113 年 國立清華大學化學工程學系碩士班《化工熱力學及化學反應工程》

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第 Problem 1 題10 分

An A-B binary α\alpha phase is a solution phase. At temperature TT and 1 atm, the Gibbs energy of the α\alpha phase is:
ΔGα=(1−xBα)GAα+xBαGBα+RT[(1−xBα)ln⁡(1−xBα)+xBαln⁡xBα]+400(1−xBα)xBα\Delta G^\alpha = (1 - x_B^\alpha)G_A^\alpha + x_B^\alpha G_B^\alpha + RT[(1 - x_B^\alpha) \ln(1 - x_B^\alpha) + x_B^\alpha \ln x_B^\alpha] + 400(1 - x_B^\alpha)x_B^\alpha
GAαG_A^\alpha and GBαG_B^\alpha are the standard Gibbs free energies at temperature TT and 1 atm of pure A and B, respectively. xBαx_B^\alpha is the mole fraction of component B in the α\alpha solution phase.

(A). Is the α\alpha phase an ideal solution? Why or why not? (4%)
(B). What is the partial Gibbs free energy of B in the α\alpha phase, GBαG_B^\alpha? (6%)

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  • 理想溶液與非理想溶液的判斷。
  • 超額 Gibbs 自由能 GEG^E 的意義。
  • 部分莫耳 Gibbs 自由能的定義:
    GBα=(∂nGα∂nB)T,P,nAG_B^\alpha=\left(\frac{\partial nG^\alpha}{\partial n_B}\right)_{T,P,n_A}

令

x=xBα,xAα=1−xx=x_B^\alpha,\qquad x_A^\alpha=1-x

題目中的莫耳 Gibbs 自由能可寫成

Gα=(1−x)GAα+xGBα+RT[(1−x)ln⁡(1−x)+xln⁡x]+400(1−x)xG^\alpha=(1-x)G_A^\alpha+xG_B^\alpha +RT[(1-x)\ln(1-x)+x\ln x] +400(1-x)x

其中最後一項為超額 Gibbs 自由能:

GE,α=400(1−x)xG^{E,\alpha}=400(1-x)x

(A)理想溶液判斷

理想溶液的條件是:

GE,α=0G^{E,\alpha}=0

因此各成分的部分莫耳 Gibbs 自由能應符合:

Giα=Giα,∗+RTln⁡xiαG_i^\alpha=G_i^{\alpha,*}+RT\ln x_i^\alpha

本題存在額外項:

GE,α=400(1−xBα)xBαG^{E,\alpha}=400(1-x_B^\alpha)x_B^\alpha

在 0<xBα<10<x_B^\alpha<1 時,此項不為零,因此 α\alpha 相不是理想溶液,而是具有規則溶液特徵的非理想溶液。其交互作用參數為:

Ω=400\Omega=400

且因 Ω>0\Omega>0,A-B 異種原子間的作用相對不利,混合會產生正的超額 Gibbs 自由能。


(B)B 的部分莫耳 Gibbs 自由能

對二元溶液,若以 x=xBαx=x_B^\alpha 表示 B 的莫耳分率,則 B 的部分莫耳 Gibbs 自由能為:

GBα=Gα+(1−x)(dGαdx)T,PG_B^\alpha = G^\alpha+(1-x) \left(\frac{dG^\alpha}{dx}\right)_{T,P}

先對 GαG^\alpha 微分:

dGαdx=−GAα+GBα+RTln⁡x1−x+400(1−2x)\frac{dG^\alpha}{dx} = -G_A^\alpha+G_B^\alpha +RT\ln\frac{x}{1-x} +400(1-2x)

代入部分莫耳性質公式:

GBα=(1−x)GAα+xGBα+RT[(1−x)ln⁡(1−x)+xln⁡x]+400(1−x)x+(1−x)[−GAα+GBα+RTln⁡x1−x+400(1−2x)]\begin{aligned} G_B^\alpha ={}&(1-x)G_A^\alpha+xG_B^\alpha +RT[(1-x)\ln(1-x)+x\ln x]\\ &+400(1-x)x\\ &+(1-x) \left[ -G_A^\alpha+G_B^\alpha +RT\ln\frac{x}{1-x} +400(1-2x) \right] \end{aligned}

整理各項。

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第 Problem 2 題10 分

The Gibbs energy of the gas-phase oxidation at 25°C of SO2 to SO3 is:
SO2+12O2⇌SO3SO_2 + \frac{1}{2} O_2 \rightleftharpoons SO_3
ΔG298∘=−70866\Delta G_{298}^\circ = -70866 J/mol.

(A). Does the reaction proceed to the right-hand side or to the left-hand side? i.e., does SO2 oxidize to form SO3, or does SO3 decompose to form SO2 and oxygen? Why? (4%)
(B). A variable ϵ\epsilon called the reaction coordinate, is defined as dn1v1=dn2v2=dn3v3=dϵ\frac{dn_1}{v_1} = \frac{dn_2}{v_2} = \frac{dn_3}{v_3} = d\epsilon. It characterizes the extent to which a reaction has taken place. nn is the number of moles, and vv is the stoichiometric number for a species. Draw a schematic plot of the total Gibbs energy as a function of the reaction coordinate, a G-ϵ\epsilon diagram, and illustrate this plot. (6%)

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這一題的完整詳解

此題主要測試化學反應方向的判斷以及反應座標與自由能關係的圖示。

核心觀念:

  1. 標準吉布斯自由能變 (ΔG∘)(\Delta G^\circ) 與反應方向的關係:當 ΔG∘<0\Delta G^\circ < 0 時,反應傾向朝產物方向進行;當 ΔG∘>0\Delta G^\circ > 0 時,反應傾向朝反應物方向進行;當 ΔG∘=0\Delta G^\circ = 0 時,反應處於平衡狀態。
  2. 反應座標 (ϵ)(\epsilon) 的定義:它描述了反應進行的程度,通常定義為物質的量變化與其化學計量係數的比值。
  3. 吉布斯自由能與反應座標的關係:在恆溫恆壓下,系統的總吉布斯自由能會隨著反應座標的變化而變化。平衡點對應於總吉布斯自由能的最小值。

解題步驟:

(A). 反應方向判斷

題目給出 25°C (298 K) 時,SO2 氧化生成 SO3 的標準吉布斯自由能變化為 ΔG298∘=−70866\Delta G_{298}^\circ = -70866 J/mol。
標準吉布斯自由能變 (ΔG∘)(\Delta G^\circ) 代表反應物和產物皆處於其標準狀態(氣體為 1 atm 分壓,純物質為純態)時,反應進行一個單位量時的自由能變化。
ΔG∘\Delta G^\circ 的符號直接指示了在標準狀態下反應進行的方向:

  • 若 ΔG∘<0\Delta G^\circ < 0,表示反應傾向於朝產物方向自發進行。
  • 若 ΔG∘>0\Delta G^\circ > 0,表示反應傾向於朝反應物方向自發進行(即逆反應自發)。
  • 若 ΔG∘=0\Delta G^\circ = 0,表示系統處於平衡狀態。

在此題中,ΔG298∘=−70866\Delta G_{298}^\circ = -70866 J/mol,此值為負值。

因此,在標準狀態下,該反應傾向於朝右進行,也就是 SO2 會氧化生成 SO3。

【答案】反應傾向於朝右(產物)方向進行。因為標準吉布斯自由能變 ΔG298∘\Delta G_{298}^\circ 為負值,表示在標準狀態下,生成 SO3 比 SO2 和 O2 的總體吉布斯自由能低,反應是自發的。

(B). G-ϵ\epsilon 圖的繪製

反應座標 ϵ\epsilon 的定義為 dnivi=dϵ\frac{dn_i}{v_i} = d\epsilon,其中 nin_i 是第 ii 種物質的莫耳數,viv_i 是其化學計量係數(產物為正,反應物為負)。
對於反應 SO2+12O2⇌SO3SO_2 + \frac{1}{2} O_2 \rightleftharpoons SO_3:
令 SO2 為物種 1,O2 為物種 2,SO3 為物種 3。
其化學計量係數為:v1=−1v_1 = -1 (SO2 是反應物),v2=−1/2v_2 = -1/2 (O2 是反應物),v3=+1v_3 = +1 (SO3 是產物)。
因此,dϵ=dnSO2−1=dnO2−1/2=dnSO3+1d\epsilon = \frac{dn_{SO_2}}{-1} = \frac{dn_{O_2}}{-1/2} = \frac{dn_{SO_3}}{+1}。
當反應座標從 ϵ1\epsilon_1 變到 ϵ2\epsilon_2 時,莫耳數的變化為 Δni=vi(ϵ2−ϵ1)\Delta n_i = v_i (\epsilon_2 - \epsilon_1)。

在恆溫恆壓下,系統的總吉布斯自由能 GG 可以表示為反應座標 ϵ\epsilon 的函數,G(ϵ)G(\epsilon)。
總吉布斯自由能的變化與反應座標的關係可以表示為:
(∂G∂ϵ)T,P=∑iviμi\left( \frac{\partial G}{\partial \epsilon} \right)_{T, P} = \sum_i v_i \mu_i
其中 μi\mu_i 是第 ii 種物質的化學位能。
在平衡狀態下,總吉布斯自由能達到最小值,此時 (∂G∂ϵ)T,P=0\left( \frac{\partial G}{\partial \epsilon} \right)_{T, P} = 0。
這意味著 ∑iviμi=0\sum_i v_i \mu_i = 0。
我們知道 ΔG∘=∑iviμi∘\Delta G^\circ = \sum_i v_i \mu_i^\circ,其中 μi∘\mu_i^\circ 是標準化學位能。
而化學位能 μi=μi∘+RTln⁡ai\mu_i = \mu_i^\circ + RT \ln a_i,其中 aia_i 是第 ii 種物質的活度。
所以,在平衡點,∑ivi(μi∘+RTln⁡ai)=0\sum_i v_i (\mu_i^\circ + RT \ln a_i) = 0。

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第 Problem 3 題20 分

A liquid-phase, auto-catalytic reaction consists of the following elementary mechanism:
A+B→k2BA + B \xrightarrow{k} 2B
where the rate of A disappearance is:
−rA=kCACB-r_A = k C_A C_B
k=1.0k = 1.0 L/mol·min (at 5 °C; obey the Arrhenius' Law)

The above auto-catalytic reaction is conducted in an isothermal plug flow reactor (PFR) with a recycle stream (see the attached figure), where RR is the ratio of the molar flow rate of the recycle stream to the exit stream (stream e), i.e.,
R=Ftotal,RFtotal,e=FA,RFA,e=FB,RFB,eR = \frac{F_{total,R}}{F_{total,e}} = \frac{F_{A,R}}{F_{A,e}} = \frac{F_{B,R}}{F_{B,e}}
The feed concentrations of A (CA0C_{A0}) and B (CB0C_{B0}) are 0.99 mol/L and 0.01 mol/L, respectively. The desired exit concentrations of A (CA,eC_{A,e}) and B (CB,eC_{B,e}) are 0.1 mol/L and 0.9 mol/L, respectively.

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(A). At 5 °C, please determine the space time of this PFR with a recycle stream to achieve the desired exit concentrations when this reactor achieves a PFR. (4%)
(B). At 5 °C, this PFR with a recycle stream mimics a continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) at a certain condition. How is it achieved? (3%)
What is the space time of this CSTR-like reactor to reach the desired exit concentration? (3%)
What is the space time when this CSTR-like reactor is operated at 15 °C? (3%)
Assuming the activation energy of this auto-catalytic reaction is 46 kJ/mol.
(C). Having two PFRs with a recycle stream attached to each reactor, how can the two reactors be connected in series to achieve the shortest space time? (3%)
Determine the corresponding shortest space time if both reactors are operated at 5 °C. (4%)

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原卷第 3 頁

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 液相定容反應器的設計方程式。
  2. 自催化反應速率
    −rA=kCACB-r_A=kC_AC_B
  3. 化學計量關係
    CA+CB=1.00 mol/LC_A+C_B=1.00\ \mathrm{mol/L}
  4. PFR 加回流與 CSTR 的極限關係。
  5. Arrhenius 定律及串聯反應器的最佳配置。

令 CA=CC_A=C,則 CB=1−CC_B=1-C,因此

−rA=kC(1−C)-r_A=kC(1-C)

以下空間時間均以新鮮進料體積流率 v0v_0 為基準。


(A) 單一 PFR 加回流

回流比定義為

R=FRFeR=\frac{F_R}{F_e}

新鮮進料與回流混合後進入 PFR 的濃度為

CA1=CA0+RCAe1+R=0.99+0.10R1+RC_{A1} =\frac{C_{A0}+RC_{Ae}}{1+R} =\frac{0.99+0.10R}{1+R}

由於

CB1=1−CA1C_{B1}=1-C_{A1}

PFR 內部的設計積分為

τe=∫CAeCA1dCAkCA(1−CA)\tau_e =\int_{C_{Ae}}^{C_{A1}} \frac{dC_A}{kC_A(1-C_A)}

利用

1CA(1−CA)=1CA+11−CA\frac{1}{C_A(1-C_A)} =\frac{1}{C_A}+\frac{1}{1-C_A}

可得

τe=1kln⁡[CA1/(1−CA1)CAe/(1−CAe)]\tau_e =\frac{1}{k} \ln\left[ \frac{C_{A1}/(1-C_{A1})} {C_{Ae}/(1-C_{Ae})} \right]

因為 PFR 內流率為 (1+R)v0(1+R)v_0,故以新鮮進料為基準的空間時間為

τ=(1+R)τe\tau=(1+R)\tau_e

代入 k=1.0 L/(mol⋅min)k=1.0\ \mathrm{L/(mol\cdot min)}:

τ(R)=(1+R)ln⁡[9(0.99+0.10R)0.01+0.90R] min\boxed{ \tau(R) =(1+R) \ln\left[ \frac{9(0.99+0.10R)} {0.01+0.90R} \right]\ \mathrm{min} }

題目未給定數值回流比,因此 (A) 的數值答案並非唯一。若「PFR」採通常的零回流條件 R=0R=0,則

τ=ln⁡[0.99/0.010.10/0.90]=ln⁡(891)\tau =\ln\left[ \frac{0.99/0.01}{0.10/0.90} \right] =\ln(891)

所以

τPFR=6.79 min\boxed{\tau_{\mathrm{PFR}}=6.79\ \mathrm{min}}


(B) PFR 加回流模擬 CSTR

1. 如何達成 CSTR-like 操作?

當回流比趨近無限大時,

R→∞R\to\infty

混合後的 PFR 入口濃度趨近出口濃度:

CA1=0.99+0.10R1+R⟶0.10C_{A1} =\frac{0.99+0.10R}{1+R} \longrightarrow 0.10

此時反應器入口與出口濃度幾乎相同,整個反應器相當於完全混合,因此 PFR 加大量回流可模擬 CSTR。


2. 5°C 時的 CSTR-like 空間時間

CSTR 設計式為

τ=CA0−CAe(−rA)e\tau =\frac{C_{A0}-C_{Ae}}{(-r_A)_e}

出口濃度為

CAe=0.10,CBe=0.90C_{Ae}=0.10,\qquad C_{Be}=0.90

出口反應速率:

(−rA)e=kCAeCBe=(1.0)(0.10)(0.90)=0.090 mol/(L⋅min)(-r_A)_e =kC_{Ae}C_{Be} =(1.0)(0.10)(0.90) =0.090\ \mathrm{mol/(L\cdot min)}

因此

τ=0.99−0.100.090=9.8889 min\tau =\frac{0.99-0.10}{0.090} =9.8889\ \mathrm{min}

τCSTR, 5∘C=9.89 min\boxed{\tau_{\mathrm{CSTR},\,5^\circ\mathrm C}=9.89\ \mathrm{min}}


3. 15°C 時的 CSTR-like 空間時間

Arrhenius 定律為

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第 Problem 3 題20 分

A liquid-phase, auto-catalytic reaction consists of the following elementary mechanism:
A+B→k2BA + B \xrightarrow{k} 2B
where the rate of A disappearance is:
−rA=kCACB-r_A = k C_A C_B
k=1.0k = 1.0 L/mol·min (at 5 °C; obey the Arrhenius' Law)

The above auto-catalytic reaction is conducted in an isothermal plug flow reactor (PFR) with a recycle stream (see the attached figure), where RR is the ratio of the molar flow rate of the recycle stream to the exit stream (stream e), i.e.,
R=Ftotal,RFtotal,e=FA,RFA,e=FB,RFB,eR = \frac{F_{total,R}}{F_{total,e}} = \frac{F_{A,R}}{F_{A,e}} = \frac{F_{B,R}}{F_{B,e}}
The feed concentrations of A (CA0C_{A0}) and B (CB0C_{B0}) are 0.99 mol/L and 0.01 mol/L, respectively. The desired exit concentrations of A (CA,eC_{A,e}) and B (CB,eC_{B,e}) are 0.1 mol/L and 0.9 mol/L, respectively.

🖼️【此處有附圖,請對照原卷】

(A). At 5 °C, please determine the space time of this PFR with a recycle stream to achieve the desired exit concentrations when this reactor achieves a PFR. (4%)
(B). At 5 °C, this PFR with a recycle stream mimics a continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) at a certain condition. How is it achieved? (3%)
What is the space time of this CSTR-like reactor to reach the desired exit concentration? (3%)
What is the space time when this CSTR-like reactor is operated at 15 °C? (3%)
Assuming the activation energy of this auto-catalytic reaction is 46 kJ/mol.
(C). Having two PFRs with a recycle stream attached to each reactor, how can the two reactors be connected in series to achieve the shortest space time? (3%)
Determine the corresponding shortest space time if both reactors are operated at 5 °C. (4%)

🖼️ 本題含圖表,以下為原卷對應頁面:
原卷第 3 頁

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查:

  1. 液相定容反應器的設計方程式。
  2. 自催化反應速率
    −rA=kCACB-r_A=kC_AC_B
  3. 化學計量關係
    CA+CB=1.00 mol/LC_A+C_B=1.00\ \mathrm{mol/L}
  4. PFR 加回流與 CSTR 的極限關係。
  5. Arrhenius 定律及串聯反應器的最佳配置。

令 CA=CC_A=C,則 CB=1−CC_B=1-C,因此

−rA=kC(1−C)-r_A=kC(1-C)

以下空間時間均以新鮮進料體積流率 v0v_0 為基準。


(A) 單一 PFR 加回流

回流比定義為

R=FRFeR=\frac{F_R}{F_e}

新鮮進料與回流混合後進入 PFR 的濃度為

CA1=CA0+RCAe1+R=0.99+0.10R1+RC_{A1} =\frac{C_{A0}+RC_{Ae}}{1+R} =\frac{0.99+0.10R}{1+R}

由於

CB1=1−CA1C_{B1}=1-C_{A1}

PFR 內部的設計積分為

τe=∫CAeCA1dCAkCA(1−CA)\tau_e =\int_{C_{Ae}}^{C_{A1}} \frac{dC_A}{kC_A(1-C_A)}

利用

1CA(1−CA)=1CA+11−CA\frac{1}{C_A(1-C_A)} =\frac{1}{C_A}+\frac{1}{1-C_A}

可得

τe=1kln⁡[CA1/(1−CA1)CAe/(1−CAe)]\tau_e =\frac{1}{k} \ln\left[ \frac{C_{A1}/(1-C_{A1})} {C_{Ae}/(1-C_{Ae})} \right]

因為 PFR 內流率為 (1+R)v0(1+R)v_0,故以新鮮進料為基準的空間時間為

τ=(1+R)τe\tau=(1+R)\tau_e

代入 k=1.0 L/(mol⋅min)k=1.0\ \mathrm{L/(mol\cdot min)}:

τ(R)=(1+R)ln⁡[9(0.99+0.10R)0.01+0.90R] min\boxed{ \tau(R) =(1+R) \ln\left[ \frac{9(0.99+0.10R)} {0.01+0.90R} \right]\ \mathrm{min} }

題目未給定數值回流比,因此 (A) 的數值答案並非唯一。若「PFR」採通常的零回流條件 R=0R=0,則

τ=ln⁡[0.99/0.010.10/0.90]=ln⁡(891)\tau =\ln\left[ \frac{0.99/0.01}{0.10/0.90} \right] =\ln(891)

所以

τPFR=6.79 min\boxed{\tau_{\mathrm{PFR}}=6.79\ \mathrm{min}}


(B) PFR 加回流模擬 CSTR

1. 如何達成 CSTR-like 操作?

當回流比趨近無限大時,

R→∞R\to\infty

混合後的 PFR 入口濃度趨近出口濃度:

CA1=0.99+0.10R1+R⟶0.10C_{A1} =\frac{0.99+0.10R}{1+R} \longrightarrow 0.10

此時反應器入口與出口濃度幾乎相同,整個反應器相當於完全混合,因此 PFR 加大量回流可模擬 CSTR。


2. 5°C 時的 CSTR-like 空間時間

CSTR 設計式為

τ=CA0−CAe(−rA)e\tau =\frac{C_{A0}-C_{Ae}}{(-r_A)_e}

出口濃度為

CAe=0.10,CBe=0.90C_{Ae}=0.10,\qquad C_{Be}=0.90

出口反應速率:

(−rA)e=kCAeCBe=(1.0)(0.10)(0.90)=0.090 mol/(L⋅min)(-r_A)_e =kC_{Ae}C_{Be} =(1.0)(0.10)(0.90) =0.090\ \mathrm{mol/(L\cdot min)}

因此

τ=0.99−0.100.090=9.8889 min\tau =\frac{0.99-0.10}{0.090} =9.8889\ \mathrm{min}

τCSTR, 5∘C=9.89 min\boxed{\tau_{\mathrm{CSTR},\,5^\circ\mathrm C}=9.89\ \mathrm{min}}


3. 15°C 時的 CSTR-like 空間時間

Arrhenius 定律為

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第 Problem 4 題10 分

In a batch reactor, the following reaction is carried out:
A→k1B→k2C→k3DA \xrightarrow{k_1} B \xrightarrow{k_2} C \xrightarrow{k_3} D
A←k−1BA \xleftarrow{k_{-1}} B
C←k−3DC \xleftarrow{k_{-3}} D
Where k1=3 min−1k_1 = 3 \text{ min}^{-1}; k−1=8/3 min−1k_{-1} = 8/3 \text{ min}^{-1}; k2=22/3 min−1k_2 = 22/3 \text{ min}^{-1}; k3=2 min−1k_3 = 2 \text{ min}^{-1}; k−3=3 min−1k_{-3} = 3 \text{ min}^{-1}.
Here, C is the desired product and D is the isomer of C. This means that D and C are typically very difficult to separate, leading to high separation cost if the formation of D is not well controlled. As a chemical engineer, you are expected to use the provided information to model the composition of the reactant mixture as a function of time. Then, the optimum reaction time that leads to the highest C/D ratio can be determined without carrying out try-and-error type experiments that are both time-consuming and cost-ineffective.

(A). List down the rate equations that model the reaction system. (2%)
(B). The reactor is initially fed with 500 mM pure A. Solve and plot the concentration profile of each species, which are functions of time. (4%)
(C). What is the maximum difference between the concentration of C and D and when does it occur? (2%)
(D). If B is the desired product, what is the maximum concentration one can obtain and when does it occur? (2%)

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考察多個串並聯反應的動力學模型建立、微分方程求解與分析。

核心觀念:

  1. 反應速率方程的建立:根據給定的反應機理,寫出各物種的生成/消失速率方程。
  2. 微分方程組的求解:對於批式反應器,根據速率方程建立關於時間的常微分方程組,並求解。
  3. 極值問題的分析:尋找濃度最大值或最大差值出現的時間點。
  4. 多級反應動力學。

解題步驟:

反應機理與速率常數:
A→k1BA \xrightarrow{k_1} B
B→k−1AB \xrightarrow{k_{-1}} A
B→k2CB \xrightarrow{k_2} C
C→k3DC \xrightarrow{k_3} D
C←k−3DC \xleftarrow{k_{-3}} D
其中:
k1=3 min−1k_1 = 3 \text{ min}^{-1}
k−1=8/3 min−1k_{-1} = 8/3 \text{ min}^{-1}
k2=22/3 min−1k_2 = 22/3 \text{ min}^{-1}
k3=2 min−1k_3 = 2 \text{ min}^{-1}
k−3=3 min−1k_{-3} = 3 \text{ min}^{-1}

(A). 速率方程
根據反應機理,各物種的生成/消失速率方程如下:

  • 物種 A: AA 在第一步反應中生成(逆反應)和消耗(正反應)。
    dCAdt=k−1CB−k1CA\frac{dC_A}{dt} = k_{-1} C_B - k_1 C_A
  • 物種 B: BB 在第一步反應中生成(由 A 生成)和消耗(逆反應、生成 C)。
    dCBdt=k1CA−k−1CB−k2CB\frac{dC_B}{dt} = k_1 C_A - k_{-1} C_B - k_2 C_B
  • 物種 C: CC 在第二步反應中生成(由 B 生成)和消耗(生成 D,逆反應)。
    dCCdt=k2CB−k3CC+k−3CD\frac{dC_C}{dt} = k_2 C_B - k_3 C_C + k_{-3} C_D
  • 物種 D: DD 在第三步反應中生成(由 C 生成)和消耗(逆反應)。
    dCDdt=k3CC−k−3CD\frac{dC_D}{dt} = k_3 C_C - k_{-3} C_D

【答案】(A)
dCAdt=k−1CB−k1CA\frac{dC_A}{dt} = k_{-1} C_B - k_1 C_A
dCBdt=k1CA−k−1CB−k2CB\frac{dC_B}{dt} = k_1 C_A - k_{-1} C_B - k_2 C_B
dCCdt=k2CB−k3CC+k−3CD\frac{dC_C}{dt} = k_2 C_B - k_3 C_C + k_{-3} C_D
dCDdt=k3CC−k−3CD\frac{dC_D}{dt} = k_3 C_C - k_{-3} C_D

(B). 濃度分佈求解與繪圖
初始條件:在 t=0t=0 時,反應器中只有 500 mM 的純 A。
CA(0)=0.5C_{A}(0) = 0.5 M (或 500 mM)
CB(0)=0C_{B}(0) = 0 M
CC(0)=0C_{C}(0) = 0 M
CD(0)=0C_{D}(0) = 0 M

此為一個四個物種之間複雜反應動力學的常微分方程組。
dCAdt=−83CB−3CA\frac{dC_A}{dt} = -\frac{8}{3} C_B - 3 C_A
dCBdt=3CA−83CB−223CB=3CA−(83+223)CB=3CA−10CB\frac{dC_B}{dt} = 3 C_A - \frac{8}{3} C_B - \frac{22}{3} C_B = 3 C_A - (\frac{8}{3} + \frac{22}{3}) C_B = 3 C_A - 10 C_B
dCCdt=223CB−2CC+3CD\frac{dC_C}{dt} = \frac{22}{3} C_B - 2 C_C + 3 C_D
dCDdt=2CC−3CD\frac{dC_D}{dt} = 2 C_C - 3 C_D
其中 CA,CB,CC,CDC_A, C_B, C_C, C_D 的單位為 M,時間 tt 的單位為 min。

此微分方程組通常無法解析求解,需要數值方法(如 Runge-Kutta method)來求解。
然而,題目要求「Solve and plot」,這可能意味著:

  1. 有簡化或特殊情況可以解析求解(可能性較低)。
  2. 要求列出數值求解的思路,或使用軟體(如 MATLAB, Python SciPy)進行數值求解。
  3. 或許可以利用質量守恆關係來簡化。

總濃度守恆:
Ctotal(t)=CA(t)+CB(t)+CC(t)+CD(t)C_{total}(t) = C_A(t) + C_B(t) + C_C(t) + C_D(t)
Ctotal(0)=0.5+0+0+0=0.5C_{total}(0) = 0.5 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0.5 M。
由於反應機理中,各個步驟的化學計量係數總和為 1,所以總濃度應保持不變。
CA(t)+CB(t)+CC(t)+CD(t)=0.5C_A(t) + C_B(t) + C_C(t) + C_D(t) = 0.5 M。

求解步驟:

  1. 使用數值方法(例如,Python 的 scipy.integrate.solve_ivp 或 MATLAB 的 ode45)來求解這個 ODE 系統。
  2. 定義一個函數來表示右側的微分方程組。
  3. 設置初始條件 (CA(0),CB(0),CC(0),CD(0))=(0.5,0,0,0)(C_A(0), C_B(0), C_C(0), C_D(0)) = (0.5, 0, 0, 0)。
  4. 選擇一個時間範圍進行積分,例如 tt 從 0 到 10 min。
  5. 繪製 CA(t),CB(t),CC(t),CD(t)C_A(t), C_B(t), C_C(t), C_D(t) 隨時間 tt 的變化曲線。

由於無法在此處執行數值計算和繪圖,僅提供求解思路和圖形預期。
數值求解思路:
使用 Python 程式碼範例:

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第 Problem 5 題10 分

Carbon capture and utilization is an attractive way of providing economic incentives to drive efforts in converting waste CO2 into value-added chemicals. The hydrogenation of CO2 by green hydrogen may be a practical route to convert CO2 into various products. Under low pressure, the primary products are usually carbon monoxide (CO) or methane (CH4). As a chemical engineer, you are expected to use the provided thermodynamic data to calculate the equilibrium conversion of CO2 towards CO and CH4.

Species (gas phase)Formation Enthalpy (kJ/mol)Entropy at 1 bar (J/mol/K)
CO2-393.51213.8
CO-110.53197.6
CH4-74.8186.25
H20130.68
H2O-241.83188.84

(A). Calculate the equilibrium constants of the hydrogenation reaction of CO2 to CO and CO2 to CH4 individually at 500°C and 700°C. (4%)
(B). Calculate the equilibrium conversion of the hydrogenation reaction of CO2 to CO and CO2 to CH4 individually at 500°C and 700°C if the reactor is initially fed with equal molars of CO2 and H2. (4%)
(C). If the pressure inside the reactor is increased from 1 bar to 10 bars, please qualitatively describe how the equilibrium conversion of CO2 will change for the hydrogenation towards CO and CH4. (2%)

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這一題的完整詳解

這題主要考驗學生對化學反應平衡的熱力學分析能力,包含如何利用熱力學數據計算平衡常數,以及如何將平衡常數應用於計算特定條件下的平衡轉化率。此外,也探討了壓力對平衡移動的影響。

(A) 計算平衡常數

平衡常數 KK 與標準吉布斯自由能變化 ΔG∘\Delta G^\circ 之間的關係為:
ΔG∘=−RTln⁡K\Delta G^\circ = -RT \ln K
其中 RR 是理想氣體常數 (8.314 J/mol/K8.314 \, \text{J/mol/K} 或 0.008314 kJ/mol/K0.008314 \, \text{kJ/mol/K}),TT 是絕對溫度 (K)。

標準吉布斯自由能變化 ΔG∘\Delta G^\circ 可以由標準生成焓 ΔH∘\Delta H^\circ 和標準熵 ΔS∘\Delta S^\circ 計算得到:
ΔG∘=ΔH∘−TΔS∘\Delta G^\circ = \Delta H^\circ - T \Delta S^\circ

我們需要先計算兩個反應的標準生成焓和標準熵。

反應 1:CO₂ 的氫化生成 CO
CO2(g)+H2(g)⇌CO(g)+H2O(g)\text{CO}_2(g) + \text{H}_2(g) \rightleftharpoons \text{CO}(g) + \text{H}_2\text{O}(g)
在此反應中,我們假設反應物和產物的標準生成焓和熵是給定的值。
ΔHrxn,1∘=∑νiΔHf,i∘(products)−∑νiΔHf,i∘(reactants)\Delta H^\circ_{\text{rxn,1}} = \sum \nu_i \Delta H^\circ_{f,i} (\text{products}) - \sum \nu_i \Delta H^\circ_{f,i} (\text{reactants})
ΔSrxn,1∘=∑νiSi∘(products)−∑νiSi∘(reactants)\Delta S^\circ_{\text{rxn,1}} = \sum \nu_i S^\circ_i (\text{products}) - \sum \nu_i S^\circ_i (\text{reactants})

由題目提供的數據:
ΔHf,CO2∘=−393.51 kJ/mol\Delta H^\circ_{f, \text{CO}_2} = -393.51 \, \text{kJ/mol}
SCO2∘=213.8 J/mol/KS^\circ_{\text{CO}_2} = 213.8 \, \text{J/mol/K}
ΔHf,CO∘=−110.53 kJ/mol\Delta H^\circ_{f, \text{CO}} = -110.53 \, \text{kJ/mol}
SCO∘=197.6 J/mol/KS^\circ_{\text{CO}} = 197.6 \, \text{J/mol/K}
ΔHf,H2∘=0 kJ/mol\Delta H^\circ_{f, \text{H}_2} = 0 \, \text{kJ/mol}
SH2∘=130.68 J/mol/KS^\circ_{\text{H}_2} = 130.68 \, \text{J/mol/K}
ΔHf,H2O∘=−241.83 kJ/mol\Delta H^\circ_{f, \text{H}_2\text{O}} = -241.83 \, \text{kJ/mol}
SH2O∘=188.84 J/mol/KS^\circ_{\text{H}_2\text{O}} = 188.84 \, \text{J/mol/K}

計算 ΔHrxn,1∘\Delta H^\circ_{\text{rxn,1}}:
ΔHrxn,1∘=[ΔHf,CO∘+ΔHf,H2O∘]−[ΔHf,CO2∘+ΔHf,H2∘]\Delta H^\circ_{\text{rxn,1}} = [\Delta H^\circ_{f, \text{CO}} + \Delta H^\circ_{f, \text{H}_2\text{O}}] - [\Delta H^\circ_{f, \text{CO}_2} + \Delta H^\circ_{f, \text{H}_2}]
ΔHrxn,1∘=[−110.53 kJ/mol+(−241.83 kJ/mol)]−[−393.51 kJ/mol+0 kJ/mol]\Delta H^\circ_{\text{rxn,1}} = [-110.53 \, \text{kJ/mol} + (-241.83 \, \text{kJ/mol})] - [-393.51 \, \text{kJ/mol} + 0 \, \text{kJ/mol}]
ΔHrxn,1∘=−352.36 kJ/mol+393.51 kJ/mol=41.15 kJ/mol\Delta H^\circ_{\text{rxn,1}} = -352.36 \, \text{kJ/mol} + 393.51 \, \text{kJ/mol} = 41.15 \, \text{kJ/mol}

計算 ΔSrxn,1∘\Delta S^\circ_{\text{rxn,1}}:
ΔSrxn,1∘=[SCO∘+SH2O∘]−[SCO2∘+SH2∘]\Delta S^\circ_{\text{rxn,1}} = [S^\circ_{\text{CO}} + S^\circ_{\text{H}_2\text{O}}] - [S^\circ_{\text{CO}_2} + S^\circ_{\text{H}_2}]
ΔSrxn,1∘=[197.6 J/mol/K+188.84 J/mol/K]−[213.8 J/mol/K+130.68 J/mol/K]\Delta S^\circ_{\text{rxn,1}} = [197.6 \, \text{J/mol/K} + 188.84 \, \text{J/mol/K}] - [213.8 \, \text{J/mol/K} + 130.68 \, \text{J/mol/K}]
ΔSrxn,1∘=386.44 J/mol/K−344.48 J/mol/K=41.96 J/mol/K=0.04196 kJ/mol/K\Delta S^\circ_{\text{rxn,1}} = 386.44 \, \text{J/mol/K} - 344.48 \, \text{J/mol/K} = 41.96 \, \text{J/mol/K} = 0.04196 \, \text{kJ/mol/K}

反應 2:CO₂ 的氫化生成 CH₄
CO2(g)+4H2(g)⇌CH4(g)+H2O(g)\text{CO}_2(g) + 4\text{H}_2(g) \rightleftharpoons \text{CH}_4(g) + \text{H}_2\text{O}(g)
由題目提供的數據:
ΔHf,CH4∘=−74.8 kJ/mol\Delta H^\circ_{f, \text{CH}_4} = -74.8 \, \text{kJ/mol}
SCH4∘=186.25 J/mol/KS^\circ_{\text{CH}_4} = 186.25 \, \text{J/mol/K}

計算 ΔHrxn,2∘\Delta H^\circ_{\text{rxn,2}}:
ΔHrxn,2∘=[ΔHf,CH4∘+ΔHf,H2O∘]−[ΔHf,CO2∘+4ΔHf,H2∘]\Delta H^\circ_{\text{rxn,2}} = [\Delta H^\circ_{f, \text{CH}_4} + \Delta H^\circ_{f, \text{H}_2\text{O}}] - [\Delta H^\circ_{f, \text{CO}_2} + 4 \Delta H^\circ_{f, \text{H}_2}]
ΔHrxn,2∘=[−74.8 kJ/mol+(−241.83 kJ/mol)]−[−393.51 kJ/mol+4×0 kJ/mol]\Delta H^\circ_{\text{rxn,2}} = [-74.8 \, \text{kJ/mol} + (-241.83 \, \text{kJ/mol})] - [-393.51 \, \text{kJ/mol} + 4 \times 0 \, \text{kJ/mol}]
ΔHrxn,2∘=−316.63 kJ/mol+393.51 kJ/mol=76.88 kJ/mol\Delta H^\circ_{\text{rxn,2}} = -316.63 \, \text{kJ/mol} + 393.51 \, \text{kJ/mol} = 76.88 \, \text{kJ/mol}

計算 ΔSrxn,2∘\Delta S^\circ_{\text{rxn,2}}:
ΔSrxn,2∘=[SCH4∘+SH2O∘]−[SCO2∘+4SH2∘]\Delta S^\circ_{\text{rxn,2}} = [S^\circ_{\text{CH}_4} + S^\circ_{\text{H}_2\text{O}}] - [S^\circ_{\text{CO}_2} + 4 S^\circ_{\text{H}_2}]
ΔSrxn,2∘=[186.25 J/mol/K+188.84 J/mol/K]−[213.8 J/mol/K+4×130.68 J/mol/K]\Delta S^\circ_{\text{rxn,2}} = [186.25 \, \text{J/mol/K} + 188.84 \, \text{J/mol/K}] - [213.8 \, \text{J/mol/K} + 4 \times 130.68 \, \text{J/mol/K}]
ΔSrxn,2∘=375.09 J/mol/K−[213.8 J/mol/K+522.72 J/mol/K]\Delta S^\circ_{\text{rxn,2}} = 375.09 \, \text{J/mol/K} - [213.8 \, \text{J/mol/K} + 522.72 \, \text{J/mol/K}]
ΔSrxn,2∘=375.09 J/mol/K−736.52 J/mol/K=−361.43 J/mol/K=−0.36143 kJ/mol/K\Delta S^\circ_{\text{rxn,2}} = 375.09 \, \text{J/mol/K} - 736.52 \, \text{J/mol/K} = -361.43 \, \text{J/mol/K} = -0.36143 \, \text{kJ/mol/K}

現在我們計算兩個溫度下的平衡常數。

溫度 1:500°C = 773.15 K
R=0.008314 kJ/mol/KR = 0.008314 \, \text{kJ/mol/K}

反應 1 (CO₂ → CO):
ΔGrxn,1∘=ΔHrxn,1∘−TΔSrxn,1∘\Delta G^\circ_{\text{rxn,1}} = \Delta H^\circ_{\text{rxn,1}} - T \Delta S^\circ_{\text{rxn,1}}
ΔGrxn,1∘=41.15 kJ/mol−(773.15 K)×(0.04196 kJ/mol/K)\Delta G^\circ_{\text{rxn,1}} = 41.15 \, \text{kJ/mol} - (773.15 \, \text{K}) \times (0.04196 \, \text{kJ/mol/K})
ΔGrxn,1∘=41.15 kJ/mol−32.44 kJ/mol=8.71 kJ/mol\Delta G^\circ_{\text{rxn,1}} = 41.15 \, \text{kJ/mol} - 32.44 \, \text{kJ/mol} = 8.71 \, \text{kJ/mol}
K1(500∘C)=exp⁡(−ΔGrxn,1∘RT)=exp⁡(−8.71 kJ/mol0.008314 kJ/mol/K×773.15 K)K_1 (500^\circ\text{C}) = \exp\left(-\frac{\Delta G^\circ_{\text{rxn,1}}}{RT}\right) = \exp\left(-\frac{8.71 \, \text{kJ/mol}}{0.008314 \, \text{kJ/mol/K} \times 773.15 \, \text{K}}\right)
K1(500∘C)=exp⁡(−8.716.428)=exp⁡(−1.355)≈0.2578K_1 (500^\circ\text{C}) = \exp\left(-\frac{8.71}{6.428}\right) = \exp(-1.355) \approx 0.2578

反應 2 (CO₂ → CH₄):
ΔGrxn,2∘=ΔHrxn,2∘−TΔSrxn,2∘\Delta G^\circ_{\text{rxn,2}} = \Delta H^\circ_{\text{rxn,2}} - T \Delta S^\circ_{\text{rxn,2}}
ΔGrxn,2∘=76.88 kJ/mol−(773.15 K)×(−0.36143 kJ/mol/K)\Delta G^\circ_{\text{rxn,2}} = 76.88 \, \text{kJ/mol} - (773.15 \, \text{K}) \times (-0.36143 \, \text{kJ/mol/K})
ΔGrxn,2∘=76.88 kJ/mol+279.40 kJ/mol=356.28 kJ/mol\Delta G^\circ_{\text{rxn,2}} = 76.88 \, \text{kJ/mol} + 279.40 \, \text{kJ/mol} = 356.28 \, \text{kJ/mol}
K2(500∘C)=exp⁡(−ΔGrxn,2∘RT)=exp⁡(−356.28 kJ/mol0.008314 kJ/mol/K×773.15 K)K_2 (500^\circ\text{C}) = \exp\left(-\frac{\Delta G^\circ_{\text{rxn,2}}}{RT}\right) = \exp\left(-\frac{356.28 \, \text{kJ/mol}}{0.008314 \, \text{kJ/mol/K} \times 773.15 \, \text{K}}\right)
K2(500∘C)=exp⁡(−356.286.428)=exp⁡(−55.42)≈1.78×10−25K_2 (500^\circ\text{C}) = \exp\left(-\frac{356.28}{6.428}\right) = \exp(-55.42) \approx 1.78 \times 10^{-25}

溫度 2:700°C = 973.15 K

反應 1 (CO₂ → CO):
ΔGrxn,1∘=ΔHrxn,1∘−TΔSrxn,1∘\Delta G^\circ_{\text{rxn,1}} = \Delta H^\circ_{\text{rxn,1}} - T \Delta S^\circ_{\text{rxn,1}}
ΔGrxn,1∘=41.15 kJ/mol−(973.15 K)×(0.04196 kJ/mol/K)\Delta G^\circ_{\text{rxn,1}} = 41.15 \, \text{kJ/mol} - (973.15 \, \text{K}) \times (0.04196 \, \text{kJ/mol/K})
ΔGrxn,1∘=41.15 kJ/mol−40.84 kJ/mol=0.31 kJ/mol\Delta G^\circ_{\text{rxn,1}} = 41.15 \, \text{kJ/mol} - 40.84 \, \text{kJ/mol} = 0.31 \, \text{kJ/mol}
K1(700∘C)=exp⁡(−ΔGrxn,1∘RT)=exp⁡(−0.31 kJ/mol0.008314 kJ/mol/K×973.15 K)K_1 (700^\circ\text{C}) = \exp\left(-\frac{\Delta G^\circ_{\text{rxn,1}}}{RT}\right) = \exp\left(-\frac{0.31 \, \text{kJ/mol}}{0.008314 \, \text{kJ/mol/K} \times 973.15 \, \text{K}}\right)
K1(700∘C)=exp⁡(−0.318.091)=exp⁡(−0.0383)≈0.9625K_1 (700^\circ\text{C}) = \exp\left(-\frac{0.31}{8.091}\right) = \exp(-0.0383) \approx 0.9625

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第 Problem 6 題20 分

For an irreversible reaction:

2A+B→A2B2A+B\rightarrow A_2B

The reaction rate is:

rA2B=k2cA2cB1+k1cAr_{A_2B}=\frac{k_2c_A^2c_B}{1+k_1c_A}

The chemistry of the reaction suggests that the intermediate consists of an association of reactant molecules. In other words, the whole reaction is actually composed of multiple elementary steps involving the formation and consumption of key reaction intermediates. The pseudo-steady-state assumption applies to the intermediate in this case.

(A) What is the pseudo-steady-state assumption? (5%)

(B) For the two proposed reaction mechanisms listed below, which one accurately describes the irreversible reaction listed above? The pseudo-steady-state assumption applies to the intermediate in this case. (15%; Derivation must be presented in details to get full credit)

Mechanism 1:

A+A↔A2∗A+A\leftrightarrow A_2^*
A2∗+B→A2BA_2^*+B\rightarrow A_2B

Mechanism 2:

A+B↔AB∗A+B\leftrightarrow AB^*
AB∗+A→A2BAB^*+A\rightarrow A_2B

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查擬穩態假設(pseudo-steady-state assumption, PSSA)及其在反應機構判別上的應用。對反應中間物 II,擬穩態假設為:

dcIdt=生成速率−消耗速率≈0\frac{d c_I}{dt} = \text{生成速率}-\text{消耗速率} \approx 0

這表示中間物的生成與消耗速率近似相等,其濃度隨時間變化很小;不表示中間物濃度為零,也不表示反應步驟達到化學平衡。各基元步驟依質量作用定律寫速率,再以擬穩態假設消去中間物濃度,即可推導總反應速率式。

解題方法

原卷給定的總反應與速率式為

2A+B→A2B2A+B\rightarrow A_2B rA2B=k2cA2cB1+k1cAr_{A_2B} = \frac{k_2 c_A^2c_B}{1+k_1c_A}

兩個機構都以反應物分子結合形成中間物,但須比較擬穩態下推得的速率式,確認分母依賴的濃度是否符合題目。

機構一:A2∗A_2^* 為中間物

令第一步正、逆反應的速率常數分別為 k1fk_{1f}、k1rk_{1r},第二步速率常數為 k2′k_2':

A+A⇌k1fk1rA2∗A+A \underset{k_{1r}}{\overset{k_{1f}}{\rightleftharpoons}} A_2^* A2∗+B→k2′A2BA_2^*+B \xrightarrow{k_2'} A_2B

對中間物 A2∗A_2^* 套用擬穩態假設:

dcA2∗dt=k1fcA2−k1rcA2∗−k2′cA2∗cB≈0\frac{d c_{A_2^*}}{dt} = k_{1f}c_A^2-k_{1r}c_{A_2^*}-k_2'c_{A_2^*}c_B \approx 0

解得

cA2∗=k1fcA2k1r+k2′cBc_{A_2^*} = \frac{k_{1f}c_A^2}{k_{1r}+k_2'c_B}

產物生成速率為第二步速率:

rA2B=k2′cA2∗cB=k1fk2′cA2cBk1r+k2′cBr_{A_2B} = k_2'c_{A_2^*}c_B = \frac{k_{1f}k_2'c_A^2c_B}{k_{1r}+k_2'c_B}

此式分母含 cBc_B,題目給定的速率式分母則含 cAc_A。因此機構一無法描述題目所列速率式。

代回擬穩態式驗算:

k1fcA2−(k1r+k2′cB)(k1fcA2k1r+k2′cB)=0k_{1f}c_A^2-(k_{1r}+k_2'c_B) \left(\frac{k_{1f}c_A^2}{k_{1r}+k_2'c_B}\right)=0

符合中間物生成速率等於消耗速率,但所得速率式的濃度依賴性不符題目。

機構二:AB∗AB^* 為中間物

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第 Problem 7 題20 分

The van der Waals equation (see equation below), coined after the Dutch physicist Johannes Diderik van der Waals, expands upon the ideal gas law by incorporating the influences of intermolecular interactions and the finite size of gas molecules.

(P+an2V2)(V−nb)=nRT\left(P+\frac{an^2}{V^2}\right)(V-nb)=nRT

(A) Calculate the work (in J) done by 3 moles of CO₂ gas (a=3.640 L2 bar/mol2a=3.640\ \mathrm{L^2\,bar/mol^2}, b=0.04267 L/molb=0.04267\ \mathrm{L/mol}) following an isothermal reversible expansion from 1 liter to 3 liter at 300 K. (5%)

(B) The compressibility factor describes the deviation of a real gas from ideal gas behavior. It is usually a function of pressure for a real gas. Following question 7(A), calculate the average compressibility factor (Zˉ\bar{Z}) over the reversible expansion process for CO₂. (10%)

(C) The figure below depicts the compressibility factor curves across a range of pressure for four gases: ideal gas, CO₂, H₂, and methane. Identify the respective gas for each curve. Only with all correct answers will you receive a score. (5%)

🖼️【此處有附圖,請對照原卷】

🖼️ 本題含圖表,以下為原卷對應頁面:
原卷第 7 頁

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

凡得瓦方程式把分子間作用力與分子有限體積納入氣體狀態式。本題需先由狀態式解出壓力,再沿等溫可逆膨脹路徑積分求功;壓縮因子則由 Z=PV/(nRT)Z=PV/(nRT) 定義。

解題方法先讀圖:橫軸為壓力 PP,單位是 atm,範圍約 00 至 450450 atm;縱軸為無因次壓縮因子 ZZ,範圍約 00 至 1.41.4。曲線 (a) 隨壓力上升且在 Z=1Z=1 之上,(b) 約為水平直線 Z=1Z=1,(c) 有較淺的下凹,(d) 有較深的下凹。

(A) 等溫可逆膨脹功

以氣體對外作功為正。由凡得瓦方程式解出壓力:

P=nRTV−nb−an2V2P=\frac{nRT}{V-nb}-\frac{an^2}{V^2}

可逆膨脹功為:

Wby=∫V1V2P dV=nRTln⁡(V2−nbV1−nb)+an2(1V2−1V1)W_{\mathrm{by}}=\int_{V_1}^{V_2}P\,dV =nRT\ln\left(\frac{V_2-nb}{V_1-nb}\right) +an^2\left(\frac{1}{V_2}-\frac{1}{V_1}\right)

使用 R=0.08314 L bar mol−1K−1R=0.08314\ \mathrm{L\,bar\,mol^{-1}K^{-1}},並代入 n=3n=3 mol、T=300T=300 K、V1=1V_1=1 L、V2=3V_2=3 L、a=3.640 L2 bar mol−2a=3.640\ \mathrm{L^2\,bar\,mol^{-2}}、b=0.04267 L mol−1b=0.04267\ \mathrm{L\,mol^{-1}}:

nb=0.12801 L,nRT=74.826 L barnb=0.12801\ \mathrm{L},\qquad nRT=74.826\ \mathrm{L\,bar} Wby=74.826ln⁡(3−0.128011−0.12801)+(3.640)(32)(13−1)≈67.35 L bar\begin{aligned} W_{\mathrm{by}} &=74.826\ln\left(\frac{3-0.12801}{1-0.12801}\right) +(3.640)(3^2)\left(\frac{1}{3}-1\right)\\ &\approx 67.35\ \mathrm{L\,bar} \end{aligned}
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其他考古題

113 年清華大學的其他科目

清華大學《化工熱力學及化學反應工程》其他年度

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