112 年 國立清華大學外國語文學系碩士班甲組《文本分析》
第 1 題50 分
- Present your interpretation of Lydia Davis's "Head, Heart" (2007). Try to be as
thorough as you can in your analysis and address both the form and the content of the
poem. (50%)
Heart weeps.
Head tries to help heart.
Head tells heart how it is, again:
You will lose the ones you love. They will all go. But even the earth will
go, someday.
Heart feels better, then.
But the words of head do not remain long in the ears of heart.
Heart is so new to this.
I want them back, says heart.
Head is all heart has.
Help, head. Help heart.
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本題要求考生對 Lydia Davis 的詩作〈Head, Heart〉進行深入的文本分析,涵蓋形式與內容兩方面。
核心概念: 文本分析、詩歌形式、詩歌內容、情緒對話、理性與感性的衝突。
解題思路:
-
形式分析:
- 結構: 短句、分行、對話體(Head vs. Heart)。
- 語言: 簡潔、直接、口語化,無複雜修辭。
- 標點符號: 句號的使用,強調獨立的思緒或感受。
- 排版: 詩歌的視覺呈現,短行的密集感。
-
內容分析:
- 主題: 內在衝突,理性(Head)與感性(Heart)的拉扯。
- 情節:
- Heart 感到悲傷(weeps)。
- Head 試圖安慰、解釋(tries to help, tells heart how it is)。
- Head 的內容是關於失去與無常(lose the ones you love, earth will go)。
- Heart 短暫接受(feels better),但很快又回到原點(words do not remain long)。
- Heart 的渴望是挽回(want them back),其依賴對象是 Head(Head is all heart has)。
- 最後的呼喚是求助於 Head,也求助於 Heart 本身(Help, head. Help heart.)。
- 人物(意象):
- Heart: 代表情感、感性、慾望、脆弱、新(new to this)、需要被安慰和滿足。
- Head: 代表理性、邏輯、現實、知識、試圖解決問題。
第 2 題50 分
- After reading the following passage from Judith Butler's Gender Trouble (1990),
explain in your own words Butler's argument about drag and present your critical
response to her argument. (You can draw on texts or works related to the passage.) And
then, if you can, talk about whether the mainstreamization and neoliberalization of drag
over past three decades necessitates an update of Butler's theory. If so, how? If not, why
not? (50%)
If the inner truth of gender is a fabrication and if a true gender is a fantasy instituted
and inscribed on the surface of bodies, then it seems that genders can be neither true
nor false, but are only produced as the truth effects of a discourse of primary and stable
identity. In Mother Camp: Female Impersonators in America, anthropologist Esther
Newton suggests that the structure of impersonation reveals one of the key fabricating
mechanisms through which the social construction of gender takes place. I would
suggest as well that drag fully subverts the distinction between inner and outer psychic
space and effectively mocks both the expressive model of gender and the notion of a
true gender identity. Newton writes:
At its most complex, [drag] is a double inversion that says, "appearance is an
illusion." Drag says [Newton's curious personification] "my 'outside'
appearance is feminine, but my essence 'inside' [the body] is masculine." At
the same time it symbolizes the opposite inversion; "my appearance 'outside'
[my body, my gender] is masculine but my essence 'inside' [myself] is
feminine."
Both claims to truth contradict one another and so displace the entire enactment of
gender significations from the discourse of truth and falsity.
The notion of an original or primary gender identity is often parodied within the
cultural practices of drag, cross-dressing, and the sexual stylization of butch/femme
identities. Within feminist theory, such parodic identities have been understood to be
either degrading to women, in the case of drag and cross-dressing, or an uncritical
appropriation of sex-role stereotyping from within the practice of heterosexuality,
especially in the case of butch/femme lesbian identities. But the relation between the
"imitation" and the "original" is, I think, more complicated than that critique generally
allows. Moreover, it gives us a clue to the way in which the relationship between
primary identification—that is, the original meanings accorded to gender—and
subsequent gender experience might be reframed. The performance of drag plays upon
the distinction between the anatomy of the performer and the gender that is being
performed. But we are actually in the presence of three contingent dimensions of
significant corporeality: anatomical sex, gender identity, and gender performance. If
the anatomy of the performer is already distinct from the gender of the performer, and
both of those are distinct from the gender of the performance, then the performance
suggests a dissonance not only between sex and performance, but sex and gender, and
gender and performance. As much as drag creates a unified picture of "woman" (what
its critics often oppose), it also reveals the distinctness of those aspects of gendered
experience which are falsely naturalized as a unity through the regulatory fiction of
heterosexual coherence. In imitating gender, drag implicitly reveals the imitative
structure of gender itself as well as its contingency. Indeed, part of the pleasure, the
giddiness of the performance is in the recognition of a radical contingency in the
relation between sex and gender in the face of cultural configurations of causal unities
that are regularly assumed to be natural and necessary. In the place of the law of
heterosexual coherence, we see sex and gender denaturalized by means of a
performance which avows their distinctness and dramatizes the cultural mechanism of
their fabricated unity.
The notion of gender parody defended here does not assume that there is an original
which such parodic identities imitate. Indeed, the parody is of the very notion of an
original; just as the psychoanalytic notion of gender identification is constituted by a
fantasy of a fantasy, the transfiguration of an Other who is always already a "figure" in
that double sense, so gender parody reveals that the original identity after which gender
fashions itself is an imitation without an origin. To be more precise, it is a production
which, in effect—that is, in its effect-postures as an imitation. This perpetual
displacement constitutes a fluidity of identities that suggests an openness to
resignification and recontextualization; parodic proliferation deprives hegemonic
culture and its critics of the claim to naturalized or essentialist gender identities.
Although the gender meanings taken up in these parodic styles are clearly part of
hegemonic, misogynist culture, they are nevertheless denaturalized and mobilized
through their parodic recontextualization. As imitations which effectively displace the
meaning of the original, they imitate the myth of originality itself. In the place of an
original identification which serves as a determining cause, gender identity might be
reconceived as a personal/cultural history of received meanings subject to a set of
imitative practices which refer laterally to other imitations and which, jointly, construct
the illusion of a primary and interior gendered self or parody the mechanism of that
construction.
-END OF TEXT-
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核心觀念
本題考查 Judith Butler 在《Gender Trouble》(1990)中對下列概念的論述:
- 性別不是內在本質,而是反覆生產的效果
- drag(變裝/扮裝)如何揭露性別的模仿性與偶然性
- sex、gender identity、gender performance 三者的區分
- 異性戀一致性(heterosexual coherence)如何把性別自然化
- 性別模仿是否具有顛覆性
- 批判 Butler 理論的限制
- 面對 drag 的主流化與新自由主義化,評估理論是否需要更新
Butler 的核心命題是:性別並不是先存在於身體內部、再由外在行為表現出來的真實本質;相反地,所謂「內在性別」正是由服裝、姿態、語言、身體習慣、社會規範等反覆實踐所製造出來的效果。
因此,性別不是「真/假」二分,而是被社會規範生產為具有真實感的身分。
解題方法
本題適合採取四段式論證:
-
解釋 Butler 的理論
- 說明「性別沒有內在真實本質」。
- 說明 drag 如何拆解內/外、真/假、原作/模仿的二分。
- 說明性別身分本身就是沒有原始本體的模仿。
-
分析文本中的關鍵概念
- Newton 的「雙重倒置」。
- anatomy、gender identity、gender performance 的三分。
- heterosexual coherence 與 regulatory fiction。
-
提出批判回應
- 肯定 drag 對性別自然化的揭露能力。
- 指出 Butler 過度強調象徵顛覆,可能低估種族、階級、商業制度與實際壓迫。
-
處理當代問題
- 討論 drag 主流化後的可見度、商業化與政治馴化。
- 說明 Butler 理論仍然有效之處,以及必須補充的分析面向。
一、Butler 對 drag 的主要論點
1. 所謂「真正的性別」是被製造出來的效果
Butler 首先否定「性別具有內在真實性」的觀念。一般人常把性別理解成以下模式:
身體內部有一個真實的性別本質,外在服裝、行為與語言只是把這個本質表現出來。
例如,社會可能認為一個人之所以是「女人」,是因為她內在具有女性本質,而穿裙子、化妝、柔和說話只是這個本質的外在表現。
Butler 顛倒這個因果關係。她認為,性別不是先存在、再被表現;性別是在持續的表演、模仿與規範實踐中形成的。人們因為不斷重複某些被視為「男性」或「女性」的行為,才逐漸產生「我本來就是這種性別」的感覺。
因此,性別身分是一種由話語與社會規範製造出的「真實效果」。
2. Newton 的「雙重倒置」
Esther Newton 認為,drag 最複雜之處在於它同時提出兩個互相衝突的訊息。
第一個訊息是:
外表是女性的,但身體內部的本質是男性。
第二個訊息則是:
外表是男性的,但內在自我是女性的。
這兩個說法彼此矛盾,卻共同指出一件事:人們原本以為可以從外表推論內在本質,但 drag 使這種推論失效。
Drag 不只是「男性穿成女性」或「女性穿成男性」;它將「外表」與「內在」、「身體」與「性別」、「性別身分」與「性別表現」之間的關係公開展示,使觀眾看見這些要素並非天然一致。
換言之,drag 並非單純創造另一個性別形象,而是暴露「性別必須有一個真實內核」這個前提本身的不穩定。
3. sex、gender identity、gender performance 的三重區分
Butler 在文本中區分三種不同層次:
- anatomical sex:身體解剖特徵或被社會分類的生理性別。
- gender identity:一個人對自身性別的認同。
- gender performance:外在的性別表演,例如服裝、妝容、姿態、聲音與舉止。
傳統性別觀念會把三者視為自然一致:
或:
Butler 指出,這種因果鏈並非自然真理,而是一種「異性戀一致性」的規範性幻想。社會將身體、性別認同、性別表演與異性戀欲望排列成一套看似連貫的系統,並把不符合這套系統的人視為異常。
Drag 則把三者拆開:
這種拆解顯示,「男人」與「女人」並不是由單一內在本質所決定的完整單位。
4. Drag 模仿的不是某個原本真實的女性,而是「原初性」的神話
表面上看,drag 像是在模仿某個原本存在的女性形象。例如,表演者可能模仿高跟鞋、長髮、濃妝、細腰、優雅姿態等傳統女性符號。
但 Butler 的重要論點是:drag 並沒有一個真正的「原作」可供模仿。所謂女性氣質本身,也是在歷史與社會規範中不斷被模仿、重複和傳承的結果。
因此,drag 的關係不是:
而是:
「原作」其實是模仿累積後產生的效果。性別身分因此是一種「沒有起源的模仿」,而不是先有本質、後有表現。
5. Drag 的顛覆性
Drag 的政治潛力在於,它把日常性別實踐中被隱藏的模仿結構放大。
日常生活中的性別表現通常被當成自然,例如:
- 女性應該化妝、穿裙子、保持柔和。
- 男性應該陽剛、強壯、理性。
- 女性應欲望男性,男性應欲望女性。
- 身體性別、性別認同與性別行為應互相一致。
Drag 將這些規範集中、誇張、重組,產生喜劇性與不協調感。觀眾因此看見:所謂「自然的女性氣質」其實也需要服裝、姿態、聲音與表演來維持。
Drag 的顛覆性可概括為:
它並非單純以另一種性別取代原本性別,而是使「原本性別」的自然性受到懷疑。
二、對 Butler 論點的批判回應
1. Butler 的理論具有重要的解放力量
Butler 最有力之處,在於她指出性別不是封閉、固定、不可改變的身分。
這個觀點有三個重要效果:
第一,它挑戰生理性別直接決定社會性別的觀念。身體並不自動產生單一、穩定的性別意義。
第二,它說明性別規範需要反覆重複才能維持。既然性別是被重複生產的,就不可能完全不變;每一次重複都可能出現偏差、挪用或重新脈絡化。
第三,它為跨性別、酷兒與非二元性別提供理論空間。性別不必被限制在「男性/女性」兩個自然類別之中。
2. Drag 不必然具有顛覆性
Butler 的論述容易讓人以為,只要 drag 出現,就必然會顛覆父權與異性戀規範。這個推論過於樂觀。
Drag 的效果取決於它的表演形式、觀看脈絡與權力關係。同樣是誇張女性氣質的表演,可能具有不同意義:
- 在酷兒社群中,它可能揭露性別規範的虛構性。
- 在商業娛樂中,它可能只是把女性身體當作笑料。
- 在主流媒體中,它可能強化「男性穿女裝很滑稽」的刻板印象。
- 在保守觀眾面前,它可能被消費為短暫的異國情調,而不造成真正的政治挑戰。
因此,drag 的顛覆性不是內建屬性,而是必須分析其具體脈絡。