109 年 國立臺灣大學化學系碩士班化學生物學組《普通生物學（A）》

1. Which of the following statements is not consistent with Darwin's theory of natural selection?
   A) Individuals in a population exhibit variations, some of which are passed from parents to offspring.
   B) Individual organisms experience genetic change during their life spans to better fit their environment.
   C) Factors in the environment result in some organisms having better reproductive success than others.
   D) Natural selection can lead to the appearance of new species.

Over time, cancerous cells typically lose the cell adhesion molecules embedded in their plasma membrane. Loss of these molecules is best associated with which of the following traits of cancer cells?
A) increased rate of cell division
B) production of new proteins
C) angiogenesis
D) migration to new locations in the body

Plant cells grow primarily by increasing
A) cell number through cell division
B) pressure and volume of the central vacuole
C) cell size through cell differentiation
D) the concentration of lignin

In an ecosystem, energy
A) cycles along with chemical nutrients.
B) typically flows from consumers to producers to decomposers.
C) typically flows from producers through a series of consumers.
D) comes ultimately from bacteria.

Which of the following is most important in guiding transport vesicles from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane?
A) microtubules
B) microfilaments
C) plasmodesma
D) intermediate filaments

The alleles of a gene are found at
A) the same locus on nonhomologous chromosomes.
B) different loci on homologous chromosomes.
C) different loci on nonhomologous chromosomes.
D) the same locus on homologous chromosomes.

In some cats, black coat color (B) is dominant over brown (B) and a striped fur pattern (S) is dominant over a marbled fur pattern (s). You rescued a black striped cat from an animal shelter but could not determine its exact genotype. To do so, you mated the cat with a brown marbled cat. The mating produced 3 brown marbled, 2 brown striped, 2 black marbled, and 3 black striped. Immediately, you concluded the genotype of your rescued cat was
A) BBSS.
B) BBSs.
C) BbSS.
D) BbSs.

The ribosomes reads a messenger RNA and makes a protein containing 120 amino acids. The mRNA consisted of at least how many codons?
A) 40
B) 120
C) 360
D) 480

Why does a DNA strand grow only in the 5' to 3' direction?
A) because DNA polymerases can only add nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing molecule
B) because DNA polymerases can only add nucleotides to the 5' end of the growing molecule
C) because the DNA molecule only unwinds in the 5' to 3' direction
D) because DNA polymerase requires the addition of a starter nucleotide at the 5' end

Which of the following statements regarding viral diseases is false?
A) RNA viruses tend to have an unusually high rate of mutation because their RNA genomes cannot be corrected by proofreading.
B) New viral diseases often emerge when a virus infects a new host species.
C) Very few new human diseases have originated in other animals because the genetic differences are too great.
D) Herpesviruses may remain dormant for long periods of time while inside the host cell nucleus.

Which of the following permits a single gene to code for more than one polypeptide?
A) retention of different introns in the final version of the different mRNA strands
B) alternative RNA splicing
C) genetic differentiation
D) addition of different types of caps and tails to the final version of the mRNA strands

If Hershey and Chase had used radioactive oxygen in their experiments instead of phosphorus and sulfur, what results would they have likely obtained?
A) They would have observed a radioactive signal in the pellet only.
B) They would have observed a radioactive signal in the liquid only.
C) They would have observed a radioactive signal in both the pellet and the liquid.
D) They would have not observed radioactivity anywhere.

The lac operon of E. coli is ____ when the repressor is bound to lactose.
A) active
B) inactive
C) cloned
D) unregulated

A single cell, the zygote, can develop into an entirely new organism with many different specialized cells. Which of the following statements about this process is false?
A) Additional genetic information for the formation of specialized cells is passed on to the developing embryo via the mother.
B) The descendant cells specialize by a process known as differentiation.
C) The zygote contains all of the genetic information required for the development of many different cell types.
D) Differentiation of the zygote into a multicellular organism results from selective gene expression.

Which of the following is the correct order of floral organs from the outside to the inside of a complete flower?
A) petals → sepals → stamens → carpels
B) sepals → petals → stamens → carpels
C) sepals → petals → carpels → stamens
D) spores → gametes → zygote → embryo

When mature long-day plants grow in winter, a ____ treatment can make them flower.
A) red light
B) far-red light
C) lower temperature
D) high temperature

Which of the following traits is not shared by all mammals?
A) amnion
B) production of milk
C) placenta
D) three bones of the middle ear

What is the role of the fungus in a mycorrhizal association?
A) contributes to photosynthesis
B) absorption of water, phosphate, and other minerals
C) secretion of growth factors
D) release of water

Which of the following statements is false?
A) The ground tissue system of a leaf is called the mesophyll.
B) Each vein in a leaf is composed of either xylem or phloem, but not both.
C) The pith of a stem is often important in food storage.
D) Tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular are known as the ground tissue system.

Which of the following statements is not true?
A) The elastic walls allow the arteries to reduce the pressure fluctuation during a cardiac cycle.
B) The risk of stroke can be reduced by avoiding the damage to endothelium of vessels.
C) The primary function of erythrocytes is to participate in immune reactions.
D) Epinephrine raises blood pressure by increasing the strength and rate of the heartbeat.

1. Explain the advantages eukaryotic cells derive from being compartmentalized by many internal membranes.
   (5分)

2. Give two examples (one in plants, another in animals) to explain the connection of biological structure and function. (5分)

3. Answer whether you would use a light microscope (LM), a transmission electron microscope (TEM), or a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to perform each of the following tasks, and explain why: (8分)
   A) examining fine structural details within cell organelles
   B) observing how a cell changes shape as it moves
   C) studying tiny projection on cell surface
   D) filming changes in the shape of the nucleus as a cell prepares to divide

4. What is sensory transduction? Explain with an example. (5分)

5. Which of the types of nucleic acids you've learned about does not participate directly in translation? (4分)

6. If an anemic patient had moderately lower hemoglobin concentration (10 g/ 100 ml blood) but his lungs were functioning normally, ____ (Select the best answer from the choices given, and explain your answer.) (8分)
   A) the arterial oxygen content would be normal.
   B) the arterial PO2 would be normal.
   C) stimulation of peripheral arterial chemoreceptors would be expected to increase.
   D) arterial hemoglobin saturation (%) would be expected to decrease.
   E) the venous reserve of oxygen would be normal.

7. Why does vaccination work? Why do people need to get a new flu shot every year? (5分)