113 年 國立成功大學地球科學研究所甲組《科學英文（以科學論文閱讀測驗及作文為測驗內容）》

1. What is thermohaline circulation?
   a. It is a wind-driven circulation.
   b. It starts from the North Pacific Ocean.
   c. It is driven by global density gradients caused by temperature and salinity differences.
   d. It is a big-scale circulation in surface oceans.

2. Which one is the longest subdivision of geological time?
   a. Period
   b. Era
   c. Epoch
   d. Eon

3. There are several kinds of seismic waves. Please pick up a WRONG description of seismic waves.
   a. Body waves can transmit either compressional motion (S waves) or shear motion (P waves).
   b. Surface waves are vibrations that are trapped near Earth's surface.
   c. Love waves and Rayleigh waves are two types of surface waves.
   d. Body waves are analogous to light or sound waves in clear air.

4. Would you please choose a correct chronological order of epochs in Cenozoic era?
   a. Pliocene Oligocene Miocene Eocene→ Paleocene → Pleistocene
   b. Paleocene→ Eocene Oligocene Miocene→ Pliocene→ Pleistocene
   c. Eocene→ Pliocene→ Paleocene Oligocene Miocene
   d. Pleistocene→ Paleocene Oligocene Miocene Eocene→ Pliocene

5. Following are the terms about fold-thrust belt. Please choose a CORRECT description.
   a. Backarc is the region that lies behind the volcanic arc along a divergent plate boundary.
   b. Fault-bend fold is a fold that forms in response to movement over bends in a fault surface.
   c. Forearc is the region to the trench side of the volcanic arc of a divergent plate boundary.
   d. Tear fault is a nearly horizontally dipping fault in a thrust sheet that is parallel or subparallel to the regional transport direction.

6. There are several types of igneous intrusions. Please choose a CORRECT description.
   a. Sills commonly occurs in folded country rock at shallow crustal levels.
   b. Laccoliths are mushroom-shaped intrusions that range in diameter from 1 to 8 m.
   c. Most of lopoliths are found in significantly folded regions.
   d. Batholiths are commonly composed of silica-rich igneous rocks and range in outcrop area from 100 to several thousand square kilometers.

7. What is plankton?
   a. Tiny plants and animals that float in the ocean.
   b. Tiny grains involved in plant reproduction.
   c. Thin soil formed in arid climates.
   d. A thin layer of rotten rock created by chemical weathering.

8. Due to climate change, the oceans are turning more ____. Surface waters absorb ____ produced by the burning of fossil fuels.
   a. Chaotic, oxygen
   b. Dramatic, nitrogen
   c. Acidic, carbon dioxide
   d. Aromatic, carbon dioxide

9. Environmental crime can be fought. For example, Brazil has dramatically reduced tree-cutting in the Amazon with better ____, and east Africa has stepped up its ____ busts.
   a. Movement, crazy
   b. Enforcement, ivory
   c. Catchment, lovely
   d. Enhancement, irony

10. This week a massive quake off the coast of Chile killed six and forced hundreds of thousands to ____ in fear of a tsunami. Scientists have long dreamed of ways to predict and even protect regions from such ____.
    a. Create, destination.
    b. Generate, distinction.
    c. Regulate, determination.
    d. Evacuate, devastation.

Q1: What kind of tool scientists used to study ice concentration and sea ice extent? (2 points)

Q2: Where do scientists obtain the sea ice extent record? (2 points)

Q3: Please tell me the regions where scientists observed the most losses of sea ice in summer and in winter? (4 points)

Q4: Which season has a relatively obvious sea ice loss trend? (2 points)

(C.) Translation (40%, 20 points for each section)
Please translate the following two paragraphs concisely and precisely into Chinese.

1. Global Warming Freezes Penguin Chicks (from 60s science, by Allie Wilkinson on Feb. 9th, 2014)
   Life isn't easy for a penguin chick. There's a lot to worry about: predators, having enough food, and now the changing climate. Researchers spent nearly thirty years tracking chicks at Punta Tombo, the world's largest colony of Magellanic penguins. They found that increased rainfall and extreme heat due to climate change are killing chicks. The study is in the journal PLoS ONE. [P. Dee Boersma and Ginger A. Rebstock, Climate Change Increases Reproductive Failure in Magellanic Penguins] Down-covered chicks are too big to receive parental protection from the elements but are not old enough to have grown protective waterproof feathers. So they get soaked to the skin during rainstorms and die of hypothermia. Their downy feathers do them a disservice during heat waves too, since they can't go for a swim to cool off until their waterproof feathers grow in. Chicks not getting enough food are even more susceptible to the elements, as they lack the fuel to maintain their body temperature. Storms during breeding season are already on the rise, and are expected to keep increasing. So climate change will likely pose a challenge not only in Magellanic penguins, but other seabirds as well. It'll be sink or swim.

(D.) English Composition (30%)
Please choose ONE of the following topics and write down a short essay.
a. Ocean acidification

b. Black hole

c. COP28: Transitioning away from fossil fuels in energy systems.

d. Blue carbon