111 年 國立中央大學企業管理學系碩士班丁組《管理會計學》

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第 1 題

Skinny Dippers Inc. produces nonfat frozen yogurt. The product is sold in five-gallon containers, which have the following price and variable costs.
Sales price: 15Directmaterial:15 Direct material: 5
Direct labor: 2Variableoverhead:2 Variable overhead: 3

Budgeted fixed overhead in 20x1, the company's first year of operations, was 300,000.Actualproductionwas150,000five−galloncontainers,ofwhich125,000weresold.SkinnyDippersInc.incurredthefollowingsellingandadministrativeexpenses.Fixed:300,000. Actual production was 150,000 five-gallon containers, of which 125,000 were sold. Skinny Dippers Inc. incurred the following selling and administrative expenses. Fixed: 50,000 for the year
Variable: $1 per container sold

Required:
(1) Compute the product cost per container of frozen yogurt under (a) variable costing and (b) absorption costing. (6%)
(2) Prepare operating income statements for 20x1 using (a) absorption costing and (b) variable costing. (6%)
(3) Reconcile the operating income reported under the two methods by listing the two key places where the income statements differ. (6%)
(4) Reconcile the operating income reported under the two methods using the shortcut method. (6%)

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這一題的完整詳解

本題主要在考查變動成本法與完全成本法在產品成本計算、損益表編製及所得調節上的差異。

核心觀念:

  • 變動成本法 (Variable Costing):僅將製造過程中發生的變動成本(直接材料、直接人工、變動製造費用)視為產品成本。固定製造費用則列為期間費用。
  • 完全成本法 (Absorption Costing):將所有製造成本,包括變動製造費用及固定製造費用,皆視為產品成本。固定製造費用會分攤到每單位產品。
  • 庫存變動對所得之影響:當生產量大於銷售量時,完全成本法下的所得會高於變動成本法;反之,當生產量小於銷售量時,變動成本法下的所得會高於完全成本法。

解題步驟:

1. 計算產品單位成本

(a) 變動成本法 (Variable Costing)
產品成本僅包含變動製造成本。
直接材料:5直接人工:5 直接人工:2
變動製造費用:3變動成本法下的單位產品成本=3 變動成本法下的單位產品成本 = 5 + 2+2 + 3 = $10

(b) 完全成本法 (Absorption Costing)
產品成本包含所有製造成本,需將固定製造費用分攤到每單位產品。
首先計算每單位應分攤的固定製造費用。
總固定製造費用:300,000實際產量:150,000單位每單位固定製造費用分攤額=300,000 實際產量:150,000 單位 每單位固定製造費用分攤額 = \frac{\text{總固定製造費用}}{\text{實際產量}} = \frac{$300,000}{150,000 \text{ 單位}} = $2/\text{單位}$

變動成本法下的單位產品成本:10固定製造費用分攤額:10 固定製造費用分攤額:2
完全成本法下的單位產品成本 = 10+10 + 2 = $12

【答案】
(1) (a) 變動成本法下的單位產品成本為 10。(1)(b)完全成本法下的單位產品成本為10。 (1) (b) 完全成本法下的單位產品成本為 12。

2. 編製 20x1 年度的損益表

首先,我們需要計算銷貨收入、銷貨毛利、銷貨費用等項目。
銷售價格:$15/單位
實際銷售量:125,000 單位
實際產量:150,000 單位
產銷量差異:150,000 - 125,000 = 25,000 單位 (生產大於銷售,有期末存貨)

變動銷售及行政費用:1/單位固定銷售及行政費用:1/單位 固定銷售及行政費用:50,000

變動成本法損益表:
銷貨收入 (125,000 單位 * 15)=15) = 1,875,000
銷貨成本 (變動法):
變動生產成本 (150,000 單位 * 10)=10) = 1,500,000
期初存貨 (假設為 0,因是第一年營運)
可供銷售商品成本 = 1,500,000減:期末存貨(25,000單位∗1,500,000 減:期末存貨 (25,000 單位 * 10) = 250,000銷貨成本(變動法)=250,000 銷貨成本 (變動法) = 1,500,000 - 250,000=250,000 = 1,250,000
銷貨毛利 (變動法) = 1,875,000−1,875,000 - 1,250,000 = 625,000減:期間費用:變動銷售及行政費用(125,000單位∗625,000 減:期間費用: 變動銷售及行政費用 (125,000 單位 * 1) = 125,000固定製造費用=125,000 固定製造費用 = 300,000
固定銷售及行政費用 = 50,000總期間費用=50,000 總期間費用 = 125,000 + 300,000+300,000 + 50,000 = 475,000營業利益(變動法)=475,000 營業利益 (變動法) = 625,000 - 475,000=475,000 = 150,000

完全成本法損益表:
銷貨收入 (125,000 單位 * 15)=15) = 1,875,000
銷貨成本 (完全法):
變動生產成本 (150,000 單位 * 10)=10) = 1,500,000
固定製造費用分攤 (150,000 單位 * 2)=2) = 300,000
總製造成本 (150,000 單位 * 12)=12) = 1,800,000
期初存貨 (假設為 0)
可供銷售商品成本 = 1,800,000減:期末存貨(25,000單位∗1,800,000 減:期末存貨 (25,000 單位 * 12) = 300,000銷貨成本(完全法)=300,000 銷貨成本 (完全法) = 1,800,000 - 300,000=300,000 = 1,500,000
銷貨毛利 (完全法) = 1,875,000−1,875,000 - 1,500,000 = 375,000減:期間費用:變動銷售及行政費用(125,000單位∗375,000 減:期間費用: 變動銷售及行政費用 (125,000 單位 * 1) = 125,000固定銷售及行政費用=125,000 固定銷售及行政費用 = 50,000
總期間費用 = 125,000+125,000 + 50,000 =

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第 2 題

Empire Chemical Company produces three products using three different continuous processes. The products are Yarex, Darol, and Norex. Projected sales in gallons for the three products for the years 20x2 and 20x3 are as follows:

Product20x220x3
Yarex60,00065,000
Darol40,00035,000
Norex25,00030,000

Inventories are planned for each product so that the projected finished-goods inventory at the beginning of each year is equal to 8 percent of that year's projected sales.
Because of the continuous nature of Empire's processes, work-in-process inventory for each of the products remains constant throughout the year.
The raw-material requirements of the three products are shown in the following chart.

Raw MaterialUnitsUnit PriceYarexDarolNorex
Gammapounds$80.20.40
Muradpounds$60.400.5
Islingallons$51.00.70.5
Tardengallons$1000.30.5

Raw-material inventories are planned so that each raw material's projected inventory at the beginning of a year is equal to 10 percent of the previous year's usage of that raw material.
The conversion requirements in hours per gallon for the three products are Yarex, 0.07 hour; Darol, 0.10 hour; and Norex, 0.16 hour. The conversion cost of $20 per hour is considered 100 percent variable.

Required:
(1) Determine Empire Chemical Company's production budget (in gallons) for the three products for 20x2. (6%)
(2) Determine Empire Chemical Company's conversion cost budget for 20x2. (6%)
(3) Assuming the 20x1 usage of Islin is 100,000 gallons, determine the company's raw-material purchases budget (in dollars) for Islin for 20x2. (6%)
(4) Assume that for 20x2 production, Empire Chemical Company could replace the raw material Islin with the raw material Philin. The usage of Philin would be the same as the usage of Islin. However, Philin would cost 20 percent more than Islin and would cut production times on all three products by 10 percent. Determine whether management should use Philin or Islin for the 20x2 production, supporting your decision with appropriate calculations. For this requirement, ignore any impact of beginning and ending inventory balances. (8%)

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這一題的完整詳解

本題主要考查企業如何編製產量預算、轉換成本預算、原物料採購預算,並進行相關成本決策分析。

核心觀念:

  • 產量預算 (Production Budget):用於規劃生產多少產品以滿足銷售需求並維持目標庫存。公式為:預計銷售量 + 目標期末存貨 - 預計期初存貨 = 預計生產量。
  • 轉換成本預算 (Conversion Cost Budget):包含直接人工和製造費用。本題中,轉換成本主要指變動的轉換成本(人力及設備的變動使用成本),其計算基礎為預計生產量及每單位轉換成本。
  • 原物料採購預算 (Raw Material Purchase Budget):規劃需要採購多少原物料,以滿足生產需求並維持目標庫存。公式為:預計生產所需原物料量 + 目標期末原物料存貨 - 預計期初原物料存貨 = 預計採購量。
  • 決策分析:比較不同方案的相關成本與利益,以做出最佳決策。

解題步驟:

1. 編製 20x2 年度的產量預算 (in gallons)

產量預算公式:預計生產量 = 預計銷售量 + 目標期末存貨 - 預計期初存貨。
期末存貨為該年度預計銷售量的 8%。
期初存貨為前一年度預計銷售量的 8%,但題目中並未提供 20x1 的 sales projection,因此我們假設 20x1 的期初存貨 (即 20x2 的期初存貨) 為 20x2 預計銷售量的 8%。
題目中提到「Inventories are planned for each product so that the projected finished-goods inventory at the beginning of each year is equal to 8 percent of that year's projected sales.」這句話表示,期初存貨是根據「該年」的預計銷售量來決定的。這是一個常見的簡化假設,實際上期初存貨應是前一年預計銷售量的 8%。在此我們遵循題目敘述的邏輯。

Yarex:
預計銷售量 (20x2):60,000 單位
目標期末存貨 (20x2):60,000 單位 * 8% = 4,800 單位
預計期初存貨 (20x2):60,000 單位 * 8% = 4,800 單位
預計生產量 = 60,000 + 4,800 - 4,800 = 60,000 單位

Darol:
預計銷售量 (20x2):40,000 單位
目標期末存貨 (20x2):40,000 單位 * 8% = 3,200 單位
預計期初存貨 (20x2):40,000 單位 * 8% = 3,200 單位
預計生產量 = 40,000 + 3,200 - 3,200 = 40,000 單位

Norex:
預計銷售量 (20x2):25,000 單位
目標期末存貨 (20x2):25,000 單位 * 8% = 2,000 單位
預計期初存貨 (20x2):25,000 單位 * 8% = 2,000 單位
預計生產量 = 25,000 + 2,000 - 2,000 = 25,000 單位

【答案】
(1) 20x2 年度的產量預算(以加侖為單位):
Yarex: 60,000 加侖
Darol: 40,000 加侖
Norex: 25,000 加侖

2. 編製 20x2 年度的轉換成本預算

轉換成本包含直接人工和製造費用。題目說明轉換成本每小時為 $20,且是 100% 變動成本。
我們需要計算總的預計生產工時,然後乘以每小時的轉換成本。

總預計生產工時:
Yarex:60,000 單位 * 0.07 小時/單位 = 4,200 小時
Darol:40,000 單位 * 0.10 小時/單位 = 4,000 小時
Norex:25,000 單位 * 0.16 小時/單位 = 4,000 小時
總計生產工時 = 4,200 + 4,000 + 4,000 = 12,200 小時

轉換成本預算:
總轉換成本 = 總計生產工時 * 每小時轉換成本
總轉換成本 = 12,200 小時 * 20/小時=20/小時 = 244,000

【答案】
(2) 20x2 年度的轉換成本預算為 $244,000。

3. 編製 20x2 年度的 Islin 原物料採購預算 (in dollars)

原物料採購預算公式:預計採購量 = 預計生產所需原物料量 + 目標期末原物料存貨 - 預計期初原物料存貨。
原物料存貨:期初存貨為前一年 (20x1) 使用量的 10%,期末存貨為該年 (20x2) 使用量的 10%。
已知 20x1 年 Islin 的使用量為 100,000 加侖。

計算 20x2 年度的 Islin 使用量:
Yarex 使用量 (20x2):60,000 單位 * 1.0 加侖/單位 = 60,000 加侖
Darol 使用量 (20x2):40,000 單位 * 0.7 加侖/單位 = 28,000 加侖

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第 3 題

LawnMate Company manufactures power mowers that are sold throughout the United States and Canada. The company uses a comprehensive budgeting process and compares actual results to budgeted amounts on a monthly basis. Each month, LawnMate's accounting department prepares a variance analysis and distributes the report to all responsible parties. Al Richmond, production manager, is upset about the results for May. Richmond, who is responsible for the cost of goods manufactured, has implemented several cost-cutting measures in the manufacturing area and is discouraged by the unfavorable variance in variable costs.

LAWNMATE COMPANY
Operating Results
For the Month of May

Master BudgetActualVariance
Units sold5,0004,800200 U
Revenue$1,200,000$1,152,000$48,000 U
Variable cost760,000780,00020,000 U
Contribution margin$440,000$372,000$68,000 U
Fixed production overhead180,000180,000
Fixed general and administrative cost120,000115,0005,000 F
Operating income$140,000$77,000$63,000 U

When the master budget was prepared, LawnMate's cost accountant, Joan Ballard, supplied the following unit costs: direct material, 60;directlabor,60; direct labor, 44; variable production overhead, 36;andvariablesellingexpenses,36; and variable selling expenses, 12.
The total variable costs of 780,000forMayinclude780,000 for May include 320,000 for direct material, 192,000fordirectlabor,192,000 for direct labor, 176,000 for variable production overhead, and $92,000 for variable selling expenses. Ballard believes that LawnMate's monthly reports would be more meaningful to everyone if the company adopted flexible budgeting and prepared more detailed analyses.

Required:
(1) Prepare a flexible budget for LawnMate Company for the month of May that includes separate variable-cost budgets for each type of cost (direct material, etc.). (8%)
(2) Determine the variance between the flexible budget and actual cost for each cost item. (8%)
(3) Discuss how the revised budget and variance data are likely to impact the behavior of Al Richmond, the production manager. (6%)

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題核心在於管理會計中彈性預算(Flexible Budget)與靜態預算(Static/Master Budget)的差異,以及績效衡量與行為意涵(Behavioral Implications)。

  1. 靜態預算 vs. 彈性預算:
    • 靜態(總)預算(Master Budget):依期初預計產銷量(5,0005,000 單位)所編製的預算。當實際活動水準(4,8004,800 單位)與原預計不同時,直接拿實際結果與靜態預算比較會產生「整體靜態預算差異(Static-Budget Variance)」,此差異混雜了產銷量變動與成本控制效率的影響。
    • 彈性預算(Flexible Budget):以實際產銷量(4,8004,800 單位)為基準,乘上標準(預算)單位售價與單位變動成本,加上固定成本預算所編製的預算。
  2. 差異分析公式:
    • 單位預算變動成本:
      VCbudget=直接材料 $60+直接人工 $44+變動製造費用 $36+變動銷管費用 $12=$152VC_{\text{budget}} = \text{直接材料 } \$60 + \text{直接人工 } \$44 + \text{變動製造費用 } \$36 + \text{變動銷管費用 } \$12 = \$152
    • 某項變動成本的彈性預算額:
      彈性預算額=實際產銷數量×標準單位成本\text{彈性預算額} = \text{實際產銷數量} \times \text{標準單位成本}
    • 彈性預算差異(Flexible-Budget Variance):
      差異=實際成本−彈性預算成本\text{差異} = \text{實際成本} - \text{彈性預算成本}
      • 當實際成本大於預算成本時,為不利差異(Unfavorable, U)。
      • 當實際成本小於預算成本時,為有利差異(Favorable, F)。
  3. 責任會計(Responsibility Accounting)與可控原則(Controllability Principle):
    • 評估主管績效時,指標必須隔離非其所能控制的外部或跨部門因素(如業務端銷量下滑),僅針對主管職權範圍內的成本控制效果進行考評。

解題方法

(1) 編製 5 月份彈性預算(Flexible Budget for May)

彈性預算係以實際銷售數量 4,8004,800 單位為基礎編製:

  • 預算售價每單位為:
    $1,200,0005,000=$240\frac{\$1,200,000}{5,000} = \$240
  • 彈性預算營收:4,800×4,800 \times $240=240 = $1,152,000
  • 各項變動成本彈性預算:
    • 直接材料(Direct Material):4,800×4,800 \times $60=60 = $288,000
    • 直接人工(Direct Labor):4,800×4,800 \times $44=44 = $211,200
    • 變動製造費用(Variable Overhead):4,800×4,800 \times $36=36 = $172,800
    • 變動銷售費用(Variable Selling):4,800×4,800 \times $12=12 = $57,600
    • 變動成本總額:$288,000+288,000 + $211,200+211,200 + $172,800+172,800 + $57,600=57,600 = $729,600(或 4,800×4,800 \times $152)
  • 邊際貢獻(Contribution Margin):$1,152,000−1,152,000 - $729,600=729,600 = $422,400
  • 固定成本在相關範圍內維持原主預算數:
    • 固定製造費用:$180,000
    • 固定一般及管理費用:$120,000
  • 營業利益(Operating Income):$422,400−422,400 - $180,000−180,000 - $120,000=120,000 = $122,400

(2) 計算各成本項目之彈性預算差異(Variances)

比較實際成本與彈性預算成本(實際 −- 彈性預算):

成本項目實際成本 (Actual)彈性預算 (Flexible Budget)差異金額 (Variance)差異性質
變動生產成本:
直接材料$320,000$$$288,000$32,000U
直接人工$192,000$$$211,200$19,200F
變動製造費用$176,000$$$172,800$3,200U
製造成本小計$688,000$$$672,000$16,000U
變動非生產成本:
變動銷售費用$92,000$$$57,600$34,400U
變動成本合計$780,000$$$729,600$50,400U
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第 4 題

Graydon, Inc. manufactures food blending machinery according to customer specifications. The company operated at 75 percent of practical capacity during the year just ended, with the following results (in thousands):

Sales revenue: 25,000Less:Salescommissions(10Netsales:25,000 Less: Sales commissions (10%): 2,500 Net sales: 22,500

Expenses:
Direct material: 6,000Directlabor:7,500Manufacturingoverhead−variable:2,250Manufacturingoverhead−fixed:1,500Corporateadministration−fixed:750Totalcosts:6,000 Direct labor: 7,500 Manufacturing overhead-variable: 2,250 Manufacturing overhead-fixed: 1,500 Corporate administration-fixed: 750 Total costs: 18,000
Income before taxes: 4,500Incometaxes(40Netincome:4,500 Income taxes (40%): 1,800 Net income: 2,700

Graydon, which expects continued operations at 75 percent of capacity, recently submitted a bid of $165,000 on some custom-designed machinery for Premier Foods, Inc. Graydon used a pricing formula in deriving the bid amount, the formula being based on last year's operating results. The formula follows.

Estimated direct material: 29,200Estimateddirectlabor:56,000Estimatedmanufacturingoverheadat50Estimatedcorporateoverheadat10Estimatedtotalcostsexcludingsalescommissions:29,200 Estimated direct labor: 56,000 Estimated manufacturing overhead at 50% of direct labor: 28,000 Estimated corporate overhead at 10% of direct labor: 5,600 Estimated total costs excluding sales commissions: 118,800
Add 25% for profit and taxes: 29,700
Suggested price (with profit) before sales commissions: 148,500Suggestedtotalprice:148,500 Suggested total price: 148,500 ÷ 0.9 to adjust for 10% commission: $165,000

Required:
(1) Calculate the impact the order would have on Graydon's net income if the 165,000bidwereacceptedbyPremierFoods,Inc.(8(2)AssumethatPremierhasrejectedGraydon′sbidbuthasstateditiswillingtopay165,000 bid were accepted by Premier Foods, Inc. (8%) (2) Assume that Premier has rejected Graydon's bid but has stated it is willing to pay 127,000 for the machinery. Should Graydon manufacture the machinery for the counteroffer of 127,000?Explainyouranswerandshowcalculations.(8(3)AtwhatbidpricewillGraydonbreakevenontheorder?(6(4)ExplainhowtheprofitperformanceinthecomingyearwouldbeaffectedifGraydonacceptedallofitsworkatpricessimilartoPremier′s127,000? Explain your answer and show calculations. (8%) (3) At what bid price will Graydon break even on the order? (6%) (4) Explain how the profit performance in the coming year would be affected if Graydon accepted all of its work at prices similar to Premier's 127,000 counteroffer described in requirement 2. (6%)

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題為管理會計學中經典的**「特殊訂單決策(Special Order Decision)」與「攸關成本分析(Relevant Cost Analysis)」**,主要涵蓋以下核心概念與公式:

  1. 成本習性辨識(Cost Behavior Analysis):
    • 變動成本(Variable Costs):隨訂單數量或人工投入呈等比例變動,屬於本次訂單之增額成本(攸關)。
    • 固定成本(Fixed Costs):在相關產能範圍內總額固定不變,已由既有正常營運吸收,接受額外訂單並不會增加固定成本總額(非攸關)。
  2. 閒置產能(Idle / Excess Capacity):
    • 公司目前營運於實質產能的 75%75\%,代表尚有 25%25\% 的閒置產能。接單不會排擠既有正常銷售,亦無機會成本(Opportunity Cost)。
  3. 短期邊際貢獻法 vs. 長期全部成本法定價:
    • 短期特殊訂單原則:只要「增額收入(Incremental Revenue)」大於「增額成本(Incremental Cost)」,即產生正的邊際貢獻(Contribution Margin),即可考慮接受。
    • 長期定價原則:產品售價必須涵蓋「所有變動成本+所有固定成本(製造成本與期間費用)+目標利潤與稅負」,否則長期將產生實質虧損。
  4. 損益兩平報價公式:
    增額收入−增額變動成本=0\text{增額收入} - \text{增額變動成本} = 0
    售價(P)−銷售佣金(10%×P)−變動製造成本=0\text{售價} (P) - \text{銷售佣金} (10\% \times P) - \text{變動製造成本} = 0

解題方法與步驟

步驟一:成本習性分析與基礎費率計算

由去年度營運結果(金額單位:千元)推導各項成本與費用之變動比率:

  • 銷售佣金(Sales Commissions):
    佣金率=$2,500$25,000=10%(依總銷售額計算)\text{佣金率} = \frac{\$2,500}{\$25,000} = 10\% \quad (\text{依總銷售額計算})
  • 變動製造費用(Variable Manufacturing Overhead, VMOH):
    VMOH 佔直接人工比率=$2,250$7,500=30%\text{VMOH 佔直接人工比率} = \frac{\$2,250}{\$7,500} = 30\%
  • 固定製造費用(Fixed MOH):總額 $1,500,000(在產能 75%∼100%75\% \sim 100\% 之相關範圍內固定不變)。
  • 固定管理費用(Fixed Corporate Admin):總額 $750,000(固定不變)。
  • 所得稅率(Income Tax Rate, tt):40%40\%。

步驟二:計算本客製化訂單之增額變動製造成本

依據題目的工程估計成本:

  • 估計直接材料(Direct Material, DM):$29,200
  • 估計直接人工(Direct Labor, DL):$56,000
  • 估計變動製造費用(VMOH):$56,000×30%=56,000 \times 30\% = $16,800

增額變動製造成本總額=$29,200+$56,000+$16,800=$102,000\text{增額變動製造成本總額} = \$29,200 + \$56,000 + \$16,800 = \$102,000

(註:定價公式中分攤的固定製造費用與固定管理費用,因總額不隨此訂單增減,故非攸關增額成本。)


(1) 若 Premier Foods 接受 $165,000 的報價,對 Graydon 淨利(Net Income)之影響

  1. 增額營業收入(Incremental Revenue):$165,000
  2. 增額成本與費用(Incremental Costs & Expenses):
    • 銷售佣金(10%10\%):$165,000×10%=165,000 \times 10\% = $16,500
    • 直接材料:$29,200
    • 直接人工:$56,000
    • 變動製造費用:$16,800
    • 增額成本合計:$16,500+16,500 + $102,000=102,000 = $118,500
  3. 稅前淨利增加額(Increase in Income Before Taxes, ΔEBT\Delta\text{EBT}):
    ΔEBT=$165,000−$118,500=$46,500\Delta\text{EBT} = \$165,000 - \$118,500 = \$46,500
  4. 稅後淨利增加額(Increase in Net Income, ΔNI\Delta\text{NI}):
    ΔNI=ΔEBT×(1−t)=$46,500×(1−0.40)=$27,900\Delta\text{NI} = \Delta\text{EBT} \times (1 - t) = \$46,500 \times (1 - 0.40) = \$27,900

(2) 若 Premier 還價 $127,000,Graydon 是否應接受此訂單?

  1. 財務增額效益分析:
    • 增額營業收入:$127,000
    • 銷售佣金(10%10\%):\
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