114 年 國立中山大學外國文學系碩士班《英文作文與閱讀》
第 1 題8 分
PART ONE: Reading Comprehension
Instructions: Read the following passage carefully, then choose the correct answer to the questions below. Only one answer is correct. (40%)
Educational Theories
Theories of education encompass the methods, purposes, and values associated with teaching and learning. These theories help shape the educational systems we use today, grounding them in philosophical, psychological, and social principles. Education, at its core, involves the transmission of knowledge, skills, and values.
John Dewey, a prominent 20th-century American philosopher and educational reformer, believed in a pragmatic approach to education. Dewey emphasized the importance of learning through experience and active participation rather than rote memorization. He viewed education as a means to prepare individuals for life, advocating for the integration of democratic values into the classroom. According to Dewey, critical thinking and problem-solving skills were fundamental to a meaningful education.
In contrast, the traditionalist approach, represented by figures like E.D. Hirsch, places emphasis on core knowledge and cultural literacy. Traditionalists argue that students must master a foundational body of knowledge to engage effectively with society. Hirsch posited that without shared cultural references, students might struggle to connect with broader social and intellectual frameworks.
Constructivism, rooted in the work of Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget, shifts the focus toward the learner's active role in constructing knowledge. Piaget argued that learning is a developmental process that evolves through stages of cognitive growth. This approach encourages exploration, discovery, and collaboration, supporting the idea that learners should be active participants in their own educational journey.
Meanwhile, Paulo Freire, a Brazilian educator and philosopher, critiqued traditional education systems as being oppressive and reinforcing societal hierarchies. In his work, he introduced the concept of the "banking model" of education, wherein students are treated as passive recipients of information. Freire advocated for a more participatory, dialogical model of education aimed at liberation and empowerment, especially for marginalized groups.
Educational theories continue to evolve, but their shared goal remains: to equip learners with the tools they need to think critically, engage with the world, and shape their own futures.
Questions
Question 1. What is the primary difference between Dewey's and Hirsch's educational philosophies? [8%]
A. Dewey focuses on experiential learning, while Hirsch emphasizes cultural literacy.
B. Dewey advocates rote memorization, while Hirsch promotes problem-solving.
C. Both share the same educational principles.
D. Hirsch believes in democratic classrooms, while Dewey does not.
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本題考驗考生對文章中關於 John Dewey 和 E.D. Hirsch 教育哲學的理解與比較。
文章中提到 John Dewey 的教育理念：「Dewey emphasized the importance of learning through experience and active participation rather than rote memorization.」（Dewey 強調透過經驗和主動參與學習的重要性，而非死記硬背。）這明確指出 Dewey 關注的是「experiential learning」（經驗學習）。
接著，文章描述 E.D. Hirsch 的傳統主義觀點：「In contrast, the traditionalist approach, represented by figures like E.D. Hirsch, places emphasis on core knowledge and cultural literacy.」（相對地，以 E.D. Hirsch 為代表的傳統主義方法，則強調核心知識和文化素養。）這明確指出 Hirsch 關注的是「cultural literacy」（文化素養）。
因此，兩者之間的主要差異在於 Dewey 關注經驗學習，而 Hirsch 關注文化素養。
第 2 題8 分
Question 2. According to Freire, what is the main issue with the "banking model" of education? [8%]
A. It empowers students to think critically.
B. It treats students as passive recipients of knowledge.
C. It encourages dialogue and participation.
D. It emphasizes cultural literacy over problem-solving.
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本題考驗考生對 Paulo Freire 的「銀行模式」教育觀點的理解。
文章中提到 Paulo Freire：「In his work, he introduced the concept of the 'banking model' of education, wherein students are treated as passive recipients of information.」（在他的著作中，他引入了「銀行模式」的教育概念，其中學生被視為被動的資訊接收者。）
這段描述直接點出「銀行模式」的主要問題：學生是被動的接收者，而非主動的學習者。
選項分析：
A. It empowers students to think critically. (它賦予學生批判性思考的能力。
第 3 題8 分
Question 3. What is constructivism, as described in the passage? [8%]
A. A traditional approach to learning through memorization.
B. A theory that emphasizes the active role of learners in building knowledge.
C. A method focused solely on social and cultural literacy.
D. A rigid system of structured educational practices.
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本題考驗考生對文章中關於「建構主義」(Constructivism) 的理解。
文章中對建構主義的描述是：「Constructivism, rooted in the work of Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget, shifts the focus toward the learner's active role in constructing knowledge. Piaget argued that learning is a developmental process that evolves through stages of cognitive growth. This approach encourages exploration, discovery, and collaboration, supporting the idea that learners should be active participants in their own educational journey.」（建構主義，源自瑞士心理學家 Jean Piaget 的工作，將焦點轉向學習者在建構知識中的主動角色。
第 4 題8 分
Question 4. How did Freire view the role of education in society? [8%]
A. As a tool for maintaining societal hierarchies.
B. As a way to empower individuals and promote liberation.
C. As a means to master core knowledge.
D. As a passive process for students to absorb information.
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本題考驗考生對 Paulo Freire 對教育在社會中角色的看法的理解。
文章中關於 Freire 的描述提到，他「critiqued traditional education systems as being oppressive and reinforcing societal hierarchies」（批評傳統教育體系壓迫且鞏固社會階層），並且「advocated for a more participatory, dialogical model of education aimed at liberation and empowerment, especially for marginalized groups」（提倡一種更具參與性、對話性的教育模式，旨在解放和賦權，特別是針對邊緣群體）。
這表明 Freire 認為教育應該是促進解放和賦權的工具，而不是維持現有體系的工具。
第 5 題8 分
Question 5. Which educational theory emphasizes the developmental stages of learning? [8%]
A. Traditionalism
B. Pragmatism
C. Constructivism
D. Freirean Pedagogy
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本題考驗考生對不同教育理論核心特徵的記憶與辨識。
文章中描述建構主義 (Constructivism) 時提到：「Piaget argued that learning is a developmental process that evolves through stages of cognitive growth.」（Piaget 認為學習是一個發展過程，透過認知成長的階段演變。）這明確指出建構主義與學習的發展階段有關。
第 6 題60 分
PART TWO: English Composition
Instructions: Choose one of the following prompts and write a 500-word essay. (60%)
A. Which of the educational philosophies discussed in the passage do you agree with the most? Explain your position, providing specific reasons and examples.
B. Compare and contrast two educational theories mentioned in the passage. Which approach do you believe is more effective in addressing the needs of 21st-century learners?
Guidelines:
• Your essay must be original and written in your own words.
• Provide specific examples to support your arguments.
• No points will be awarded for sentences copied directly from the passage.
End of Examination
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此題為英文作文題，要求考生根據閱讀測驗的內容，選擇其中一個題目進行寫作。考生需要展現其英文寫作能力，包括論點的清晰度、論據的支持、組織結構以及語言的準確性。
題目 A 要求考生選擇一個最認同的教育哲學，並解釋原因，提供具體理由和例子。
題目 B 要求考生比較和對比兩種教育理論，並論述哪種方法更能滿足二十一世紀學習者的需求。
寫作重點與建議：
- 理解題目要求：仔細閱讀兩個題目，選擇一個自己最有想法、最能發揮的題目。
- 構思與大綱：
- 題目 A：
- 開頭：簡述文章中提到的幾種教育哲學，並明確指出你最認同哪一種。
- 主體段落（2-3段）：
- 解釋該哲學的核心理念。
- 說明為何你認同它，提供具體理由（例如：符合現代社會需求、促進學生全面發展、培養關鍵能力等）。
- 舉出實際例子（可以是個人經驗、觀察到的現象、新聞事件、教育案例等）來支持你的論點。
- 結尾：重申你的立場，並簡要總結該哲學的優勢。
- 題目 B：
- 開頭：簡述文章中提到的幾種教育哲學，並點出你將比較哪兩種。
- 主體段落（3-4段）：
- 分別闡述這兩種理論的核心觀點。
- 題目 A：