115 年 國立成功大學地球科學研究所乙組《科學英文（以科學論文閱讀測驗及作文為測驗內容）》
第 1 題
- Which seismic wave type is primarily responsible for the most destructive ground motion during earthquakes, particularly creating a rolling, elliptical motion?
A. P-waves
B. S-waves
C. Love waves
D. Rayleigh waves
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本題考驗地震波的性質及其對地表的影響。地震波主要分為體波（P波、S波）和表面波（Love波、Rayleigh波）。P波（Primary waves）是縱波，傳播速度最快，但對地表的破壞力最小。S波（Secondary waves）是橫波，傳播速度次之，垂直於傳播方向振動，破壞力大於P波。
第 2 題
- Which process is primarily responsible for the long-term regulation of atmospheric CO2 on geological timescales?
A. Volcanic degassing
B. Silicate weathering feedback
C. Photosynthesis
D. Oceanic outgassing
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本題考驗地球長期碳循環的機制，特別是調節大氣二氧化碳濃度的過程。
A. 火山排氣 (Volcanic degassing)：火山活動會釋放二氧化碳，是碳循環的一部分，但不是長期調節的主要機制。
B. 矽酸鹽風化反饋 (Silicate weathering feedback)：這是地球長期調節大氣 CO2 的關鍵機制。大氣中的 CO2 溶於水形成碳酸，雨水會侵蝕地表的矽酸鹽岩石，這個過程會消耗大氣中的 CO2。
第 3 題
- What mechanism primarily drives thermohaline circulation in the global ocean?
A. Wind stress
B. Coriolis force
C. Density differences due to temperature and salinity
D. Tidal forcing
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本題考驗驅動全球海洋熱鹽環流 (thermohaline circulation) 的主要機制。
熱鹽環流，又稱溫鹽環流，是指由海水溫度 (thermo-) 和鹽度 (-haline) 差異所引起的全球性海洋環流。海水密度的差異是驅動這種環流的根本原因。
- 溫度：冷水比暖水密度大。
- 鹽度：高鹽度海水比低鹽度海水密度大。
在特定區域（如北大西洋高緯度地區），海水冷卻且鹽度增加（例如蒸發或海冰形成），密度增大後下沉，形成深層水，進而推動全球範圍的環流。
第 4 題
- Bowen's Reaction Series explains the:
A. Fractional crystallization of magma
B. Formation of sedimentary basins
C. Rate of radioactive decay
D. Metamorphic facies transitions
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本題考驗 Bowen's Reaction Series（鮑氏反應序列）的應用。
Bowen's Reaction Series 是由美國地球化學家 Norman L. Bowen 在 20 世紀初期提出的，用來解釋火成岩礦物在不同溫度下結晶的順序。它分為兩個主要分支：
- 結合分支 (Continuous branch)：斜長石系列，從富鈣到富鈉的斜長石。
- 不結合分支 (Discontinuous branch)：依溫度降低，依序結晶出橄欖石、輝石、角閃石、黑雲母等礦物。
這個序列描述了在岩漿冷卻結晶過程中，礦物是如何依序形成的。這直接與「岩漿的分級結晶」(Fractional crystallization of magma) 過程相關，即不同礦物在不同溫度下優先結晶並與剩餘岩漿分離的過程。
第 5 題
- The Mohorovičić discontinuity represents the boundary between the:
A. Lithosphere and asthenosphere
B. Crust and mantle
C. Upper mantle and lower mantle
D. Outer core and inner core
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本題考驗對地球內部結構分層的認識，特別是莫氏不連續面 (Mohorovičić discontinuity, Moho)。
莫氏不連續面是地球地殼與地幔之間的界面。在地殼和地幔之間，地震波的傳播速度會發生顯著變化，這是因為這兩個層次的岩石成分和密度不同。
- 地殼 (Crust)：主要由較輕的矽鋁質岩石組成（大陸地殼）或較重的矽鎂質岩石組成（海洋地殼）。
- 地幔 (Mantle)：主要由較重、富含鐵鎂的矽鎂質岩石組成。
第 6 題
- The value in marine carbonate fossils is primarily used as a proxy for:
A. Atmospheric CO2 concentration
B. Ocean salinity only
C. Past ocean temperature and ice volume
D. Biological productivity
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本題考驗 （氧同位素比值）在古海洋學和古氣候學中的應用。
值是指樣本中 與 的比值相對於標準的偏差。在海洋碳酸鹽化石（如浮游有孔蟲、有孔蟲、珊瑚等）中，其 值主要受到兩個因素的影響：
- 海水溫度： 在較暖的海水中，生物體傾向於利用較輕的 來構建碳酸鹽殼體，因此化石中的 值相對較低。反之，在較冷的海水中，化石中的 值相對較高。
第 7 題
- What primarily distinguishes an active continental margin from a passive continental margin?
A. Thickness of continental crust
B. Presence of deep-sea trenches and volcanism
C. Width of the continental shelf
D. Rate of sediment accumulation
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本題考驗活動型大陸邊緣 (active continental margin) 與被動型大陸邊緣 (passive continental margin) 的區別。
兩者最根本的區別在於它們與板塊邊界的關係：
- 被動型大陸邊緣 (Passive continental margin)： 位於板塊內部，遠離板塊邊界，通常是大陸裂解後形成的，例如大西洋邊緣。這裡的特徵是缺乏強烈的構造活動，地殼相對穩定，有寬廣的大陸棚、大陸坡和大陸隆。
- 活動型大陸邊緣 (Active continental margin)： 位於板塊邊界，特別是俯衝帶附近，例如太平洋沿岸。這裡的特徵是強烈的構造活動，包括地震、火山活動和造山運動。
第 8 題
- Which greenhouse gas contributes the most to Earth's natural greenhouse effect?
A. Carbon dioxide
B. Methane
C. Nitrous oxide
D. Water vapor
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核心觀念
溫室氣體能吸收地表放出的紅外線，並將能量重新輻射，使地表與低層大氣維持較高溫度。地球的自然溫室效應中，水蒸氣是貢獻最大的溫室氣體。
水蒸氣含量會隨溫度與蒸發量改變，因此也會放大氣候變化；二氧化碳則是人為增暖的重要驅動因素，但這不代表它對自然溫室效應的貢獻最大。
解題方法
題目問的是「對地球自然溫室效應貢獻最多」的氣體。掌握各氣體在自然大氣中的角色即可判斷：水蒸氣含量豐富，且能吸收多個波段的地表紅外線，因此是自然溫室效應的主要貢獻者。
選項分析
第 9 題
- What process changes sediment into sedimentary rock?
A. Erosion
B. Evaporation
C. Compaction and cementation
D. Melting
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本題考驗沉積物轉化為沉積岩的過程，即成岩作用 (lithification)。
成岩作用主要包含兩個步驟：
- 壓實 (Compaction)： 上覆沉積物的重量會壓迫下方的沉積物，使其孔隙度降低，顆粒更緊密地堆積。
- 膠結 (Cementation)： 溶解在水中的礦物質（如碳酸鈣、二氧化矽、氧化鐵等）會在沉積物顆粒之間的孔隙中沉澱，將顆粒黏結在一起，形成堅硬的岩石。
第 10 題
- Which layer of the atmosphere contains the ozone layer?
A. Troposphere
B. Stratosphere
C. Mesosphere
D. Thermosphere
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本題考驗地球大氣層結構，特別是臭氧層 (ozone layer) 的位置。
地球大氣層從地面向上大致可分為：
- 對流層 (Troposphere)： 離地表最近，大約 0-12 公里。天氣現象主要發生在此層。
- 平流層 (Stratosphere)： 位於對流層之上，大約 12-50 公里。
第 1 題3 分
Comprehension (20%)
→Please read the two paragraphs on seafloor spreading, then answer the following five questions.
Seafloor spreading is the process by which new oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges when tectonic plates move away from each other. As the plates separate, magma from the Earth's mantle rises through cracks in the crust. When this magma reaches the ocean floor, it cools and solidifies, creating new oceanic crust. Over time, continuous magma flow causes additional crust to form, pushing the older crust farther away from the ridge. As the older crust moves outward, it cools, becomes denser, and eventually sinks back into the mantle at deep-ocean trenches through a process called subduction.
Several types of evidence support the theory of seafloor spreading. One key piece of evidence is the age of ocean floor rocks, which are always youngest near mid-ocean ridges and become progressively older with increasing distance from the ridge. Another important evidence is the pattern of magnetic stripes found on the ocean floor. These stripes form because iron minerals in cooling magma align with Earth's magnetic field, which reverses periodically over time. The symmetrical pattern of normal and reversed magnetism on both sides of mid-ocean ridges provides strong proof that new crust is continuously created and spreads outward. Seafloor spreading helped scientists understand plate tectonics by explaining how tectonic plates move and carry continents, offering a clear explanation for continental drift and the ongoing changes to Earth's surface.
- Explain what seafloor spreading is and how it occurs at mid-ocean ridges. (3p)
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本題要求解釋海底擴張 (seafloor spreading) 的定義及其在洋中脊的發生過程。
海底擴張的定義：
海底擴張是指新的海洋地殼在洋中脊 (mid-ocean ridges) 的地方形成，並隨著板塊相互遠離而向兩側擴張的過程。
海底擴張在洋中脊的發生過程：
- 板塊分離： 在洋中脊，兩個構造板塊相互分離。
- 岩漿上湧： 隨著板塊的分離，地球地幔中的岩漿 (magma) 會通過地殼的裂縫上湧。
第 2 題3 分
Comprehension (20%)
→Please read the two paragraphs on seafloor spreading, then answer the following five questions.
Seafloor spreading is the process by which new oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges when tectonic plates move away from each other. As the plates separate, magma from the Earth's mantle rises through cracks in the crust. When this magma reaches the ocean floor, it cools and solidifies, creating new oceanic crust. Over time, continuous magma flow causes additional crust to form, pushing the older crust farther away from the ridge. As the older crust moves outward, it cools, becomes denser, and eventually sinks back into the mantle at deep-ocean trenches through a process called subduction.
Several types of evidence support the theory of seafloor spreading. One key piece of evidence is the age of ocean floor rocks, which are always youngest near mid-ocean ridges and become progressively older with increasing distance from the ridge. Another important evidence is the pattern of magnetic stripes found on the ocean floor. These stripes form because iron minerals in cooling magma align with Earth's magnetic field, which reverses periodically over time. The symmetrical pattern of normal and reversed magnetism on both sides of mid-ocean ridges provides strong proof that new crust is continuously created and spreads outward. Seafloor spreading helped scientists understand plate tectonics by explaining how tectonic plates move and carry continents, offering a clear explanation for continental drift and the ongoing changes to Earth's surface.
- Describe the process by which new oceanic crust is formed and what happens to older crust over time. (3p)
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本題要求描述新海洋地殼的形成過程以及舊地殼隨時間的演變。
新海洋地殼的形成過程：
正如問題 1 所述，新海洋地殼是在洋中脊形成的。當板塊在洋中脊分離時，地幔中的熱岩漿會上湧到海床。這些岩漿在海床表面接觸到冰冷的海水後迅速冷卻，然後凝固成新的海洋地殼。這個過程持續不斷，新的岩漿不斷上湧、冷卻、固化，形成新的地殼。
舊地殼隨時間的演變：
隨著新地殼在洋中脊的中心不斷形成並被推向兩側，較老的、已經形成的海洋地殼就會被推離洋中脊。
- 冷卻與密度增加： 當舊地殼遠離熱的洋中脊後，它會逐漸冷卻。冷卻使得地殼的密度增加。
第 3 題6 分
Comprehension (20%)
→Please read the two paragraphs on seafloor spreading, then answer the following five questions.
Seafloor spreading is the process by which new oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges when tectonic plates move away from each other. As the plates separate, magma from the Earth's mantle rises through cracks in the crust. When this magma reaches the ocean floor, it cools and solidifies, creating new oceanic crust. Over time, continuous magma flow causes additional crust to form, pushing the older crust farther away from the ridge. As the older crust moves outward, it cools, becomes denser, and eventually sinks back into the mantle at deep-ocean trenches through a process called subduction.
Several types of evidence support the theory of seafloor spreading. One key piece of evidence is the age of ocean floor rocks, which are always youngest near mid-ocean ridges and become progressively older with increasing distance from the ridge. Another important evidence is the pattern of magnetic stripes found on the ocean floor. These stripes form because iron minerals in cooling magma align with Earth's magnetic field, which reverses periodically over time. The symmetrical pattern of normal and reversed magnetism on both sides of mid-ocean ridges provides strong proof that new crust is continuously created and spreads outward. Seafloor spreading helped scientists understand plate tectonics by explaining how tectonic plates move and carry continents, offering a clear explanation for continental drift and the ongoing changes to Earth's surface.
- Discuss the evidence scientists use to support the theory of seafloor spreading. (6p)
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本題要求討論支持海底擴張理論的證據。文章中提到了兩項關鍵證據：
1. 海洋地殼岩石的年齡 (Age of ocean floor rocks)：
- 發現： 科學家透過鑽探和採樣，發現洋底岩石的年齡分佈具有規律性。
- 規律： 在洋中脊（海底擴張的中心）附近，岩石的年齡最年輕；隨著遠離洋中脊，岩石的年齡逐漸增加。
- 解釋： 這與海底擴張的理論完全吻合。新的地殼在洋中脊不斷形成，並向兩側擴張，因此越靠近洋中脊的岩石越新，越遠離的岩石越老。這證明了海洋地殼確實是在洋中脊產生並向外擴張的。
2. 海洋地磁條帶 (Magnetic stripes on the ocean floor)：
- 發現： 在洋底的磁力測量顯示出對稱的條帶狀磁異常。
- 形成機制：
- 當岩漿冷卻並固化形成新的海洋地殼時，其中含有磁性礦物（主要是含鐵礦物）。
- 這些磁性礦物在冷卻過程中會依據當時地球的磁場方向排列。
- 地球的磁場會週期性地發生極性反轉（例如，地磁北極變成地磁南極，反之亦然）。
- 規律： 在洋中脊兩側，這些磁性條帶的圖案是高度對稱的。
第 4 題4 分
Comprehension (20%)
→Please read the two paragraphs on seafloor spreading, then answer the following five questions.
Seafloor spreading is the process by which new oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges when tectonic plates move away from each other. As the plates separate, magma from the Earth's mantle rises through cracks in the crust. When this magma reaches the ocean floor, it cools and solidifies, creating new oceanic crust. Over time, continuous magma flow causes additional crust to form, pushing the older crust farther away from the ridge. As the older crust moves outward, it cools, becomes denser, and eventually sinks back into the mantle at deep-ocean trenches through a process called subduction.
Several types of evidence support the theory of seafloor spreading. One key piece of evidence is the age of ocean floor rocks, which are always youngest near mid-ocean ridges and become progressively older with increasing distance from the ridge. Another important evidence is the pattern of magnetic stripes found on the ocean floor. These stripes form because iron minerals in cooling magma align with Earth's magnetic field, which reverses periodically over time. The symmetrical pattern of normal and reversed magnetism on both sides of mid-ocean ridges provides strong proof that new crust is continuously created and spreads outward. Seafloor spreading helped scientists understand plate tectonics by explaining how tectonic plates move and carry continents, offering a clear explanation for continental drift and the ongoing changes to Earth's surface.
- Explain how magnetic stripes on the ocean floor form and why they are important. (4p)
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本題要求解釋海底磁條帶的形成過程及其重要性。
海底磁條帶的形成：
- 岩漿冷卻與磁化： 當地幔岩漿（富含磁鐵礦等磁性礦物）上升至洋中脊並冷卻形成新的海洋地殼時，這些磁性礦物會在岩漿完全固化前，根據當時地球的磁場方向進行排列。這使得新形成的海洋地殼記錄了地球當時的磁場方向。
- 地球磁場反轉： 地球的磁場並非恆定不變，它會週期性地發生極性反轉。例如，曾經有段時期，地球的北方磁極位於現在的南方，反之亦然。
- 對稱記錄： 由於海底擴張是從洋中脊中心向兩側均勻發生的，當地球磁場發生一次反轉時，洋中脊兩側新形成的海洋地殼都會記錄下這次反轉後的磁場方向。因此，在洋中脊的兩側，會形成一系列與洋中脊對稱的磁極條帶。例如，洋中脊中心可能是正常磁場，其兩側是反轉磁場，再往外是正常磁場，如此循環往復。
第 5 題4 分
Comprehension (20%)
→Please read the two paragraphs on seafloor spreading, then answer the following five questions.
Seafloor spreading is the process by which new oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges when tectonic plates move away from each other. As the plates separate, magma from the Earth's mantle rises through cracks in the crust. When this magma reaches the ocean floor, it cools and solidifies, creating new oceanic crust. Over time, continuous magma flow causes additional crust to form, pushing the older crust farther away from the ridge. As the older crust moves outward, it cools, becomes denser, and eventually sinks back into the mantle at deep-ocean trenches through a process called subduction.
Several types of evidence support the theory of seafloor spreading. One key piece of evidence is the age of ocean floor rocks, which are always youngest near mid-ocean ridges and become progressively older with increasing distance from the ridge. Another important evidence is the pattern of magnetic stripes found on the ocean floor. These stripes form because iron minerals in cooling magma align with Earth's magnetic field, which reverses periodically over time. The symmetrical pattern of normal and reversed magnetism on both sides of mid-ocean ridges provides strong proof that new crust is continuously created and spreads outward. Seafloor spreading helped scientists understand plate tectonics by explaining how tectonic plates move and carry continents, offering a clear explanation for continental drift and the ongoing changes to Earth's surface.
- Explain how seafloor spreading helped scientists understand plate tectonics and the movement of continents. (4p)
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本題要求解釋海底擴張如何幫助科學家理解板塊構造和大陸漂移。
海底擴張如何幫助理解板塊構造：
在海底擴張理論提出之前，科學家對板塊的運動方式和原因知之甚少。海底擴張理論提供了以下關鍵解釋：
- 板塊的動力機制： 海底擴張揭示了新的海洋地殼是如何在地幔上湧、冷卻、固化並向兩側擴張而產生的。這提供了板塊運動的「驅動力」——地幔對流將岩漿推向洋中脊，形成新的地殼，並將舊地殼推開。
- 解釋洋中脊的形成： 它解釋了為什麼洋中脊是海底擴張的中心，以及它是如何不斷產生新地殼的。
- 解釋深海海溝的形成與俯衝： 海底擴張也解釋了舊的、較冷的海洋地殼如何最終在海溝被推入地幔（俯衝），從而完成一個循環。這與板塊的消亡邊界相聯繫。
- 統一的框架： 海底擴張與地震、火山活動的空間分佈（主要集中在板塊邊界）相吻合，為板塊構造理論提供了一個統一的解釋框架，將地球表面劃分為幾個移動的板塊，並解釋了它們之間的相互作用。
第 I 題15 分
Translation (30%)
Please translate the following two short paragraphs concisely into Chinese.
I.
Germany's Journey to a Plastic-Free Future (15p)
Germany has emerged as a global leader in the fight against plastic pollution through comprehensive policies and strong multi-stakeholder collaboration. The country tops the Plastics Management Index with a score of 87 out of 100, reflecting stringent laws on plastic waste, effective waste management, and incentives for responsible business practices. Germany's waste collection and recycling infrastructure is particularly robust, with exceptionally high recycling rates for materials like PET bottles. Central to its strategy are circular economy principles that emphasize product longevity, reuse, and recycling, as well as efforts to reduce dependence on single-use plastics through bans and substitution with sustainable alternatives. National initiatives such as a strategic five-point plan and active engagement with international commitments further reinforce Germany's leadership in tackling plastic pollution. While the country still faces challenges such as downcycling and the need for more accurate data—its commitment to policy innovation and stakeholder engagement positions it at the forefront of sustainable plastic management. Germany also hosts a growing number of organizations working toward a plastic-free future, contributing to broader environmental sustainability efforts.
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翻譯重點：
- 關鍵詞彙：
- global leader: 全球領導者
- fight against plastic pollution: 打擊塑膠污染
- comprehensive policies: 全面的政策
- multi-stakeholder collaboration: 多方利害關係人合作
- Plastics Management Index: 塑膠管理指數
- stringent laws: 嚴格的法規
- effective waste management: 有效的廢棄物管理
- incentives for responsible business practices: 鼓勵負責任的商業行為
- waste collection and recycling infrastructure: 廢棄物收集與回收基礎設施
- robust: 健全的、強大的
- exceptionally high recycling rates: 極高的回收率
- circular economy principles: 循環經濟原則
- product longevity: 產品的長壽命
- reuse: 重複使用
- recycling: 回收
- reduce dependence on single-use plastics: 減少對一次性塑膠的依賴
- bans: 禁止
- substitution with sustainable alternatives: 以永續替代品取代
- strategic five-point plan: 策略性五點計畫
- international commitments: 國際承諾
- tackling plastic pollution: 解決塑膠污染問題
- downcycling: 降級回收
- policy innovation: 政策創新
- stakeholder engagement: 利害關係人參與
- sustainable plastic management: 永續塑膠管理
第 II 題15 分
Translation (30%)
Please translate the following two short paragraphs concisely into Chinese.
II.
What is blue carbon? (15p)
Blue carbon refers to the carbon captured, stored, and sequestered by coastal and marine ecosystems, particularly mangroves, seagrass meadows, and salt marshes. Through photosynthesis, these ecosystems absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store it not only in their living biomass but also, more importantly, in the waterlogged soils and sediments beneath them, where carbon can remain locked away for hundreds to thousands of years. Despite covering a relatively small area globally, blue carbon ecosystems are among the most efficient natural carbon sinks on Earth. Beyond their role in climate change mitigation, they provide essential co-benefits such as protecting coastlines from erosion and storms, supporting rich biodiversity, improving water quality, and sustaining fisheries and coastal livelihoods.
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翻譯重點：
- 關鍵詞彙：
- Blue carbon: 藍碳
- captured, stored, and sequestered: 捕獲、儲存和封存
- coastal and marine ecosystems: 沿海及海洋生態系統
- mangroves: 紅樹林
- seagrass meadows: 海草床
- salt marshes: 鹽沼
- photosynthesis: 光合作用
- absorb carbon dioxide: 吸收二氧化碳
- living biomass: 活體生物量
- waterlogged soils and sediments: 飽水土壤與沉積物
- locked away: 鎖住，封存
- relatively small area globally: 全球佔地相對較小
- efficient natural carbon sinks: 高效的天然碳匯
- climate change mitigation: 氣候變遷減緩
- co-benefits: 共同效益、附加效益
- protecting coastlines from erosion and storms: 保護海岸免受侵蝕和風暴侵害
- supporting rich biodiversity: 支持豐富的生物多樣性
第 1 題
English Composition (20%)
Please choose one topic (see below), then prepare a short paragraph about 150 words to convey the information or knowledge you can share on the topic.
- Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR)
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此題為英文寫作題，要求針對「二氧化碳移除 (Carbon Dioxide Removal, CDR)」主題，撰寫一篇約 150 字的短文。作為解題範例，此處提供一篇範文，並說明其寫作思路。
寫作思路：
- 開頭定義： 簡要定義 CDR 是什麼。
- 說明必要性： 為何需要 CDR？（例如，應對氣候變遷、達到淨零排放目標）。
- 介紹主要方法： 提及幾種常見的 CDR 技術或方法（例如，直接空氣捕獲 DAC、生物能源與碳捕獲和儲存 BECCS、植樹造林、海洋鹼化等）。
- 討論挑戰與潛力： 簡述 CDR 面臨的挑戰（如成本、規模、能源消耗、環境影響）以及其在氣候目標達成中的潛力。
- 結語： 強調 CDR 的重要性，並可能提及需要進一步的研究與發展。
範文：
Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) refers to a range of approaches aimed at removing carbon dioxide () directly from the atmosphere and storing it durably. As global efforts intensify to limit warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, CDR technologies are increasingly recognized as crucial complements to emissions reductions. Many pathways outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicate that achieving net-zero emissions will likely require significant deployment of CDR.
Methods for CDR vary widely. Some involve enhancing natural processes, such as afforest
第 2 題
English Composition (20%)
Please choose one topic (see below), then prepare a short paragraph about 150 words to convey the information or knowledge you can share on the topic.
2. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
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此題為英文寫作題，要求針對「永續發展目標 (Sustainable Development Goals, SDGs)」主題，撰寫一篇約 150 字的短文。
寫作思路：
- 開頭定義： 說明 SDGs 是什麼，由聯合國提出，共有 17 個目標。
- 核心理念： 闡述 SDGs 的核心宗旨，即在經濟、社會和環境三個面向實現永續發展，涵蓋了消除貧困、促進健康、性別平等、氣候行動等廣泛議題。
- 重要性與影響： 強調 SDGs 對於全球合作、解決共同挑戰的重要性。
- 具體例子（可選）： 提及其中一兩個目標，例如目標 13 (氣候行動) 或目標 7 (可負擔的潔淨能源)，來具體說明其內容。
- 結語： 呼籲共同努力實現這些目標，為所有人創造更美好的未來。
範文：
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015, represent a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity. Comprising 17 interconnected goals, the SDGs provide a blueprint for achieving a more sustainable future, addressing critical global challenges across economic, social, and environmenta
第 3 題
English Composition (20%)
Please choose one topic (see below), then prepare a short paragraph about 150 words to convey the information or knowledge you can share on the topic.
3. Extreme weather and natural hazards (consider using Taiwan as an example).
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此題為英文寫作題，要求針對「極端天氣與自然災害」主題，撰寫一篇約 150 字的短文，並可考慮以台灣為例。
寫作思路：
- 開頭定義： 定義極端天氣與自然災害，並指出其日益嚴峻的趨勢（可能與氣候變遷有關）。
- 台灣的例子： 說明台灣作為一個地理位置特殊（位處板塊交界、颱風路徑）的島嶼，容易面臨哪些極端天氣和自然災害（例如，颱風、地震、豪雨、土石流、乾旱等）。
- 影響與應對： 簡述這些災害對台灣造成的影響（經濟、社會、生命財產），以及台灣為應對這些挑戰所做的努力（例如，防災系統、預警機制、基礎設施加固、氣候變遷調適計畫）。
- 全球關聯性： 強調台灣的經驗可以為其他地區提供借鑒，並呼籲全球共同應對氣候變遷帶來的災害挑戰。
範文：
Extreme weather events and natural hazards pose significant threats to human societies worldwide, and their frequency and intensity are often exacerbated by climate change. Taiwan, an island nation situated in a geologically active zone and along major typhoon tracks, is particularly vulnerable to a range of these phenomena. Typhoons, with their associated heavy rainfall and strong winds, frequently impact the island, leading to widespread flooding and landslides. Furthermore, Taiwan's location