111 年 國立成功大學地球科學研究所乙組《科學英文》
第 1 題
His research interests centre on the relationship between ______ and everyday, commonsense knowledge and how this plays out in the communication, development and public legitimacy of the sciences.
(A) expenditure
(B) expedition
(C) expectorate
(D) expertise
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 字彙辨析:四個選項的詞義與詞性。
- 語意搭配:判斷何種名詞能與 everyday, commonsense knowledge 形成合理對比。
- 句意理解:研究主題涉及科學專業與一般常識之間的關係。
句中關鍵結構為:
His research interests centre on the relationship between ______ and everyday, commonsense knowledge...
其中 the relationship between A and B 表示「A 與 B 之間的關係」,空格中的字必須是能與「日常的、常識性的知識」相對照的名詞。
解題方法
先分析句意:
「他的研究興趣集中在 ______ 與日常、常識性知識之間的關係,以及這種關係如何展現在科學的溝通、發展與公共正當性之中。」
後半句提到:
- 科學的溝通
- 科學的發展
- 科學獲得大眾認同與正當性的過程
這些內容都與「專業知識」和「一般大眾的常識」之間的互動有關。因此空格應填入表示「專業知識、專門技能」的名詞 expertise。
完整句意為:
「他的研究興趣集中在專業知識與日常、常識性知識之間的關係,以及這種關係如何展現在科學的溝通、發展與公共正當性之中。」
選項分析
-
(A) expenditure
expenditure為名詞,意為「支出、花費、費用」。例如
government expenditure表示「政府支出」。它與everyday, commonsense knowledge並非同類概念,也無法合理說明科學溝通、科學發展與公共正當性,因此不合語意。
第 2 題
If we want to avoid dangerous or even catastrophic tipping points and the escalating risks of climate change hotspots, limiting the temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius is a global ______.
(A) impassable
(B) impeach
(C) imperative
(D) impeccable
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本題考驗考生對單字的理解與應用,需要選出一個最適合填入空格,表示「限制溫度上升至 1.5 度 C」的重要性。
題目描述了避免危險或災難性的「臨界點」(tipping points)以及氣候變遷熱點的升級風險,並指出「將溫度上升限制在攝氏 1.5 度」在全球範圍內是______。這裡需要一個表示「極度重要」、「迫切需要」的詞彙。
分析選項:
(A) impassable:無法通行的,無法克服的。例如,impassable road(無法通行的道路)。這個詞不符合語境。
(B) impeach:彈劾。
第 3 題
While widely known, the ______ hole problem is one of the least understood environmental issues by the public.
(A) ozone
(B) oyster
(C) oxytocin
(D) oxymoron
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本題考驗考生對單字的辨識與應用,需要選出一個與「環境問題」相關的詞彙,並且是公眾熟知但可能不太理解的。
題目提到「______ 洞問題」是一個廣為人知,但公眾理解程度卻不高(least understood)的環境問題。這是一個提示,需要找到一個與環境議題相關且符合這個描述的詞。
第 4 題
People in central and southern Philippines in ______ need of food, water and shelter after Typhoon Rai caused severe damage last year.
(A) denial
(B) reluctant
(C) desperate
(D) possessive
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本題考驗考生對單字的理解與應用,需要選出一個詞來形容颱風過後災民對基本物資的需求狀態。
題目描述了在「雷伊颱風」(Typhoon Rai)造成嚴重破壞後,菲律賓中部和南部的人們「______」地需要食物、水和住所。這裡需要一個詞來描述他們對這些基本需求的迫切程度。
第 5 題
The National Weather Service is an agency of the United States federal government that is tasked with providing weather ______, warnings of hazardous weather to the public for the purposes of protection, safety, and general information.
(A) atmospheres
(B) oxygen
(C) carbon dioxide
(D) forecasts
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本題考驗考生對單字的理解與應用,需要選出一個詞來描述美國國家氣象局(National Weather Service)提供的與天氣相關的資訊。
題目指出美國國家氣象局的任務是提供天氣______,以及惡劣天氣的預警,以達到保護、安全和提供一般資訊的目的。這裡需要一個詞來代表氣象局提供的日常天氣資訊。
第 6 題
In tropical ______ forests, length of the dry period may have a profound influence on leaf dynamics, plant growth and survival.
(A) holistic
(B) moist
(C) bleak
(D) lonely
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核心觀念
本題考查形容詞的語意與名詞搭配。空格位於 forests 前方,應填入能合理描述森林環境的形容詞。句意為:「在熱帶的__森林中,乾季長度可能深刻影響葉片動態、植物生長與存活。」
解題方法
先根據後半句的「乾季長度」及其對植物生長、存活的影響,判斷句子談的是森林的氣候與水分條件。能描述森林濕潤程度的 moist 符合語境;tropical moist forests 指「熱帶濕潤森林」,是自然的詞語搭配。
選項分析
第 7 題
The current ______ crisis is due to more than a century of pollution, climate change, population growth and other human activities.
(A) instruction
(B) distinction
(C) extinction
(D) diction
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本題考驗考生對單字的理解與應用,需要選出一個詞來形容由「污染、氣候變遷、人口增長等人類活動」所導致的「危機」。
題目指出,目前的______危機,是由於一個多世紀的污染、氣候變遷、人口增長和其他人類活動所造成的。這裡需要一個詞來描述一種嚴重的、關乎生存的危機狀態。
第 8 題
Before he changed his career, he ______ a restaurant bartender for many years.
(A) is
(B) has been
(C) had been
(D) were
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本題考驗考生對時態的正確使用。題目描述了「在他改變職業生涯之前」的狀況,這是一個過去的特定時間點。而他「在那個時間點之前」擔任餐廳調酒師「很多年」。
分析選項:
(A) is:現在式。不適用於過去的狀態。
(B) has been:現在完成式。表示從過去持續到現在的狀態,但題目中的 "Before he changed his career" 指向一個過去的時間點,所以現在完成式不適用。
第 9 題
______, we all went home.
(A) Having set the sun
(B) After setting the sun
(C) Being the sun set
(D) The sun having set
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核心觀念
本題考「獨立主格構句」(absolute construction):在句首用一個有自己主詞的片語,補充交代主句動作發生時的背景或時間。常見形式之一是:
主句是「we all went home」,主詞為「we」;句首片語也要有自己的主詞,才能表示「太陽下山之後」。
解題方法
先確認句首片語的主詞與主句主詞是否一致。「太陽下山」的主詞是「the sun」,不是「we」,因此句首需要明確寫出「the sun」。
再看動詞關係:英文以「set」表示太陽下山時,是不及物用法;「the sun having set」表示「太陽已經下山」。整句意為:「太陽下山後,我們就都回家了。」
選項分析
第 10 題
On November 7, the eye of the typhoon made its first ______ in the Philippines at peak strength.
(A) landfall
(B) landslide
(C) landscape
(D) landform
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本題考驗考生對單字的理解與應用,需要選出一個詞來描述颱風登陸的動作。
題目描述了在 11 月 7 日,颱風的「眼」以最強的強度在菲律賓「第一次______」。這裡需要一個名詞來表示颱風從海上進入陸地的過程。
第 二、英翻中 題30 分
Please translate the following article paragraph adapted from "Investigating a tsunamigenic megathrust earthquake' in the Japan Trench" (Kentaro Imai, Takeshi Iinuma and Shuichi Kodaira, 2021) concisely into Chinese.
The 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake² occurred in the Japan Trench³ 10 years ago, where devastating earthquakes and tsunamis have repeatedly resulted from subduction of the Pacific plate. Densely instrumented seismic, geodetic, and tsunami precisely recorded the event, including seafloor observations. A large coseismic fault slip that unexpectedly extended to a shallow part of megathrust fault was documented. Strong lateral variations of the coseismic slip near the trench were recorded from marine geophysical studies, along with a possible cause of these variations. The seismic activities in east Japan are still higher than those before the earthquake, and crustal deformation is still occurring. Although the recurrence probability of a great earthquake (magnitude = ~9) in the Japan Trench in the near future is very low, a large normal fault earthquake seaward of the Japan Trench is a concerning possibility.
- megathrust earthquake 大型逆衝區地震
- Tohoku-oki earthquake 日本東北大地震
- Japan Trench 日本海溝
- geodetic 空間測量的
- coseismic 同震的
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此題要求將一段關於 2011 年東北地方太平洋近海地震(Tohoku-oki earthquake)的英文科學文章翻譯成中文。翻譯的重點在於準確傳達原文的科學資訊,並保持語意連貫、簡潔。
翻譯步驟與考量:
- 理解原文結構與術語: 仔細閱讀英文段落,辨識科學術語、關鍵概念和句子結構。注意標註的術語(1-5),它們提供了中譯參考。
- 逐句翻譯:
- "The 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake² occurred in the Japan Trench³ 10 years ago, where devastating earthquakes and tsunamis have repeatedly resulted from subduction of the Pacific plate."
Tohoku-oki earthquake: 根據標註 2,是「日本東北大地震」。Japan Trench: 根據標註 3,是「日本海溝」。subduction of the Pacific plate: 太平洋板塊的俯衝。devastating earthquakes and tsunamis: 毀滅性的地震和海嘯。repeatedly resulted from: 反覆由...引起。- 翻譯: 2011 年的日本東北大地震,發生於 10 年前的日本海溝,該處因太平洋板塊的俯衝,曾反覆引發毀滅性的地震與海嘯。
- "Densely instrumented seismic, geodetic, and tsunami precisely recorded the event, including seafloor observations."
Densely instrumented: 密集儀器監測的。seismic, geodetic, and tsunami: 地震學、大地測量學和海嘯學。precisely recorded the event: 精確記錄了這次事件。seafloor observations: 海底觀測。- 翻譯: 密集佈設的地震、大地測量和海嘯儀器精確記錄了此次事件,包括海底觀測。
- "A large coseismic fault slip that unexpectedly extended to a shallow part of megathrust fault was documented."
coseismic fault slip: 根據標註 5,是「同震斷層滑移」。megathrust fault: 根據標註 1,是「大型逆衝斷層」。unexpectedly extended to a shallow part: 出乎意料地延伸至淺層部分。was documented: 被記錄下來。- 翻譯: 同震斷層滑移意外延伸至大型逆衝斷層的淺層部分,此現象已被記錄。
- "Strong lateral variations of the coseismic slip near the trench were recorded from marine geophysical studies, along with a possible cause of these variations."
Strong lateral variations: 強烈的橫向變化。near the trench: 在海溝附近。
- "The 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake² occurred in the Japan Trench³ 10 years ago, where devastating earthquakes and tsunamis have repeatedly resulted from subduction of the Pacific plate."
第 三、英文作文 題40 分
Please write a short essay to clearly describe and explain the natural hazards in Taiwan.
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這是一篇英文作文題,要求考生描述並解釋台灣的自然災害。身為補教名師,我會提供一個清晰的寫作架構與內容方向,讓考生能依循此脈絡發揮。
寫作架構建議:
I. Introduction (引言)
* Briefly introduce Taiwan's geographical location and its susceptibility to natural hazards.
* State the essay's purpose: to describe and explain the major natural hazards Taiwan faces.
* Mention the main hazards that will be discussed (e.g., earthquakes, typhoons, landslides, floods).
II. Body Paragraph 1: Earthquakes (地震)
* Description: Explain why Taiwan is prone to earthquakes (e.g., located on the Pacific Ring of Fire, intersection of tectonic plates: Philippine Sea Plate and Eurasian Plate).
* Explanation of Impact: Discuss the consequences of earthquakes, such as structural damage, loss of life, infrastructure disruption, and triggering secondary hazards like landslides and tsunamis.
* Mitigation/Preparedness: Briefly mention Taiwan's efforts in earthquake-resistant construction and disaster preparedness.
III. Body Paragraph 2: Typhoons (颱風)
* Description: Explain Taiwan's geographical position that makes it a frequent target for typhoons during the typhoon season (typically summer and autumn). Mention the source of typhoons (Western Pacific Ocean).
* Explanation of Impact: Discuss the impacts of typhoons, including strong winds, heavy rainfall leading to floods and landslides, storm surges, and damage to agriculture and infrastructure.
* Mitigation/Preparedness: Mention early warning systems, evacuation plans, and infrastructure resilience efforts.
IV. Body Paragraph 3: Floods and Landslides (洪水與山崩)
* Description: Explain how typhoons and heavy rainfall, combined with Taiwan's mountainous terrain and rapid river flow, contribute to frequent flooding and landslides. Mention flash floods in mountainous areas and river flooding in plains.
* Explanation of Impact: Discuss the destruction of homes, farmlands, infrastructure, and the risk to human life.
* Mitigation/Preparedness: Briefly touch upon flood control systems (dams, levees), land use planning in vulnerable areas, and early warning for landslides.
V. Body Paragraph 4: Other Hazards (其他災害 - 可選)
* Briefly mention other less frequent but significant hazards if space permits, such as droughts, heavy snow in high mountains, or even volcanic activity (though less of an immediate threat). For this essay, focusing on the top three is usually sufficient.
VI. Conclusion (結論)
* Summarize the main natural hazards discussed.
* Reiterate Taiwan's vulnerability and its ongoing efforts to mitigate and adapt to these hazards.