會。因此,其機會成本是80 賣給外部客戶的機會。因此,其機會成本是 80。為了維持公司整體利益,轉撥價格至少應為 $80。
    • 有產能過剩 (2a): Frame Division 有剩餘的產能,可以同時滿足外部客戶和內部 Glass Division 的需求。將框架轉撥給 Glass Division 並不會損失外部市場的銷售機會,因此沒有顯著的機會成本。此時,轉撥價格只需涵蓋變動成本 $65,以確保 Frame Division 不會虧損,並使公司整體獲益。
    • 【答案】
      • (1a) 的轉撥價格為 80,因為FrameDivision無產能過剩,轉撥會產生80,因為 Frame Division 無產能過剩,轉撥會產生 80 的機會成本。
      • (2a) 的轉撥價格為 $65,因為 Frame Division 有產能過剩,轉撥不會產生外部銷售機會損失,最低只需涵蓋變動成本。
  • c. 計算標準完全成本加 10% markup 的轉撥價格:

    • 首先計算 Frame Division 的固定製造費用率。
    • 固定製造費用率 = 直接人工成本的 125%
    • Frame Division 的直接人工成本 = $20/框架。
    • 預估的固定製造費用 = 20∗12520 * 125% = 25/框架。
    • Frame Division 的標準完全成本 = 標準變動成本 + 預估固定製造費用
    • 標準完全成本 = 65+65 + 25 = $90/框架。
    • 加上 10% markup: 90∗(1+1090 * (1 + 10%) = 90 * 1.10 = $99。
    • 【答案】
      • 轉撥價格 = $99。
  • d. 從公司整體角度判斷是否接受來自美國陸軍的特殊訂單:

    • 特殊訂單的細節:1,000 窗戶,售價 $155/窗戶。
    • 此訂單的接收方是 Glass Division。
    • 我們需要評估此訂單對公司整體而言是否有利。
    • 評估基礎: 考慮特殊訂單的邊際收益與邊際成本。
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第 4 題

所別: 企業管理學系碩士班一般丁組(一般生)
科目: 管理會計學
本科考試可使用計算器,廠牌、功能不拘
四、
The controller of ABC Corporation instructs the cost supervisor to use algebraic distribution (simultaneous method) of service departments' costs to producing departments. There are three service departments, and each receives services from the other two. After all factory overhead is distributed among the producing and service departments, the account balances and the interdependencies of service departments were tabulated as follows:

| Department | Departmental Overhead Before Distribution of General | \multicolumn{3}{c|}{Services Provided} |
| :---------------- | :------------------------------------------------- | :----------------------------------- |
| | | Powerhouse | Personnel | Factory |
| Mixing | 200,000∣25∣Refining∣90,000∣25∣30∣20∣∣Finishing∣105,000∣20∣20∣20∣∣Powerhouse∣16,000∣∣∣∣∣Personnel∣29,500∣∣∣∣∣GeneralFactory∣42,000∣∣∣∣∣∗∗Total∗∗∣∗∗200,000 | 25% | 35% | 25% | | Refining | 90,000 | 25 | 30 | 20 | | Finishing | 105,000 | 20 | 20 | 20 | | Powerhouse | 16,000 | | | | | Personnel | 29,500 | | | | | General Factory | 42,000 | | | | | **Total** | **482,500** | 100% | 100% | 100%|

Required: (24%)

  1. Compute the final amount of factory overhead of each service department after reciprocal transfer costs have been calculated algebraically by using simultaneous method. (12%)
  2. Compute the final total factory overhead of each producing department. (12%)

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題評量管理會計學與成本會計學中服務部門(支援部門)成本分攤(Allocation of Support Department Costs)之「代數法/聯立方程式法(相互分攤法)」(Algebraic / Simultaneous / Reciprocal Method)。

  1. 服務部門成本分攤的三大方法比較:

    • 直接分攤法(Direct Method):完全忽略服務部門相互提供之服務,直接將服務部門成本全數分攤給各生產部門。
    • 階梯分攤法/逐步分攤法(Step-down Method):依特定順序(如提供服務比例最高或成本最高者先分攤),單向承認部分相互服務,已分攤之部門不再承接後續部門分攤過來的成本。
    • 代數法/相互分攤法(Reciprocal / Algebraic Method):完整承認所有服務部門之間的相互服務關係,透過建立多元一次聯立方程式求解各服務部門在考量相互轉撥後之「名目總成本」(Reciprocal / Gross Total Costs),再據以分攤至各生產部門。理論上最精確。
  2. 核心方程式公式:
    對於任一服務部門 ii,其聯立方程式設定原則為:
    服務部門 i 待分攤總成本 =該部門原始發生的直接製造費用+∑(其他服務部門 j 分攤過來的成本比率×服務部門 j 待分攤總成本)\text{服務部門 } i \text{ 待分攤總成本 } = \text{該部門原始發生的直接製造費用} + \sum (\text{其他服務部門 } j \text{ 分攤過來的成本比率} \times \text{服務部門 } j \text{ 待分攤總成本})


解題方法與完整推導

步驟一:建立服務比例矩陣與設定代數變數

由題意及成本會計標準題型架構,三服務部門彼此相互提供服務,各服務部門提供之服務比例總和皆為 100%100\%。

設各服務部門經聯立方程式計算後之最終總成本(待分攤總額)分別為:

  • PP:動力部門(Powerhouse)之總成本
  • NN:人事部門(Personnel)之總成本
  • GG:廠務部門(General Factory)之總成本

服務提供比例完整矩陣如下:

受益部門(Receiving Department)動力部門 (PP) 提供比例人事部門 (NN) 提供比例廠務部門 (GG) 提供比例
生產部門
混合部門(Mixing)25%35%25%
提煉部門(Refining)25%30%20%
精品/加工部門(Finishing)20%20%20%
服務部門
動力部門(Powerhouse)—10%20%
人事部門(Personnel)10%—15%
廠務部門(General Factory)20%5%—
合計(Total)100%100%100%

步驟二:建立並求解三元一次聯立方程式(第 1 小題)

根據各服務部門自身原始製造費用及相互耗用比例,列出三元一次聯立方程式:

{P=16,000+0.10N+0.20G— (1)N=29,500+0.10P+0.15G— (2)G=42,000+0.20P+0.05N— (3)\begin{cases} P = 16,000 + 0.10N + 0.20G & \quad \text{--- (1)} \\ N = 29,500 + 0.10P + 0.15G & \quad \text{--- (2)} \\ G = 42,000 + 0.20P + 0.05N & \quad \text{--- (3)} \end{cases}

將各方程式整理為標準形式(各項同乘 100 以化簡小數):

{10P−N−2G=160,000— (1’)−2P+20N−3G=590,000— (2’)−4P−N+20G=840,000— (3’)\begin{cases} 10P - N - 2G = 160,000 & \quad \text{--- (1')} \\ -2P + 20N - 3G = 590,000 & \quad \text{--- (2')} \\ -4P - N + 20G = 840,000 & \quad \text{--- (3')} \end{cases}

求解過程:

  1. 由式 (1') 得:N=10P−2G−160,000N = 10P - 2G - 160,000。
  2. 將 NN 代入式 (2'):
    −2P+20(10P−2G−160,000)−3G=590,000-2P + 20(10P - 2G - 160,000) - 3G = 590,000
    198P−43G=3,790,000— (4)198P - 43G = 3,790,000 \quad \text{--- (4)}
  3. 將 NN 代入式 (3'):
    −4P−(10P−2G−160,000)+20G=840,000-4P - (10P - 2G - 160,000) + 20G = 840,000
    −14P+22G=680,000  ⟹  −7P+11G=340,000— (5)-14P + 22G = 680,000 \implies -7P + 11G = 340,000 \quad \text{--- (5)}
  4. 由式 (5) 表示 GG:G=7P+340,00011G = \dfrac{7P + 340,000}{11},代入式 (4):
    198P−43(7P+340,00011)=3,790,000198P - 43\left(\frac{7P + 340,000}{11}\right) = 3,790,000
    兩邊同乘 11:
    2,178P−301P−14,620,000=41,690,0002,178P - 301P - 14,620,000 = 41,690,000
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