115 年 國立中央大學企業管理學系碩士班甲組《財務管理》

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第 1 題2 分

  1. Which one of the following IPO methods that issuing company does not receive new cash?
    A. Direct listing
    B. Bookbuilding
    C. Best efforts underwriting
    D. Firm commitment underwriting

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這一題的完整詳解

此題主要在考察首次公開發行 (IPO) 過程中,不同承銷方式對發行公司現金流的影響。

  • Direct listing (直接上市):公司直接將股票在交易所上市,不透過承銷商,因此公司不會收到新的現金。
  • Bookbuilding (詢價圈購):承銷商在發行前詢問投資人意願,以確定發行價格。公司會收到承銷商支付的款項(扣除承銷費用後)。
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第 2 題2 分

  1. Which one of the following statements is not the purpose of bookbuilding?
    A. Price discovery
    B. Reputation building for underwriters
    C. Efficient share allocation to retail investors
    D. Information extraction from informed investors

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這一題的完整詳解

此題旨在探討詢價圈購 (Bookbuilding) 的目的。

  • Price discovery (價格發現):透過詢問潛在投資者的出價意願,協助確定股票的合理發行價格。這是 bookbuilding 的主要目的之一。
  • Reputation building for underwriters (建立承銷商聲譽):成功的 bookbuilding 過程有助於建立承銷商的專業形象和信譽,吸引更多發行公司。
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第 3 題2 分

  1. You want to buy a new car and have been surveying for a long time. Then, you make your final decision based on the information collected from several professional car magazines. Before purchasing your target car, you chat with your neighbor. However, your neighbor tells you that he heard your target car has some problems. Finally, you change your mind and do not buy your target car. What is behavior theory that can explain this behavior?
    A. Loss aversion
    B. Regret aversion
    C. Confirmation bias
    D. Representativeness Bias

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這一題的完整詳解

此題探討的是行為經濟學中,個體決策受心理因素影響的現象。

  • Loss aversion (損失趨避):人們對損失的厭惡程度大於對同等收益的喜愛程度。在這個情境中,雖然鄰居的資訊可能導致潛在的損失(買到有問題的車),但這並非決策改變的唯一或最主要原因。
  • Regret aversion (後悔趨避):人們傾向於規避可能導致後悔的行為。在這個情境中,如果購買了這輛車,而車子確實有問題,決策者可能會後悔。鄰居的負面消息加劇了這種後悔的可能性,因此為了避免潛在的後悔,決策者選擇不購買。這是最能解釋此行為的理論。
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第 4 題2 分

  1. Which one of the following statements of bond transaction is correct?
    A. Quoted price = clean price + accrual interest
    B. The settlement price must be greater than the quoted price
    C. The quoted price is not always the same as the settlement price.
    D. None of the above is correct

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考查債券交易中的價格概念。

  • Clean Price (淨價):指債券面值減去應計利息後的價格,是市場上交易時通常報價的價格。
  • Accrued Interest (應計利息):指自上次付息日到交易日為止,債券持有人應得的利息。
  • Dirty Price / Full Price / Settlement Price (全價 / 交易價格 / 結算價):指債券的淨價加上應計利息,是買方實際支付的價格。

基於以上定義:
A. 報價價格 (Quoted price) 通常是指淨價 (clean price)。因此,淨價 (clean price) 加上應計利息 (accrual interest) 等於全價 (settlement price)。此選項的敘述是錯誤的。
B. 結算價 (settlement price) 是指買方實際支付的價格,包含淨價和應計利息。

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第 5 題2 分

  1. Check the following statements and select the correct statement(s).
    I. According to Gordon model, the dividend growth rate equal to the capital gain of investing stock.
    II. The only case where the Gordon model cannot be applied is when the dividend growth rate is equal to or greater than the required rate of return.
    III. Since higher risk implies a higher expected return, if a company's risk increases, holding other things constant, its stock price should increase.
    A. I.
    B. II.
    C. I. and II.
    D. II. and III.

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考查股利成長模型 (Gordon Growth Model, GGM) 的相關概念以及風險與股價的關係。

Statement I:
Gordon Model (GGM) 的公式為 P0=D1k−gP_0 = \frac{D_1}{k-g},其中 P0P_0 是現值,D1D_1 是下一期預期股利,kk 是要求報酬率,gg 是股利成長率。
股利成長率 (gg) 是指股利每年以固定比率成長。資本利得 (capital gain) 是指股票價格上漲所帶來的收益。在 GGM 模型中,總預期報酬率 kk 由兩部分組成:股利報酬率 (D1/P0D_1/P_0) 和資本利得率。
從公式 P0=D1k−gP_0 = \frac{D_1}{k-g} 可以推導出 k=D1P0+gk = \frac{D_1}{P_0} + g。
其中 D1P0\frac{D_1}{P_0} 是預期的股利報酬率 (dividend yield),而 gg 則是預期的股利成長率。在 GGM 的假設下,股利成長率 gg 也代表了股票價格的長期成長率,因此 gg 可以視為預期的資本利得率。
所以,根據 Gordon model,股利成長率 (gg) 等於股票的預期資本利得率。Statement I 是正確的。

Statement II:
Gordon Model (GGM) 的應用前提是要求報酬率 (kk) 必須大於股利成長率 (gg),即 k>gk > g。

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第 6 題2 分

  1. You are considering buying a car. You monthly salary is 60,000andyoucansave60,000 and you can save 32,000 each month. If car loan term is five year and the annual interest rate is 2.88%, What is the maximum car price you can afford? Assume the loan is paid monthly (end of each month). Please select the closet answer.
    A. 1,764,649B.1,764,649 B. 1,786,171
    C. 1,790,458D.1,790,458 D. 1,920,000

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考查年金現值在購車貸款中的應用,目的是計算在給定每月可儲蓄金額下,能夠負擔的最高車價。

問題分析:

  1. 每月可支付貸款金額:每月薪資 60,000,每月儲蓄60,000,每月儲蓄 32,000。這裡的「儲蓄」應理解為每月可用於支付貸款本息的金額。
  2. 貸款條件:
    • 貸款期限:5 年
    • 年利率:2.88%
    • 還款方式:每月支付,期末支付 (ordinary annuity)

計算步驟:

  1. 將年利率轉換為月利率 (i):
    年利率 = 2.88%
    月利率 i=2.88%12=0.0024i = \frac{2.88\%}{12} = 0.0024

  2. 計算貸款總期數 (n):
    貸款期限 = 5 年
    總期數 n=5 年×12 月/年=60n = 5 \text{ 年} \times 12 \text{ 月/年} = 60 個月

  3. 計算每月可支付的貸款金額 (PMT):
    每月可儲蓄金額 = $32,000

  4. 利用年金現值公式計算最高車價 (PV):
    最高車價就是每月支付金額 32,00032,000 在利率 0.00240.0024 和期數 6060 下的現值。
    年金現值公式 (Ordinary Annuity):
    PV=PMT×[1−(1+i)−ni]PV = PMT \times \left[ \frac{1 - (1+i)^{-n}}{i} \right]

    代入數值:
    PV=32,000×[1−(1+0.0024)−600.0024]PV = 32,000 \times \left[ \frac{1 - (1+0.0024)^{-60}}{0.0024} \right]
    $PV = 32,000 \times \left[ \frac{1 - (1.0024)^{-60}}{0.0024} \right]

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第 7 題2 分

  1. Which one of the following statements is not correct?
    A. The cash flow type of coupon payments from a corporate bond is annuity due
    B. Holding other things constant, the future value of an annuity due is higher than the future value of an ordinary annuity
    C. Holding other things constant, for an annual payment cashflow, the present value of an annuity due equals the present value of an ordinary annuity multiplied by (1+the interest rate)
    D. None of the above is wrong

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考查年金 (Annuity) 的基本概念,包括普通年金 (Ordinary Annuity) 和到期年金 (Annuity Due)。

  • 普通年金 (Ordinary Annuity):現金流在每期期末支付。
  • 到期年金 (Annuity Due):現金流在每期期初支付。

分析各選項:

A. The cash flow type of coupon payments from a corporate bond is annuity due.
公司債券的票息支付通常是在每期期末支付。例如,若一年付息兩次,則會在每半年的期末支付利息。因此,公司債券的票息支付屬於普通年金,而非到期年金。此敘述是錯誤的。

B. Holding other things constant, the future value of an annuity due is higher than the future value of an ordinary annuity.
由於到期年金的現金流是在每期期初支付,比普通年金的期末支付早,因此在相同的利率和期數下,到期年金的每一筆現金流都有更長的期間來產生複利。所以,到期年金的未來值會高於普通年金的未來值。此敘述是正確的。
公式驗證:
FV(Annuity Due) = PMT×[(1+i)n−1i]×(1+i)PMT \times \left[ \frac{(1+i)^n - 1}{i} \right] \times (1+i)

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第 8 題2 分

  1. Which one of the following statements about bond interest rate risk is correct?
    A. A bond with higher yield-to-maturity has a lower price risk.
    B. Reinvestment risk occurs because bond prices fluctuate with interest rates.
    C. Long-maturity bonds always have higher reinvestment risk than short-maturity bonds.
    D. When the interest rate declines, price risk and reinvestment risk usually move in opposite directions.

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考查債券的利率風險,包含價格風險 (Price Risk) 和再投資風險 (Reinvestment Risk)。

  • 價格風險 (Price Risk):指市場利率變動導致債券價格下跌的風險。債券價格與市場利率呈反向變動。
  • 再投資風險 (Reinvestment Risk):指債券到期或收到利息時,將這些現金流再投資於市場時,市場利率下降,導致再投資收益率降低的風險。

分析各選項:

A. A bond with higher yield-to-maturity has a lower price risk.
債券的價格風險與到期殖利率 (Yield-to-Maturity, YTM) 的關係並非直接的「越高 YTM 價格風險越低」。價格風險主要取決於債券的存續期 (duration) 和利率變動的幅度。一般來說,存續期越長的債券,價格風險越大。YTM 較高的債券,如果其存續期較短,價格風險可能較低。反之,YTM 較低的債券,如果其存續期較長,價格風險可能較高。此敘述不一定正確。

B. Reinvestment risk occurs because bond prices fluctuate with interest rates.
再投資風險 (Reinvestment Risk) 是指未來現金流(如利息支付或到期本金)的再投資收益率變動的風險。它發生是因為市場利率會變動,影響未來再投資的利率。而債券價格波動 (bond prices fluctuate with interest rates) 是指價格風險。這兩個風險的成因不同。

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第 9 題2 分

  1. Which one of the following statements about the capital budgeting problem is correct?
    A. Internal rate of return uses the required rate of return as the reinvestment rate
    B. If the project's cash flow type is conventional, net present value and internal rate of return methods lead to the same acceptance decision
    C. Because the profitability index is based on the net present value, the profitability index always ranks projects in the same way as net present value
    D. Compared to the net present value and the internal rate of return methods, the data required for the accounting average return method are easy to collect

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查資本預算的四種評估方法:

  1. 淨現值法(Net Present Value, NPV)
  2. 內部報酬率法(Internal Rate of Return, IRR)
  3. 獲利指數法(Profitability Index, PI)
  4. 會計平均報酬率法(Accounting Average Return, ARR)

其中,若專案具有「傳統型現金流量(conventional cash flow)」:

  • 期初有一次現金流出;
  • 之後各期皆為現金流入;

則 NPV 與 IRR 通常會導出相同的接受或拒絕決策。


解題方法

本題沒有數字計算,直接根據各方法的定義與適用條件判斷。

1. 淨現值法

NPV 是將專案未來現金流量按照要求報酬率折現後,減去初始投資:

NPV=∑t=1nCFt(1+k)t−I0NPV=\sum_{t=1}^{n}\frac{CF_t}{(1+k)^t}-I_0

其中:

  • CFtCF_t:第 tt 期現金流量
  • kk:要求報酬率或資金成本
  • I0I_0:初始投資

判斷原則為:

  • NPV>0NPV>0:接受
  • NPV<0NPV<0:拒絕

2. 內部報酬率法

IRR 是使專案 NPV 等於零的折現率:

0=∑t=1nCFt(1+IRR)t−I00=\sum_{t=1}^{n}\frac{CF_t}{(1+IRR)^t}-I_0

判斷原則為:

  • IRR>kIRR>k:接受
  • IRR<kIRR<k:拒絕

IRR 的再投資假設是以 IRR 本身作為再投資報酬率,而不是要求報酬率。

3. 獲利指數法

PI 定義為未來現金流量現值除以初始投資:

PI=未來現金流量現值I0PI=\frac{\text{未來現金流量現值}}{I_0}

由於:

NPV=未來現金流量現值−I0NPV=\text{未來現金流量現值}-I_0

因此:

  • PI>1PI>1 等同於 NPV>0NPV>0
  • PI<1PI<1 等同於 NPV<0NPV<0

但是,PI 是相對比例,NPV 是絕對金額,兩者在互斥專案間不一定產生相同排名。

4. 會計平均報酬率

ARR 以會計盈餘與帳面投資額為基礎,例如:

ARR=平均會計盈餘平均帳面投資ARR=\frac{\text{平均會計盈餘}}{\text{平均帳面投資}}

它使用損益表與資產負債表中的會計資料,通常比需要估計各期現金流量、資金成本及折現值的 NPV 或 IRR 更容易蒐集。


選項分析

A. Internal rate of return uses the required rate of return as the reinvestment rate

錯誤。

IRR 法的再投資假設,是將專案期間產生的中間現金流量以 IRR 再投資;NPV 法才是以要求報酬率 kk 折現,並隱含以要求報酬率作為再投資報酬率。

因此,正確說法應為:

Internal rate of return assumes reinvestment at the internal rate of return.

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第 10 題2 分

  1. Which one of the following statements about the net working capital is correct?
    A. An increase in net working capital implies a cash inflow for the company
    B. Holding other things constant, a reduction in accounts payable would increase net working capital
    C. If the net working capital is the same between two periods, it implies no cash flow changes for the company during these two periods
    D. None of the above is correct

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考查營運資金 (Net Working Capital, NWC) 的相關概念。
營運資金的定義通常為:
NWC=CurrentAssets−CurrentLiabilitiesNWC = Current Assets - Current Liabilities

分析各選項:

A. An increase in net working capital implies a cash inflow for the company.
營運資金增加,並不一定意味著現金流入。例如,營運資金的增加可能來自於存貨的增加(買入存貨,現金流出)或應收帳款的增加(赊銷商品,現金尚未收到)。雖然某些情況下 NWC 增加可能伴隨現金流入(例如,短期債務減少),但並非必然。
例如:
情況一:現金增加,短期債務減少 -> NWC 增加,現金流入。
情況二:存貨增加,現金不變 -> NWC 增加,現金流出。
情況三:應收帳款增加,現金不變 -> NWC 增加,現金流出。
因此,此敘述是錯誤的。

B. Holding other things constant, a reduction in accounts payable would increase net working capital.
應付帳款 (Accounts Payable) 是流動負債 (Current Liabilities) 的一部分。
NWC=CurrentAssets−CurrentLiabilitiesNWC = Current Assets - Current Liabilities
如果應付帳款減少,而其他流動負債不變,則總流動負債會減少。

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第 11 題2 分

  1. Which one of the following statements is correct?
    A. The sustainable growth rate would ever equal the internal growth rate
    B. Holding other things constant, firms with a higher payout ratio would have a higher sustainable growth rate and internal growth rate
    C. Holding other things constant, firms with a higher profit margin would have a higher sustainable growth rate and internal growth rate
    D. Holding other things constant, firms with a higher sales growth rate would have a higher sustainable growth rate and internal growth rate

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考查公司的成長率概念,包括內部成長率 (Internal Growth Rate, IGR) 和永續成長率 (Sustainable Growth Rate, SGR)。

  • 內部成長率 (IGR):公司在不增加財務槓桿(不借新債,不發行新股)的情況下,能夠達到的最大成長率。
    IGR=ROA×b1−ROA×bIGR = \frac{ROA \times b}{1 - ROA \times b}
    其中 ROA=NetIncomeTotalAssetsROA = \frac{Net Income}{Total Assets}, bb 是保留盈餘比率 (retention ratio)。
    也可以表示為:IGR=ROA−Cost of Debt×(1−T)×DA1−ROA×bIGR = \frac{ROA - \text{Cost of Debt} \times (1-T) \times \frac{D}{A}}{1 - ROA \times b} (更複雜的公式,但核心是資產的獲利能力)
    更簡潔的理解:IGR 是指公司僅靠自身盈利(不融資)能夠支持的成長率。
    IGR=ROE×b1−ROE×bIGR = \frac{ROE \times b}{1 - ROE \times b} (若只考慮股東權益成長,且沒有額外債務融資)
    或者,最常見的定義是:在不引入外部股權融資的情況下,公司能夠實現的營收成長率。這意味著公司必須能夠透過其經營活動產生的利潤來資助增加的資產。
    IGR=ROE×b1−ROE×bIGR = \frac{ROE \times b}{1 - ROE \times b} (這裡的 ROE 是指股東權益報酬率,b 是保留盈餘比率)
    另一個角度:IGR=NetIncome−DividendsTotalAssets/TotalAssetsTotalAssets=RetainedEarningsTotalAssetsIGR = \frac{Net Income - Dividends}{Total Assets} / \frac{Total Assets}{Total Assets} = \frac{Retained Earnings}{Total Assets} (這個定義不完全準確)
    最標準的定義是:在不進行外部股權融資的情況下,公司能夠達到的最大銷售額成長率。這需要公司賺取的淨利潤足以資助其增加的資產需求。
    IGR=ROE×b1−ROE×bIGR = \frac{ROE \times b}{1 - ROE \times b} (其中 b = 1 - payout ratio)

  • 永續成長率 (SGR):公司在維持其目標資本結構(債務股權比)不變的情況下,能夠達到的最大成長率。
    SGR=ROE×bSGR = ROE \times b
    其中 ROE=NetIncomeTotalEquityROE = \frac{Net Income}{Total Equity}, bb 是保留盈餘比率。

分析各選項:

A. The sustainable growth rate would ever equal the internal growth rate.
SGR = ROE ×b\times b
IGR 的定義有多種,但通常指的是在不增加外部股權融資的情況下,公司能達到的成長率。
如果公司完全依賴股權融資(沒有債務),且其 ROE = ROA,那麼 SGR = ROE ×b\times b。
如果沒有外部融資,那麼資產的成長必須由保留盈餘來支持,也就是 ΔAssets=RetainedEarnings\Delta Assets = Retained Earnings。
ΔAssetsAssets=RetainedEarningsAssets=NetIncome×bAssets=ROA×b\frac{\Delta Assets}{Assets} = \frac{Retained Earnings}{Assets} = \frac{Net Income \times b}{Assets} = ROA \times b
因此,如果公司完全依賴股權融資且沒有債務,則 IGR = SGR = ROA ×b\times b = ROE ×b\times b.
但是,如果公司有債務融資,那麼 SGR (考慮債務融資) 會高於 IGR (不考慮債務融資)。

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第 12 題2 分

  1. Holding other things constant, such as the coupon rate, face value, time to maturity, and risk level, which of the following bonds would have the lowest price?
    A. With a callable provision
    B. With a puttable provision
    C. With protective covenants
    D. With a convertible property

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考查債券的特性對其價格的影響。題目假設 coupon rate, face value, time to maturity, and risk level (其他風險,可能指信用風險之外的風險) 均相同,比較不同條款對債券價格的影響。

  • Callable Provision (可贖回條款):允許發行人在債券到期前按照特定價格贖回債券的權利。對於投資者而言,這意味著當市場利率下降時,發行人可能提前贖回債券,導致投資者無法以較高的利率再投資,這對投資者不利。因此,帶有可贖回條款的債券,其價格會低於沒有此條款的債券。
  • Puttable Provision (可賣回條款):允許持有者在債券到期前按照特定價格賣回債券給發行人的權利。對於投資者而言,這意味著當市場利率上升時,投資者可以賣回債券,減少損失,這對投資者有利。因此,帶有可賣回條款的債券,其價格會高於沒有此條款的債券。
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第 13 題2 分

  1. In 2024, NCU had beginning common stock of 243,000,beginningretainedearningsof243,000, beginning retained earnings of 222,500, ending common stock of 245,500,endingretainedearningsof245,500, ending retained earnings of 221,050, income before tax of 88,500,interestexpenseof88,500, interest expense of 8,100, and a tax rate of 25%. What is the total of dividends paid during the year? Please select the closet answer.
    A. 49,781B.49,781 B. 64,925
    C. 67,825D.67,825 D. 89,950

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查保留盈餘變動與股利支付的關係。保留盈餘公式為:

期末保留盈餘=期初保留盈餘+本期淨利−本期股利\text{期末保留盈餘} = \text{期初保留盈餘} + \text{本期淨利} - \text{本期股利}

因此:

本期股利=期初保留盈餘+本期淨利−期末保留盈餘\text{本期股利} = \text{期初保留盈餘} + \text{本期淨利} - \text{期末保留盈餘}

其中,本期淨利須由稅前所得扣除所得稅計算。

解題方法

題目已明確給出 income before tax(稅前所得)為 $88,500,因此利息費用已經反映在稅前所得中,不可再次扣除。

所得稅為:

88,500×25%=22,12588,500 \times 25\% = 22,125

本期淨利為:

88,500−22,125=66,37588,500 - 22,125 = 66,375

代入保留盈餘公式:

股利=222,500+66,375−221,050\text{股利} = 222,500 + 66,375 - 221,050 股利=67,825\text{股利} = 67,825

因此,本年度支付的股利為 $67,825。

題目提供的期初、期末普通股金額,僅能算出普通股增加

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第 14 題2 分

  1. A company has a return on assets of 8% and a debt ratio is 55%. What is the return on equity? Please select the closet answer.
    A. 12.40%
    B. 14.55%
    C. 17.78%
    D. 20.40%

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考查股權乘數 (Equity Multiplier) 和財務槓桿對股東權益報酬率 (Return on Equity, ROE) 的影響。

核心概念:

  1. 資產報酬率 (Return on Assets, ROA):
    ROA=NetIncomeTotalAssetsROA = \frac{Net Income}{Total Assets}
  2. 股東權益報酬率 (Return on Equity, ROE):
    ROE=NetIncomeTotalEquityROE = \frac{Net Income}{Total Equity}
  3. 股權乘數 (Equity Multiplier):
    Equity Multiplier=TotalAssetsTotalEquityEquity \text{ Multiplier} = \frac{Total Assets}{Total Equity}
  4. 總資產報酬率與股東權益報酬率的關係:
    ROE=ROA×Equity MultiplierROE = ROA \times \text{Equity Multiplier}
  5. 債務比率 (Debt Ratio):
    Debt Ratio=TotalDebtTotalAssets=55%Debt \text{ Ratio} = \frac{Total Debt}{Total Assets} = 55\%
  6. 權益比率 (Equity Ratio):
    Equity Ratio=TotalEquityTotalAssets=1−Debt RatioEquity \text{ Ratio} = \frac{Total Equity}{Total Assets} = 1 - Debt \text{ Ratio}

計算步驟:

  1. 計算權益比率 (Equity Ratio):
    Debt Ratio = 55%
    Equity Ratio = 1−0.55=0.451 - 0.55 = 0.45
    這表示股東權益佔總資產的 45%。
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第 15 題2 分

  1. NCU company is now operating at full capacity. Assets, costs, and current liabilities are proportional to sales. Long-term debt and equity are not. NCU company has sales of 21,000,netincomeof21,000, net income of 4,500. The current assets of 3,300,fixedassetsof3,300, fixed assets of 18,700, current liabilities of 3,200,long−termdebtof3,200, long-term debt of 8,700, and equity of $10,100. The company maintains a constant dividend payout ratio as 60%. What is the external financing needed if sales increase by 15% next year? Please select the closet answer.
    A. 120
    B. 750
    C. 1230
    D. 2415

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查「外部融資需求」(External Financing Needed, EFN)的計算。當公司銷售額增加時,若資產與部分負債會隨銷售額按比例變動,企業可透過下列來源支應新增資產需求:

  1. 自發性負債增加:例如應付帳款等流動負債。
  2. 保留盈餘增加:當期淨利扣除股利後的金額。
  3. 外部融資:不足部分才需透過增發負債或權益籌資。

基本公式為:

EFN=Δ資產−Δ自發性負債−增加的保留盈餘\text{EFN} = \Delta \text{資產} - \Delta \text{自發性負債} - \text{增加的保留盈餘}

題目說明公司已達滿載產能,因此固定資產也必須隨銷售額增加而按比例增加。


解題方法與計算

一、計算銷售額增加額

原銷售額為 21,00021{,}000,預計增加 15%15\%:

ΔS=21,000×15%=3,150\Delta S=21{,}000\times 15\%=3{,}150

下一年度銷售額為:

S1=21,000+3,150=24,150S_1=21{,}000+3{,}150=24{,}150

二、計算新增資產需求

原資產總額為:

A=3,300+18,700=22,000A=3{,}300+18{,}700=22{,}000

因為資產與銷售額成比例,新增資產為:

ΔA=22,000×15%=3,300\Delta A=22{,}000\times 15\%=3{,}300

三、計算自發性負債增加額

題目指出流動負債與銷售額成比例,原流動負債為 3,2003{,}200:

ΔCL=3,200×15%=480\Delta CL=3{,}200\times 15\%=480

長期負債與權益不隨銷售額自動增加,因此不列入自發性負債。

四、計算增加的保留盈餘

原淨利為 4,5004{,}500,淨利率為:

淨利率=4,50021,000≈21.43%\text{淨利率} = \frac{4{,}500}{21{,}000} \approx 21.43\%

在利潤率不變的假設下,下一年度淨利為:

NI1=4,500×1.15=5,175NI_1=4{,}500\times 1.15=5{,}175
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第 16 題2 分

  1. NCU's stock just paid an annual dividend of 2andwillpay2 and will pay 2.5 next year. The current dividend yield on NCU stock is 1.42%. The dividend growth rate is expected to remain constant at the current level. What is the expected required rate of return on this stock?
    A. 1.42%
    B. 21.42%
    C. 25.00%
    D. 26.42%

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查高登常數成長模型(Gordon Growth Model / Constant Growth DDM)與股票預期報酬率的組成分解。

  1. 必要報酬率組成:
    在股利維持固定成長率 gg 的假設下,股票的預期必要報酬率(Required Rate of Return, rr)可拆解為兩部分:
    r=D1P0+g=Dividend Yield+Capital Gains Yieldr = \frac{D_1}{P_0} + g = \text{Dividend Yield} + \text{Capital Gains Yield}
    • 股利率(Dividend Yield):D1P0\frac{D_1}{P_0}
    • 資本利得率(Capital Gains Yield):在固定成長模型下等於股利成長率 gg
  2. 股利成長率公式:
    g=D1−D0D0g = \frac{D_1 - D_0}{D_0}
    其中 D0D_0 為剛發放之當期股利(Current Dividend),D1D_1 為次期預期發放之股利(Next Year's Dividend)。

解題方法

步驟一:計算固定股利成長率 gg
依題意,剛發放的股利 D0=D_0 = $2,次年預期發放的股利 D1=D_1 = $2.5。
g=D1−D0D0=2.5−22=0.52=25.00%g = \frac{D_1 - D_0}{D_0} = \frac{2.5 - 2}{2} = \frac{0.5}{2} = 25.00\%

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第 17 題2 分

  1. A company purchases an asset for 176,000,andtheassetisdepreciatedonastraight−linebasistozerooveran11−yeartaxlife.Thefirmplanstousethisassetina7−yearproject.Attheendoftheproject,theassetisexpectedtobesoldfor176,000, and the asset is depreciated on a straight-line basis to zero over an 11-year tax life. The firm plans to use this asset in a 7-year project. At the end of the project, the asset is expected to be sold for 22,000. The applicable corporate tax rate is 30%. What is the after-tax cash flow generated from selling the asset at the end of Year 7?
    A. 31,800B.31,800 B. 34,600
    C. 33,300D.33,300 D. 34,100

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考查處分資產時的稅後現金流計算,涉及資產的帳面價值、帳面價值與出售價格的差額以及資本利得稅。

核心概念:
處分資產時的稅後現金流為:
After-tax Cash Flow from Sale = Selling Price - Tax on Sale

稅額的計算取決於出售價格與資產帳面價值 (Book Value, BV) 的比較。
Tax on Sale = Tax Rate ×\times (Selling Price - Book Value) (如果 Selling Price > Book Value, 產生資本利得)
Tax on Sale = Tax Rate ×\times (Selling Price - Book Value) (如果 Selling Price < Book Value, 產生資本損失,可抵稅)

計算步驟:

  1. 計算資產的年折舊額 (Annual Depreciation):

    • 原始成本 (Original Cost) = 176,000176,000
    • 殘值 (Salvage Value for Depreciation) = 00
    • 稅務耐用年限 (Tax Life) = 11 年
    • 直線折舊法年折舊額 = (原始成本 - 殘值) / 稅務耐用年限
    • Annual Depreciation = (176,000−176,000 - 0) / 11 = 16,00016,000 per year
  2. 計算第 7 年年底的帳面價值 (Book Value at the end of Year 7):

    • 折舊總額 (Accumulated Depreciation) = Annual Depreciation ×\times Number of Years
    • Accumulated Depreciation = 16,000×7=16,000 \times 7 = 112,000
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第 18 題2 分

  1. Phone Home, Inc. is evaluating a 6-year expansion project that requires an initial investment of 5.876millioninfixedassets.Thefixedassetwillbedepreciatedstraight−linetozerooverits6−yeartaxlife,anditwillhavenosalvagevalueattheendoftheproject.Theprojectisexpectedtogenerateannualsalesof5.876 million in fixed assets. The fixed asset will be depreciated straight-line to zero over its 6-year tax life, and it will have no salvage value at the end of the project. The project is expected to generate annual sales of 5,328,000 and annual operating costs of 2,131,200.Theapplicablecorporatetaxrateis32A.2,131,200. The applicable corporate tax rate is 32%. What is the project's annual operating cash flow (OCF)? A. 1,894,318
    B. 2,211,407C.2,211,407 C. 2,487,211
    D. $2,663,021

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題評量資本預算(Capital Budgeting)中**營業現金流量(Operating Cash Flow, OCF)的計算與折舊稅盾(Depreciation Tax Shield)**的觀念。

  1. 直線折舊法(Straight-Line Depreciation):
    在無殘值情況下,每年折舊費用(DD)為:
    D=資產原始成本−預期殘值耐用年限D = \frac{\text{資產原始成本} - \text{預期殘值}}{\text{耐用年限}}

  2. 營業現金流量(OCF)之計算方法(在無利息費用假設下):

    • 折舊稅盾法(Tax Shield Approach)(最推薦、計算最快):
      OCF=(Sales−Costs)×(1−Tc)+D×Tc\text{OCF} = (\text{Sales} - \text{Costs}) \times (1 - T_c) + D \times T_c
    • 由下而上法(Bottom-Up Approach):
      OCF=Net Income+D\text{OCF} = \text{Net Income} + D
    • 標準法/EBIT 法:
      OCF=EBIT−Taxes+D=EBIT×(1−Tc)+D×Tc (若無利息費用時等價於稅盾法)\text{OCF} = \text{EBIT} - \text{Taxes} + D = \text{EBIT} \times (1 - T_c) + D \times T_c \text{ (若無利息費用時等價於稅盾法)}

解題方法

步驟一:計算每年折舊費用(Depreciation, DD)

  • 固定資產初始投資額:$5.876 million=5.876\text{ million} = $5,876,000
  • 稅務耐用年限:66 年,期末殘值為 $0
    D=$5,876,000−$06=$979,333.33D = \frac{\$5,876,000 - \$0}{6} = \$979,333.33

步驟二:計算營業現金流量(OCF)

採用折舊稅盾法進行計算:

  • 每年營業收入(Sales\text{Sales})== $5,328,000
  • 每年營運成本(Costs\text{Costs})== $2,131,200
  • 營業利益前現金差額(Sales−Costs\text{Sales} - \text{Costs})== $5,328,000−5,328,000 - $2,131,200=2,131,200 = $3,196,800
  • 公司所得稅率(TcT_c)$= 32%
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第 19 題2 分

  1. Phone Home, Inc. is evaluating a 5-year expansion project that requires an initial investment of 2.484millioninfixedassets.Theassetwillbedepreciatedstraight−linetozerooverits5−yeartaxlife,anditwillhavenosalvagevalueattheendoftheproject.Theprojectisexpectedtogenerateannualsalesof2.484 million in fixed assets. The asset will be depreciated straight-line to zero over its 5-year tax life, and it will have no salvage value at the end of the project. The project is expected to generate annual sales of 2,208,000 and annual operating costs of 883,200.Theapplicablecorporatetaxrateis32A.883,200. The applicable corporate tax rate is 32%, and the firm's required rate of return on this type of project is 11%. What is the net present value (NPV) of this project? A. 1,432,155
    B. 1,433,059C.1,433,059 C. 1,434,098
    D. $1,434,217

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查資本預算中的淨現值(NPV)與營業現金流量(OCF)計算。

折舊雖然不是現金支出,但可降低課稅所得,產生「折舊抵稅利益」。本題採直線折舊,因此:

折舊費用=初始固定資產投資折舊年限\text{折舊費用}=\frac{\text{初始固定資產投資}}{\text{折舊年限}} OCF=(銷售收入−現金營業成本)(1−T)+折舊×T\text{OCF}=(\text{銷售收入}-\text{現金營業成本})(1-T)+\text{折舊}\times T

淨現值公式為:

NPV=−I0+OCF×PVIFA(r,n)NPV=-I_0+\text{OCF}\times PVIFA(r,n)

其中 I0I_0 為初始投資、TT 為稅率、rr 為必要報酬率。


解題方法

  1. 計算每年折舊
D=2,484,0005=496,800D=\frac{2,484,000}{5}=496,800
  1. 計算每年稅前營業利益
EBIT=2,208,000−883,200−496,800EBIT=2,208,000-883,200-496,800 EBIT=828,000EBIT=828,000
  1. 計算稅後淨利
Tax=828,000×32%=264,960\text{Tax}=828,000\times 32\%=264,960 Net Income=828,000−264,960=563,040\text{Net Income}=828,000-264,960=563,040
  1. 加回折舊,得到營業現金流量
OCF=563,040+496,800=1,059,840OCF=563,040+496,800=1,059,840

亦可直接使用:

OCF=(2,208,000−883,200)(1−0.32)+496,800(0.32)OCF=(2,208,000-883,200)(1-0.32)+496,800(0.32) OCF=1,324,800(0.68)+158,976OCF=1,324,800(0.68)+158,976 OCF=1,059,840OCF=1,059,840
  1. 計算五年、折現率 11%11\% 的年金現值因子
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第 20 題2 分

  1. Your firm is evaluating an investment in a new computer-based order entry system costing 1,628,000.Thesystemwillbedepreciatedstraight−linetozerooverits5−yearusefullife,anditisexpectedtohaveasalvagevalueof1,628,000. The system will be depreciated straight-line to zero over its 5-year useful life, and it is expected to have a salvage value of 156,300 at the end of Year 5. The new system will generate annual pre-tax cost savings of 642,500,anditwillallowthefirmtoreducenetworkingcapitalby642,500, and it will allow the firm to reduce net working capital by 115,764 at the start of the project (this reduction is a one-time cash inflow). The net working capital will return to its original level at the end of Year 5. The corporate tax rate is 35%. What is the internal rate of return (IRR) of this project?
    A. 11.78 percent
    B. 13.49 percent
    C. 18.21 percent
    D. 22.15 percent

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查資本預算中的內部報酬率(Internal Rate of Return, IRR)。IRR 的定義為使專案所有現金流量折現後淨現值(NPV)等於零的折現率:

0=∑t=0nCFt(1+IRR)t0=\sum_{t=0}^{n}\frac{CF_t}{(1+IRR)^t}

本題需要處理:

  • 初始投資成本
  • 營業現金流量(Operating Cash Flow, OCF)
  • 折舊的節稅效果
  • 殘值的稅後處理
  • 淨營運資金(NWC)的期初釋放與期末恢復

解題方法

1. 計算折舊

設備成本為 $1,628,000,採直線法折舊至零,使用年限 5 年:

Depreciation=1,628,0005=325,600Depreciation=\frac{1,628,000}{5}=325,600

2. 計算每年營業現金流量

稅前成本節省為 $642,500,稅率為 35%。

營業現金流量公式為:

OCF=(稅前節省)(1−T)+折舊×TOCF=(稅前節省)(1-T)+折舊\times T

因此:

OCF=642,500(1−0.35)+325,600(0.35)OCF=642,500(1-0.35)+325,600(0.35) OCF=417,625+113,960=531,585OCF=417,625+113,960=531,585

所以第 1 年至第 4 年現金流量皆為:

CF1=CF2=CF3=CF4=531,585CF_1=CF_2=CF_3=CF_4=531,585

3. 計算期初投資現金流量

期初設備支出為 $1,628,000。

同時,淨營運資金減少 $115,764,代表期初釋放現金,屬於現金流入:

CF0=−1,628,000+115,764=−1,512,236CF_0=-1,628,000+115,764=-1,512,236

4. 計算第 5 年終期現金流量

殘值的稅後金額

設備帳面價值已折舊至零,因此出售所得 $156,300 全數視為課稅所得:

After−tax salvage=156,300(1−0.35)=101,595After-tax\ salvage=156,300(1-0.35)=101,595

淨營運資金恢復

期初將淨營運資金減少 $115,764,期末恢復至原始水準,因此期末必須補回該金額,屬於現金流出:

NWC recovery=−115,764NWC\ recovery=-115,764

第 5 年總現金流量為:

CF5=531,585+101,595−115,764=517,416CF_5=531,585+101,595-115,764=517,416

因此現金流量如下:

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第 21 題2 分

  1. Chapman Machine Shop is considering a 4-year project to improve its production efficiency. Buying a new machine press for 576,000isestimatedtoresultin576,000 is estimated to result in 192,000 in annual pretax cost savings. The press falls in the MACRS 5-year class, and it will have a salvage value at the end of the project of 84,000.Thepressalsorequiresaninitialinvestmentinsparepartsinventoryof84,000. The press also requires an initial investment in spare parts inventory of 24,000, along with an additional 3,600ininventoryforeachsucceedingyearoftheproject.Theinventorywillreturntoitsoriginallevelwhentheprojectends.Theshop′staxrateis35percentanditsdiscountrateis11percent.Shouldthefirmbuyandinstallthemachinepress?Whyorwhynot?MACRSTable−5yearsYear123456MACRSPercentage20.0032.0019.2011.5211.525.76A.no;Thenetpresentvalueis−3,600 in inventory for each succeeding year of the project. The inventory will return to its original level when the project ends. The shop's tax rate is 35 percent and its discount rate is 11 percent. Should the firm buy and install the machine press? Why or why not? MACRS Table - 5 years Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 MACRS Percentage 20.00% 32.00% 19.20% 11.52% 11.52% 5.76% A. no; The net present value is -7,489.
    B. no; The net present value is -667.C.yes;Thenetpresentvalueis667. C. yes; The net present value is 211.
    D. yes; The net present value is $4,319.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查資本預算中的淨現值法(Net Present Value, NPV),並整合:

  • 折舊稅盾
  • MACRS 加速折舊
  • 營業現金流量
  • 資產出售時的稅後殘值
  • 淨營運資金投資與回收

判斷原則為:

NPV>0⇒接受專案NPV>0 \Rightarrow 接受專案 NPV<0⇒拒絕專案NPV<0 \Rightarrow 拒絕專案

解題方法

將專案現金流量分為:

  1. 初始投資
  2. 每年營業現金流量
  3. 第 4 年出售機器的稅後殘值
  4. 存貨投資及期末回收

一、初始投資

機器成本為 576,000,期初存貨投資為576,000,期初存貨投資為 24,000,因此:

CF0=−(576,000+24,000)=−600,000CF_0=-(576,000+24,000)=-600,000

二、折舊與營業現金流量

機器採 MACRS 5-year class,折舊基礎為 $576,000。

年度MACRS 比率折舊費用
第 1 年20.00%$115,200
第 2 年32.00%$184,320
第 3 年19.20%$110,592
第 4 年11.52%$66,355.20

每年稅前成本節省為 $192,000,稅率為 35%,因此稅後成本節省為:

192,000(1−0.35)=124,800192,000(1-0.35)=124,800

營業現金流量公式為:

OCF=(稅前成本節省)(1−T)+(折舊)(T)OCF=(稅前成本節省)(1-T)+(折舊)(T)

所以:

第 1 年

OCF1=124,800+115,200(0.35)OCF_1=124,800+115,200(0.35) OCF1=165,120OCF_1=165,120

第 2 年

OCF2=124,800+184,320(0.35)=189,312OCF_2=124,800+184,320(0.35)=189,312

第 3 年

OCF3=124,800+110,592(0.35)=163,507.20OCF_3=124,800+110,592(0.35)=163,507.20

第 4 年

OCF4=124,800+66,355.20(0.35)=148,024.32OCF_4=124,800+66,355.20(0.35)=148,024.32

三、機器出售的稅後殘值

前 4 年累計折舊率為:

20%+32%+19.20%+11.52%=82.72%20\%+32\%+19.20\%+11.52\%=82.72\%

第 4 年年底帳面價值為:

BV4=576,000(1−0.8272)=99,532.80BV_4=576,000(1-0.8272)=99,532.80

出售價格為

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第 22 題2 分

  1. Troyer Markets and Deb's Grocery are all-equity firms. Troyer Markets has 2,400 shares outstanding at a market price of 14.80ashare.Deb′sGroceryhas3,200sharesoutstandingatapriceof14.80 a share. Deb's Grocery has 3,200 shares outstanding at a price of 28 a share. Deb's Grocery is acquiring Troyer Markets for 37,500incash.Whatisthemergerpremiumpershare?A.37,500 in cash. What is the merger premium per share? A. 0
    B. 0.825C.0.825 C. 1.108
    D. $1.216

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考查併購中的「併購溢價」(Merger Premium) 計算。併購溢價是指收購方為收購目標公司所支付的價格,超過目標公司股權市場價值的部分。

核心概念:
併購溢價 (Merger Premium) = 收購總價 (Total Acquisition Price) - 目標公司股權市場總價值 (Market Value of Target Equity)

併購溢價率 (Merger Premium Rate) = 併購溢價 / 目標公司股權市場總價值

題目要求計算的是「每股」併購溢價 (Merger Premium per Share)。

計算步驟:

  1. 計算目標公司 (Troyer Markets) 的股權市場總價值:
    • 股數 (Shares Outstanding) = 2,400 股
    • 每股市場價格 (Market Price per Share) = 14.8014.80
    • 目標公司股權市場總價值 = 2,400 股 ×\times 14.8014.80/股 = 35,52035,520
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第 23 題2 分

  1. Rosie's has 1,800 shares outstanding at a market price per share of 23.50.Sandy′shas2,500sharesoutstandingatamarketpriceof23.50. Sandy's has 2,500 shares outstanding at a market price of 21 a share. Neither firm has any debt. Sandy's is acquiring Rosie's. The incremental value of the acquisition is 1,200.WhatisthevalueofRosie′stoSandy′s?A.1,200. What is the value of Rosie's to Sandy's? A. 41,100
    B. 43,500C.43,500 C. 42,300
    D. $42,700

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考查併購中,目標公司對收購方的價值,通常等於其市場價值加上因併購而產生的增量價值 (incremental value)。

核心概念:
當一家公司收購另一家公司時,目標公司的價值對收購方而言,不僅僅是其獨立的市場價值,還包括了因合併而產生的協同效應或增量價值。
價值 (Value of Target to Acquirer) = 目標公司獨立市場價值 (Market Value of Target) + 增量價值 (Incremental Value)

計算步驟:

  1. 計算目標公司 Rosie's 的獨立市場價值:
    • 股數 (Shares Outstanding) = 1,800 股
    • 每股市場價格 (Market Price per Share) = 23.5023.50
    • Rosie's 市場價值 = 1,800 股 ×\times 23.5023.50/股 = 42,30042,300
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第 24 題2 分

  1. Taylor's Hardware is acquiring The Corner Store for 25,000incash.Taylor′shas1,500sharesofstockoutstandingatamarketvalueof25,000 in cash. Taylor's has 1,500 shares of stock outstanding at a market value of 46 a share. The Corner Store has 2,200 shares of stock outstanding at a market price of 8ashare.Neitherfirmhasanydebt.Theincrementalvalueoftheacquisitionis8 a share. Neither firm has any debt. The incremental value of the acquisition is 3,500. What is the value of Taylor's Hardware after the acquisition?
    A. 49,000B.49,000 B. 50,300
    C. 57,300D.57,300 D. 65,100

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這一題的完整詳解

本題的核心考點為公司併購之評價與併購後主併公司價值的計算(Valuation of Corporate M&A and Post-Acquisition Firm Value)。在現金收購(Cash Acquisition)架構下,併購後整體企業的總價值由主併公司獨立價值、目標公司獨立價值以及併購所產生的增量價值(綜效 ΔV\Delta V)三者結合而成;而在扣除支付給被收購公司股東的現金對價後,即為併購後主併公司留存的權益總價值。


完整解題過程

第一步:計算併購前兩家公司的獨立市場價值(Standalone Value)

在進行併購評價時,須先計算出兩家公司在併購前的獨立市場價值(即未發生併購時各自的權益價值):

  1. 主併公司(Taylor's Hardware)的獨立價值 VAV_A:
    VA=流通在外股數×每股市價=1,500×46=69,000V_A = \text{流通在外股數} \times \text{每股市價} = 1,500 \times 46 = 69,000
    這代表 Taylor's Hardware 在未進行任何併購前,市場給予其權益的客觀評估價值為 69,00069,000 美元。

  2. 目標公司(The Corner Store)的獨立價值 VBV_B:
    VB=流通在外股數×每股市價=2,200×8=17,600V_B = \text{流通在外股數} \times \text{每股市價} = 2,200 \times 8 = 17,600
    這代表 The Corner Store 在獨立營運狀態下的權益價值為 17,60017,600 美元。


第二步:計算合併後新實體的總資產價值(Total Value of Combined Firm, VABV_{AB})

當兩家公司結合後,會產生 3,5003,500 美元的增量價值(Incremental Value / Synergy, 綜效 ΔV\Delta V)。
因此,在尚未扣除收購對價之前,合併後整體公司的總價值 VABV_{AB} 為:

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第 25 題2 分

  1. Sewer's Paradise is an all equity firm that has 5,000 shares of stock outstanding at a market price of 15ashare.Thefirm′smanagementhasdecidedtoissue15 a share. The firm's management has decided to issue 30,000 worth of debt and use the funds to repurchase shares of the outstanding stock. The interest rate on the debt will be 10 percent. What are the earnings per share at the break-even level of earnings before interest and taxes? Ignore taxes.
    A. 1.46B.1.46 B. 1.50
    C. 1.67D.1.67 D. 1.88

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考查在進行融資決策(發債回購股票)後,達到損益兩平點 (Break-even Level of EBIT) 時的每股盈餘 (Earnings Per Share, EPS)。

核心概念:
EPS = (EBIT - Interest Expense) / Shares Outstanding (假設忽略稅負)
損益兩平點是指 EBIT 水準,使得公司在新的資本結構下,每股盈餘與舊的 EPS 相同,或者在特定假設下,達到某個 EPS 值。
此題的關鍵在於計算發債回購股票後,新的股數和利息費用,以及損益兩平點的 EBIT。

計算步驟:

  1. 計算發債回購股票前的相關資訊:

    • 股數 (Old Shares) = 5,000 股
    • 每股價格 (Market Price per Share) = 1515
    • 公司總市值 (Old Market Value) = 5,000 股 ×\times 1515/股 = 75,00075,000
    • 由於是全股權公司,此市值也代表總資產。
  2. 計算發債回購股票後的資訊:

    • 新增債務 (New Debt Issued) = 30,00030,000
    • 債務利率 (Interest Rate on Debt) = 10%
    • 新增利息費用 (New Interest Expense) = 30,000×10%=30,000 \times 10\% = 3,000$
    • 用於回購股票的資金 = 30,00030,000
    • 回購股票數量 = 回購資金 / 每股價格 = 30,000/30,000 / 15 = 2,000$ 股
    • 回購後剩餘股數 (New Shares Outstanding) = Old Shares - Repurchased Shares
    • New Shares Outstanding = 5,000−2,000=3,0005,000 - 2,000 = 3,000 股
  3. 計算損益兩平點的 EPS:
    題目問的是「損益兩平點的每股盈餘」。這通常是指在新的資本結構下,EPS 為多少時,公司能夠支付其利息費用。
    假設 EBIT 為損益兩平點的 EBIT。
    稅後淨利 = EBIT - Interest Expense (因為忽略稅負)

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第 26 題2 分

  1. Winter's Toyland has a debt-equity ratio of 0.65. The pre-tax cost of debt is 8.7 percent, and the required return on assets is 16.1 percent. What is the cost of equity if you ignore taxes?
    A. 19.31 percent
    B. 20.91 percent
    C. 20.29 percent
    D. 20.46 percent

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考查在不考慮稅負的情況下,利用資本資產定價模型 (CAPM) 的變體或總體融資成本模型,從總體資產報酬率 (ROA) 和資本結構推算股權成本 (Cost of Equity)。

核心概念:
在不考慮稅負的情況下,資產報酬率 (ROA) 是債務成本 (Cost of Debt, kdk_d) 和股權成本 (Cost of Equity, kek_e) 的加權平均,權重由債務佔總資產的比例和股權佔總資產的比例決定。
ROA=DAkd+EAkeROA = \frac{D}{A} k_d + \frac{E}{A} k_e
其中:

  • ROAROA = Required return on assets (總體資產報酬率)
  • DD = Total Debt (總債務)
  • EE = Total Equity (總股權)
  • AA = Total Assets (總資產) = D+ED + E
  • kdk_d = Pre-tax cost of debt (稅前債務成本)
  • kek_e = Cost of equity (股權成本)

已知資訊:

  • 債務股權比 (Debt-to-Equity Ratio, D/E) = 0.65
  • 稅前債務成本 (kdk_d) = 8.7% = 0.087
  • 總體資產報酬率 (ROAROA) = 16.1% = 0.161
  • 忽略稅負 (Ignore taxes)

計算步驟:

  1. 確定債務佔總資產的比例 (D/A) 和股權佔總資產的比例 (E/A):
    • D/E = 0.65 => D = 0.65E
    • A = D + E = 0.65E + E = 1.65E
    • 債務佔總資產比例 (D/A) = D / A = 0.65E / 1.65E = 0.65 / 1.65 ≈0.3939\approx 0.3939
    • 股權佔總資產比例 (E/A) = E / A = E / 1.65E = 1 / 1.65 ≈0.6061\approx 0.6061
    • 驗證:D/A + E/A = 0.3939+0.6061=10.3939 + 0.6061 = 1
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第 27 題2 分

  1. L.A. Clothing has expected earnings before interest and taxes of 48,900,anunleveredcostofcapitalof14.5percent,andataxrateof34percent.Thecompanyalsohas48,900, an unlevered cost of capital of 14.5 percent, and a tax rate of 34 percent. The company also has 8,000 of debt that carries a 7 percent coupon. The debt is selling at par value. What is the value of this firm?
    A. 222,579.31B.222,579.31 B. 223,333.33
    C. 224,108.16D.224,108.16 D. 225,299.31

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考查公司價值的計算,特別是當公司有債務時,其價值可以透過 Modigliani-Miller (M&M) 理論的稅盾效果來計算。

核心概念:
根據 M&M 理論 (考慮稅負),在有稅盾的情況下,公司的價值 (Value of Levered Firm, VLV_L) 等於其無槓桿價值 (Value of Unlevered Firm, VUV_U) 加上稅盾價值 (Value of Tax Shield)。
VL=VU+Value of Tax ShieldV_L = V_U + \text{Value of Tax Shield}

  • 無槓桿價值 (VUV_U):假設公司沒有債務,其價值等於其稅後營運現金流的現值。由於 EBIT 是預期的,且假設其永續增長(或維持不變),可以視為永續年金。
    VU=EBIT×(1−T)kuV_U = \frac{EBIT \times (1 - T)}{k_u}
    其中:

    • EBITEBIT = 預期稅前息前利潤
    • TT = 稅率
    • kuk_u = 無槓桿資金成本 (Unlevered Cost of Capital)
  • 稅盾價值 (Value of Tax Shield):由於債務利息可以抵稅,公司可以節省稅款。稅盾的價值等於債務面值乘以稅率,假設債務是永續的。
    Value of Tax Shield = D×TD \times T
    其中:

    • DD = 債務面值 (Face Value of Debt)
    • TT = 稅率

已知資訊:

  • EBIT = 48,90048,900
  • 無槓桿資金成本 (kuk_u) = 14.5% = 0.145
  • 稅率 (TT) = 34% = 0.34
  • 債務面值 (DD) = 8,0008,000
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第 28 題2 分

  1. Johnson Tire Distributors has debt with both a face and a market value of 12,000.Thisdebthasacouponrateof6percentandpaysinterestannually.Theexpectedearningsbeforeinterestandtaxesare12,000. This debt has a coupon rate of 6 percent and pays interest annually. The expected earnings before interest and taxes are 2,100, the tax rate is 30 percent, and the unlevered cost of capital is 11.7 percent. What is the firm's cost of equity?
    A. 22.46 percent
    B. 22.87 percent
    C. 23.20 percent
    D. 23.59 percent

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考查在考慮稅負的情況下,利用 M&M 理論計算股權成本 (Cost of Equity, kek_e)。

核心概念:
根據 M&M 理論 (考慮稅負),有槓桿公司的股權成本 (kek_e) 與無槓桿公司的股權成本 (kuk_u)、債務成本 (kdk_d)、稅率 (TT) 以及資本結構有關。
股權成本的計算公式為:
ke=ku+DE(ku−kd)(1−T)k_e = k_u + \frac{D}{E} (k_u - k_d) (1 - T)
其中:

  • kek_e = Cost of equity (股權成本)
  • kuk_u = Unlevered cost of capital (無槓桿資金成本)
  • DD = Market value of debt (債務市值)
  • EE = Market value of equity (股權市值)
  • kdk_d = Cost of debt (債務成本) - 通常是債務的到期殖利率 (YTM)
  • TT = Tax rate (稅率)

已知資訊:

  • 債務市值 (DD) = 12,00012,000
  • EBIT = 2,1002,100
  • 稅率 (TT) = 30% = 0.30
  • 無槓桿資金成本 (kuk_u) = 11.7% = 0.117
  • 債務coupon rate = 6% (年付息)

計算步驟:

  1. 計算債務成本 (kdk_d):

    • 債務面值 = 12,00012,000
    • Coupon rate = 6%
    • 年利息支付 = 12,000×6%=12,000 \times 6\% = 720$
    • 由於債務是以面值出售,且 coupon rate 代表了債務的收益率,因此債務成本 (kdk_d) 等於 coupon rate。
    • kdk_d = 6% = 0.06
  2. 計算公司價值 (VLV_L):
    首先需要計算公司的總價值 VL=VU+Value of Tax ShieldV_L = V_U + \text{Value of Tax Shield}。

    • 無槓桿價值 (VUV_U) = EBIT×(1−T)ku\frac{EBIT \times (1 - T)}{k_u}
      VU=2,100×(1−0.30)0.117=2,100×0.700.117=1,4700.117≈12,564.10V_U = \frac{2,100 \times (1 - 0.30)}{0.117} = \frac{2,100 \times 0.70}{0.117} = \frac{1,470}{0.117} \approx 12,564.10
    • 稅盾價值 (Value of Tax Shield) = $D \times T
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第 29 題2 分

  1. Robert Chen is the newly appointed CEO of "HUNTER^HUNTER," an electric vehicle company known for its volatile stock price. The board of directors has designed a special incentive package for him. Robert will receive a massive "Super Performance Bonus" only if the company's annual stock return exceeds 70 percent in the coming year. Based on historical data, the annual returns of the company's stock are normally distributed with a mean of 10 percent and a standard deviation of 30 percent. What is the probability that Robert will receive his bonus?
    A. Close to 0.5 percent
    B. Close to 1 percent
    C. Less than 3 percent but greater than 2 percent
    D. Less than 5 percent but greater than 3 percent

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考查在常態分佈 (Normal Distribution) 下,計算機率。我們需要計算股票年報酬率大於 70% 的機率。

核心概念:
若一隨機變數 XX 服從常態分佈 N(μ,σ2)N(\mu, \sigma^2),其中 μ\mu 是期望值 (mean),σ\sigma 是標準差 (standard deviation)。
我們可以將 XX 標準化為標準常態分佈 Z=X−μσZ = \frac{X - \mu}{\sigma},其中 Z∼N(0,1)Z \sim N(0, 1)。
然後利用標準常態分佈表 (Z-table) 或計算機來查找機率。

已知資訊:

  • 平均報酬率 (μ\mu) = 10% = 0.10
  • 標準差 (σ\sigma) = 30% = 0.30
  • 目標報酬率 (XX) = 70% = 0.70

計算步驟:

  1. 計算 Z 分數:
    Z=X−μσZ = \frac{X - \mu}{\sigma}
    Z=0.70−0.100.30Z = \frac{0.70 - 0.10}{0.30}
    Z=0.600.30=2.00Z = \frac{0.60}{0.30} = 2.00
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第 30 題2 分

  1. Suppose Wang observes the following situation:
    State of Economy
    Boom
    Normal
    Recession
    Probability of State of Economy
    Rate of Return if State Occurs
    Stock A
    Stock B
    0.21
    0.189
    0.097
    0.74
    0.158
    0.076
    0.05
    0.246
    0.042
    Assume the capital asset pricing model holds and Stock A's beta is greater than Stock B's beta by 0.41. What is the expected market risk premium?
    A. 13 percent
    B. 14 percent
    C. 15 percent
    D. 16 percent

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查資本資產定價模型(CAPM):

E(Ri)=Rf+βi(E(RM)−Rf)E(R_i)=R_f+\beta_i\bigl(E(R_M)-R_f\bigr)

其中:

  • E(Ri)E(R_i):股票 ii 的期望報酬率
  • RfR_f:無風險利率
  • βi\beta_i:股票的系統風險
  • E(RM)−RfE(R_M)-R_f:市場風險溢酬(market risk premium)

兩股票的 CAPM 式相減,可消去無風險利率:

E(RA)−E(RB)=(βA−βB)[E(RM)−Rf]E(R_A)-E(R_B) =(\beta_A-\beta_B)\bigl[E(R_M)-R_f\bigr]

因此,只要算出兩股票的期望報酬率,即可求市場風險溢酬。

解題方法

各經濟狀態的機率為:

  • 景氣繁榮:0.210.21
  • 正常:0.740.74
  • 經濟衰退:0.050.05

股票 A 的期望報酬率:

E(RA)=0.21(0.189)+0.74(0.158)+0.05(0.246)=0.03969+0.11692+0.01230=0.16891\begin{aligned} E(R_A) &=0.21(0.189)+0.74(0.158)+0.05(0.246)\\ &=0.03969+0.11692+0.01230\\ &=0.16891 \end{aligned}

因此:

E(RA)=16.891%E(R_A)=16.891\%

股票 B 的期望報酬率:

E(RB)=0.21(0.097)+0.74(0.076)+0.05(0.042)=0.02037+0.05624+0.00210=0.07871\begin{aligned} E(R_B) &=0.21(0.097)+0.74(0.076)+0.05(0.042)\\ &=0.02037+0.05624+0.00210\\ &=0.07871 \end{aligned}

因此:

E(RB)=7.871%E(R_B)=7.871\%

題目給定:

βA−βB=0.41\beta_A-\beta_B=0.41

代入 CAPM 的差額關係:

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第 31 題2 分

  1. Which one of the following statements is not correct?
    A. Since the early 2000s, asset prices have risen significantly while interest rates have fallen. These developments suggest that financial investors are less willing to supply capital to companies in exchange for lower returns, resulting in a decrease in firms' cost of capital in financial markets.
    B. Firms' discount rates should have significantly decreased since the early 2000s, reflecting the decline in the cost of capital, which should contribute to a surge in corporate investment.
    C. Firms must determine a required return on capital, which is their discount rate. However, it is possible that they do not adjust this discount rate in response to changes in their cost of capital.
    D. Therefore, it is possible that discount rates do not closely align with the financial cost of capital, resulting in financial prices having only a limited impact on investment.

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這一題的完整詳解

這題核心在測驗考生對於「資本成本(Cost of Capital)」、「折現率(Discount Rate)」與「實體投資決策(Corporate Investment)」三者之間理論與實務落差的理解。題目背景源自近年來宏觀經濟現象:雖然市場利率下降、資產價格上漲,理論上企業融資成本應降低並刺激投資,但現實中企業投資並未如預期般大幅成長。這涉及財務管理中「市場定價」與「管理決策」是否完全連結的關鍵辯證,特別是行為財務或管理慣性導致折現率未能即時反映市場資金成本的現象。

以下為完整解題過程與選項分析:

解題邏輯與選項分析

本題要求選出**不正確(not correct)**的敘述。我們需逐一檢視各選項的邏輯推導是否符合財務理論與實證現象。

1. 分析選項 (A)

  • 敘述內容:自 2000 年代初以來,資產價格顯著上漲而利率下降。這些發展表明金融投資者更不願意以較低的回報向公司提供資本,導致公司在金融市場的資本成本下降。
  • 邏輯檢視:
    • 前半段事實描述正確:近年來確實呈現低利率與高資產價格(如股市、債市上漲)。
    • 後半段推導有誤:當資產價格上升且利率下降時,代表投資者願意接受較低的預期報酬率(Required Return)。根據資本資產定價模型(CAPM)或加權平均資本成本(WACC)的概念,投資者要求的報酬率降低,意味著企業的資本成本(Cost of Capital)是下降的。
    • 然而,選項中寫道「financial investors are less willing to supply capital... in exchange for lower returns」(投資者更不願意提供資本以換取較低回報)。這與市場現象矛盾。事實上,投資者為了追逐資產價格上漲,是**更願意(more willing)**接受較低的報酬率,這才是導致資本成本下降的原因。如果投資者「不願意」接受低回報,他們會要求高報酬,資本成本反而會上升。
    • 儘管該選項最後結論「resulting in a decrease in firms' cost of capital」是正確的現象,但其歸因過程(投資者不願意提供資本)在邏輯上是錯誤的。投資者是因為「願意」接受低回報,才使得資本成本下降。
    • 修正理解:此選項的語意陷阱在於因果關係的陳述。正確的邏輯應為:投資者願意接受較低報酬 →\rightarrow 資金供給增加 →\rightarrow 資本成本下降。選項 A 聲稱投資者「不願意」卻同時導致資本成本下降,這在邏輯上是不通順的,或者其對投資者意願的描述與事實相反。
    • 關鍵錯誤點:投資者其實是更願意(more willing)在低回報下提供資金,而非「更不願意」(less willing)。正是因為這種「願意」,才壓低了資本成本。
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第 32 題

Here is a simple theoretical framework involving a utility-maximizing Chief Executive Officer (CEO) with social preferences:

Ug(X,Uo,Uc)=ug(X)+λgUo+γgUcfor g∈{m,f}, c∈{s,d}U_g(X,U_o,U_c)=u_g(X)+\lambda_gU_o+\gamma_gU_c\quad\text{for }g\in\{m,f\},\ c\in\{s,d\}

(Equation 1)

where

Uc=uc(x)+λcUoU_c=u_c(x)+\lambda_cU_o

(Equation 2)

Here, gg indicates the CEO’s own gender, male (mm) or female (ff), and cc indicates the CEO’s own child, son (ss) or daughter (dd). XX denotes a CEO’s consumption vector, and xx denotes a CEO’s child’s consumption vector. The CEO internalizes both the utility of others in society (UoU_o) and the utility of their own child (UcU_c). In this context, “others in society” refers to anyone except the CEO’s children. Additionally, the CEO’s child also has social preferences. Which one of the following statements is correct?

(A) The first-order derivative of the utility of others in society for the social preferences of two CEOs, A and B, who respectively have a daughter and a son, should be ∂UA∂Uo=λd+γg\frac{\partial U_A}{\partial U_o}=\lambda_d+\gamma_g and ∂UB∂Uo=λs+γg\frac{\partial U_B}{\partial U_o}=\lambda_s+\gamma_g.

(B) Based on the first-order derivatives of the utility of others in society for the social preferences of two CEOs, we would expect that a CEO with a daughter has stronger other-regarding preferences than a CEO with a son if λd>λs\lambda_d>\lambda_s.

(C) Once ∂U∂Uo<0\frac{\partial U}{\partial U_o}<0 and λg>0\lambda_g>0, an individual internalizes the utility of others in society. Such preferences may differ by gender.

(D) The CEO-daughter effect primarily influences corporate decision-making concerning shareholders, suggesting that it has little to no impact on other stakeholders, according to this simple framework.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

題目考的是社會偏好效用函數的鏈鎖律,以及如何判讀個人效用對他人效用的邊際反應。

由於子女效用 UcU_c 本身也受社會中其他人的效用 UoU_o 影響,計算 CEO 對 UoU_o 的邊際效用時,必須把 CEO 對子女效用的重視程度一併納入。

解題方法

將子女效用式代入 CEO 效用式:

Ug=ug(X)+λgUo+γg(uc(x)+λcUo)U_g=u_g(X)+\lambda_g U_o+\gamma_g\bigl(u_c(x)+\lambda_c U_o\bigr)

整理後:

Ug=ug(X)+γguc(x)+(λg+γgλc)UoU_g=u_g(X)+\gamma_g u_c(x)+(\lambda_g+\gamma_g\lambda_c)U_o

因此,固定消費向量 XX 與 xx,CEO 對社會中其他人效用的邊際反應為:

∂Ug∂Uo=λg+γgλc\frac{\partial U_g}{\partial U_o} =\lambda_g+\gamma_g\lambda_c

若 CEO 有女兒,令 λc=λd\lambda_c=\lambda_d,則:

∂Ug∂Uo=λg+γgλd\frac{\partial U_g}{\partial U_o} =\lambda_g+\gamma_g\lambda_d

若 CEO 有兒子,令 λc=λs\lambda_c=\lambda_s,則:

∂Ug∂Uo=λg+γgλs\frac{\partial U_g}{\partial U_o} =\lambda_g+\gamma_g\lambda_s

邊際效用不為零,表示 CEO 的效用會隨社會中其他人的效用而變動;若邊際效用為負,代表其效用與他人效用反向變動。

選項分析

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第 33 題

Which one of the following statements is not correct?

(A) Accepting credit from a supplier represents a source of short-term financing.

(B) Selling inventory for cash represents a use of cash.

(C) Selling inventory at a profit on credit will increase net working capital.

(D) Decreasing the receivables turnover rate will increase the operating cycle.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查短期融資、營運資金的來源與用途,以及營運週期。

  • 淨營運資金:流動資產減流動負債。
    淨營運資金=流動資產−流動負債\text{淨營運資金}=\text{流動資產}-\text{流動負債}
  • 營運週期:存貨轉換期間加上應收帳款收現期間。
    營運週期=存貨週轉期間+應收帳款收現期間\text{營運週期}=\text{存貨週轉期間}+\text{應收帳款收現期間}
  • 應收帳款週轉率愈低,代表平均收現愈慢,因此應收帳款收現期間愈長。

解題方法

逐一檢視各選項所述的交易或比率變動,判斷它對短期資金、淨營運資金或營運週期的影響。特別要區分「現金流入」與「現金用途」:出售存貨收取現金是資金流入,不是資金用途。

選項分析

(A) 正確。
接受供應商的賒帳,表示企業延後支付貨款,形成應付帳款。應付帳款是企業取得的短期融資,因此屬於短期資金來源。

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第 34 題

Which one of the following statements is correct for the motives for firms to hold cash?

(A) A firm incurs tax consequences when converting noncash financial assets into cash and uses cash for payments. Due to the economies of scale, larger firms thus tend to hold less cash.

(B) The agency motive suggests that entrenched managers would rather retain cash than increase payouts to shareholders when the firm has poor investment opportunities.

(C) The pecuniary motive suggests that firms with better investment opportunities hold more cash because adverse shocks and financial distress are more costly for them.

(D) U.S. multinational firms that would incur more transaction costs associated with repatriating foreign earnings are more likely to accumulate cash.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「企業持有現金的動機」,重點是區分交易動機、預防動機、代理動機與稅負動機:

  • 交易動機:企業持有現金,以減少將其他金融資產轉換成現金、或籌措資金來支付款項時所產生的交易成本。交易成本具有規模經濟,因此大型企業通常能以較低的相對成本處理交易,現金持有比率往往較低。
  • 預防動機:企業保留現金,以應付現金流短缺、外部融資不易,或突如其來的投資機會。若企業錯失投資機會或陷入財務困境的代價較高,持有現金的誘因也會提高。
  • 代理動機:經理人可能為了自身利益而保留現金,即使缺乏有利可圖的投資計畫,也不願將資金以股利或庫藏股方式返還股東。
  • 稅負動機:跨國企業若將海外盈餘匯回本國須承擔較高稅負,可能選擇將現金留在海外。相關文獻分別說明了交易成本、代理與海外盈餘匯回稅負等現金持有誘因。Bates 等人的現金持有研究、Foley 等人的稅負解釋

解題方法

逐項檢查每個選項的「動機名稱」與「因果敘述」是否相符。選項即使後半段的經濟推論合理,只要前半段把成本或動機名稱寫錯,整個敘述仍不正確。

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第 35 題

Which one of the following statements is not correct for Environment, Social, and Governance (ESG)?

(A) Based on the cash-flow model:

Value=∑t=1∞E(Cash Flowt)(1+r)t\text{Value}=\sum_{t=1}^{\infty}\frac{E(\text{Cash Flow}_t)}{(1+r)^t}

Maximizing shareholder value may crowd out many green projects, such as clean energy and carbon capture, due to their negative near-term cash flows, even though future cash flows are sufficiently positive.

(B) Adjusting the discount rate is a common way for executives to integrate ESG factors into valuation. However, according to the Arbitrage Pricing Theory, the discount rate is primarily influenced by non-diversifiable risk. Sustainability risks primarily affect expected cash flows rather than the discount rate itself.

(C) ESG is a broader term than Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) because ESG explicitly includes governance, while CSR implicitly addresses governance issues based on their impact on environmental and social factors.

(D) Demand for sustainable stocks can lead to lower returns. A company only creates value for its shareholders if it generates shareholder value in ways that the market does not anticipate. If better ESG performance is already known, the market will have priced it in, resulting in a higher stock price.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查 ESG 投資與股東價值、折現現金流量評價、套利定價理論(APT),以及永續股票的市場定價。

企業價值可用預期現金流量折現表示:

V=∑t=1∞E(CFt)(1+r)tV=\sum_{t=1}^{\infty}\frac{E(CF_t)}{(1+r)^t}

其中 E(CFt)E(CF_t) 是第 tt 期預期現金流量,rr 是反映資金時間價值與風險的折現率。判斷綠色投資是否符合股東價值最大化,關鍵在於它能否增加企業價值,而不是近期現金流量是否為負。

解題方法

逐項檢查各選項是否符合公司理財觀念。特別留意選項 (A) 的推論:若未來現金流量的折現價值足以彌補近期負現金流量,投資案的淨現值為正,股東價值最大化原則應支持該投資。因此,僅憑近期現金流量為負,不能推論綠色投資會被排除。

選項分析

(A) 錯誤。 折現現金流量模型會一併計入各期現金流量。若綠色投資未來帶來的現金流量折現值足以超過近期投入成本,則投資案淨現值為正,能增加股東價值,理性的管理者應予以採納。近期現金流量為負,並不代表投資必然降低企業價值。題目將「近期現金流量為負」直接連結到「股東價值最大化會排擠投資」,推論不成立。

(B) 正確。 APT 的核心是,資產的預期報酬率由其承擔的系統性風險因子曝險決定,可表示為:

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📄 以下 2 題共用同一段題幹

HUNTER^HUNTER, a private company, is evaluating a potential expansion into the electric vehicle (EV) market. The CEO has instructed the CFO to assess the feasibility of this investment. To conduct a comprehensive project financial evaluation, the CFO needs to determine the firm’s capital structure and establish the company-wide hurdle rate or cost of capital. Given that HUNTER^HUNTER is not publicly traded, the CFO must estimate the cost of equity by analyzing the beta values of comparable publicly traded firms in the automotive industry. The following table presents relevant information for these comparable firms:

CompanyLevered BetaDebtEquityTax Rate
Peer-10.3730.29%69.71%31%
Peer-20.5842.74%57.26%31%
Peer-30.2739.08%60.92%31%
Peer-40.1150.74%49.26%31%
Peer-50.4956.88%43.12%31%
Peer-60.0622.40%77.60%31%

第 36 題

The CFO needs to analyze the levered betas of these firms to estimate an appropriate cost of equity for HUNTER^HUNTER. This assessment will guide the company in determining whether to proceed with the EV expansion and how to position itself in a competitive market. What is the levered beta for HUNTER^HUNTER given that the debt is 44.51% and equity is 55.49%?

(A) 0.115

(B) 0.267

(C) 0.317

(D) 0.468

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「可比公司法」估計未上市公司的股權 beta:先將同業的槓桿 beta去槓桿,取得反映營運風險的無槓桿 beta;再取平均,依目標公司的資本結構重新加回財務槓桿。採用標準 Hamada 公式,假設負債 beta 為零:

βL=βU[1+(1−T)DE]\beta_L=\beta_U\left[1+(1-T)\frac{D}{E}\right]

其中 βL\beta_L 為槓桿 beta、βU\beta_U 為無槓桿 beta、TT 為稅率、D/ED/E 為負債權益比。

解題方法

依原卷兩頁表格,Peer-1 至 Peer-6 的槓桿 beta 分別為 0.37、0.58、0.27、0.11、0.49、0.060.37、0.58、0.27、0.11、0.49、0.06,負債比與權益比各列如題目表格,稅率皆為 31%31\%;目標公司的負債比為 44.51%44.51\%、權益比為 55.49%55.49\%。先逐一去槓桿,再以同業無槓桿 beta 的平均值代表目標公司的營運風險。

各同業無槓桿 beta 為:

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第 37 題

Building on the previous question, calculate the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for HUNTER^HUNTER. The market return for the stock market in 2024 was 23.8 percent. The corporate tax rate is 31%. We assume that the T-Bill rate in 2024 is:

T-BillRate
3 months2.12%
6 months4.00%
12 months6.05%

HUNTER^HUNTER—INCOME STATEMENT FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024

ItemAmount
Sales2,900,731
Less: Sales Return313,065
Net Sales2,587,666
Cost of Sales1,009,658
Gross Profit1,578,008
Less Operating Expenses
Administrative Expenses665,853
Selling and Distribution Expense346,448
Total of Operating Expenses1,012,301
Earnings before Interest and Taxes (EBIT)565,707
Less: Interest161,002
Earnings before Tax (EBT)404,705
Less: Tax44,864
Earning after Tax (EAT)359,841

HUNTER^HUNTER—BALANCE SHEET FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024

AssetsAmountLiabilities and EquityAmount
Current AssetsCurrent Liabilities
Inventories319,388Short-Term Debt394,056
Cash and Bank Balance9,385Trade Payable188,387
Trade Receivables621Short-Term Provisions52,126
Short-Term Loans and Advances19,188Other Current Liabilities165,084
Other Current Assets101,305Total Current Liabilities799,653
Total Current Assets449,887Long-Term Liabilities
Fixed AssetsLong-Term Debt756,844
Building231,154Equity1,434,996
Capital Work in Progress55,251Total Liability and Equity2,991,493
Machinery1,935,419
Other Fixed Assets319,782
Total of Fixed Assets2,541,606
Total Assets2,991,493

(A) 9.22%

(B) 9.65%

(C) 10.70%

(D) 13.01%

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題先用同業公司的槓桿 beta 推估 HUNTER^HUNTER 的槓桿 beta,再用 CAPM 計算股權成本,並以利息費用估算稅前債務成本。最後依債務與權益權重計算 WACC:

WACC=wErE+wDrD(1−T)WACC=w_Er_E+w_Dr_D(1-T)

其中 wEw_E、wDw_D 為權益與債務權重,rEr_E、rDr_D 分別為股權成本與稅前債務成本,TT 為公司稅率。

解題方法

圖中同業資料列出 Peer-1 至 Peer-6 的槓桿 beta、債務與權益比例,稅率均為 31%;公司財報列出利息費用 161,002、短期借款 394,056、長期借款 756,844、權益 1,434,996。題目另給市場報酬率 23.8%、公司稅率 31%,以及 3 個月、6 個月、12 個月國庫券利率;本題以 12 個月利率 6.05% 作為年化無風險利率。

先將同業槓桿 beta 去槓桿,再取平均:

βU=βL1+(1−T)DE\beta_U=\frac{\beta_L}{1+(1-T)\frac{D}{E}}

六家同業的平均去槓桿 beta 約為 0.204250.20425。HUNTER^HUNTER 的債務權益比為:

DE=44.51%55.49%\frac{D}{E}=\frac{44.51\%}{55.49\%}

因此,將平均去槓桿 beta 重新加上目標公司的槓桿:

βL,目標=0.20425[1+(1−31%)44.51%55.49%]≈0.317295\beta_{L,\text{目標}} =0.20425\left[1+(1-31\%)\frac{44.51\%}{55.49\%}\right] \approx 0.317295

依 CAPM 計算股權成本:

rE=rf+βL(RM−rf)r_E=r_f+\beta_L(R_M-r_f) rE=6.05%+0.317295(23.8%−6.05%)≈11.68199%r_E=6.05\%+0.317295(23.8\%-6.05\%) \approx 11.68199\%

財報中的有息債務合計為:

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第 38 題

Which one of the following statements is not correct?

(A) The variance of an investment’s annual returns over a number of years is the average squared difference between the actual returns and the arithmetic average return.

(B) The market portfolio represents all assets in the market and therefore has an average systematic risk with a beta of one.

(C) Efficient financial markets fluctuate continuously because arbitrage trading is limited.

(D) Individual investors who continually monitor the financial markets seeking mispriced securities make the markets increasingly more efficient.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查報酬率的變異數、市場投資組合的貝他值,以及有效市場與套利交易的關係。

年度報酬率的算術平均數為:

Rˉ=1n∑t=1nRt\bar R=\frac{1}{n}\sum_{t=1}^{n}R_t

變異數衡量報酬率相對於平均報酬的分散程度,可寫為各期報酬與算術平均數之差的平方,再取平均。若以歷史資料估計樣本變異數,通常以 n−1n-1 為分母;題目選項所描述的是變異數的基本概念。

貝他值衡量資產報酬對市場報酬變動的敏感度:

βi=Cov⁡(Ri,RM)Var⁡(RM)\beta_i=\frac{\operatorname{Cov}(R_i,R_M)}{\operatorname{Var}(R_M)}

市場投資組合以自身為衡量基準,因此其貝他值為 11。

有效市場的價格會反映可取得的資訊。投資人依資訊交易、尋找錯價並進行套利,有助於使價格更快反映資訊;套利受到限制則可能讓錯價持續存在。

解題方法

逐項核對各選項是否符合定義或市場效率的因果關係:

  1. 確認選項是否正確描述變異數。
  2. 以貝他值公式檢查市場投資組合的貝他值。
  3. 分辨價格持續變動的原因,以及套利交易對市場效率的作用。
  4. 判斷投資人尋找錯價會改善或削弱市場效率。

選項分析

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第 39 題

You bought one of Shark Repellant’s 6 percent coupon bonds one year ago for 867.Thesebondspayannualpayments,haveafacevalueof867. These bonds pay annual payments, have a face value of 1,000, and mature 5 years from now. Suppose you decide to sell your bonds today when the required return on the bonds is 7.4 percent. The inflation rate over the past year was 2.9 percent. What was your total real return on this investment?

(A) 5.48%

(B) 6.61%

(C) 11.18%

(D) 12.45%

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「持有期間總報酬」與「實質報酬」的計算。持有期間總報酬須同時計入持有期間收到的票息,以及債券買入價與賣出價的變化:

R名目=賣出價格+持有期間票息−買入價格買入價格R_{\text{名目}} = \frac{\text{賣出價格}+\text{持有期間票息}-\text{買入價格}} {\text{買入價格}}

實質報酬須以通膨率調整名目報酬。精確公式為:

R實質=1+R名目1+通膨率−1R_{\text{實質}} = \frac{1+R_{\text{名目}}}{1+\text{通膨率}}-1

解題方法

債券每年支付票息 60 美元,面額為 1,000 美元;今天距到期日還有 5 年。以市場要求報酬率 7.4% 折現,可得今天的賣出價格:

P1=60(1−(1.074)−50.074)+1,000(1.074)5≈943.21P_1 = 60\left(\frac{1-(1.074)^{-5}}{0.074}\right) +\frac{1{,}000}{(1.074)^5} \approx 943.21

買入價為 867 美元,持有一年收到 60 美元票息,因此名目持有期間報酬率為:

R名目=943.21+60−867867≈0.1571=15.71%R_{\text{名目}} = \frac{943.21+60-867}{867} \approx 0.1571 =15.71\%
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第 40 題

HUNTER^HUNTER is considering a project that will cost 500,000.Theprojectwillgenerateafter−taxcashflowsof500,000. The project will generate after-tax cash flows of 93,150 per year forever. The WACC is 13.95%, and the firm’s target D/E ratio is 1.0. The flotation cost for equity is 10%, and the flotation cost for debt is 2%. What is the NPV for the project after adjusting for flotation costs?

(A) 135,827

(B) 256,685

(C) −143,808

(D) −76,542

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查**股票與債券發行成本(flotation costs)**如何影響專案的初始投資額。發行成本會使公司實際取得的資金少於籌資總額,因此要先依目標資本結構加權計算平均發行成本,再計入專案成本。

題目給定目標 D/E=1D/E=1,表示負債與權益的市值相等,因此負債權重與權益權重各為 50%50\%。加權平均發行成本為:

fA=wEfE+wDfDf_A=w_Ef_E+w_Df_D

其中 wEw_E、wDw_D 分別是權益與負債的權重,fEf_E、fDf_D 分別是權益與負債的發行成本率。

解題方法

1. 計算目標資本結構權重

由 D/E=1D/E=1,可得:

wD=DD+E=12=50%,wE=ED+E=12=50%w_D=\frac{D}{D+E}=\frac{1}{2}=50\%,\qquad w_E=\frac{E}{D+E}=\frac{1}{2}=50\%

2. 計算加權平均發行成本率

fA=(50%)(10%)+(50%)(2%)=6%f_A=(50\%)(10\%)+(50\%)(2\%)=6\%

3. 換算專案的實際資金成本

專案需要實際取得 $500,000,而籌資總額扣除 6%6\% 發行成本後才會留下所需金額。因此,必須籌得:

所需籌資總額=$500,0001−6%=$531,914.89\text{所需籌資總額}=\frac{\$500{,}000}{1-6\%} =\$531{,}914.89

其中包含的發行成本為:

發行成本=$531,914.89−$500,000=$31,914.89\text{發行成本}=\$531{,}914.89-\$500{,}000 =\$31{,}914.89
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