112 年 國立高雄大學金融管理學系碩士班《財務管理》
第 1 題
The preemptive right is important to shareholders because it
(A) allows managers to buy additional shares below the current market price.
(B) will result in higher dividends per share.
(C) is included in every corporate charter.
(D) protects the current shareholders against a dilution of their ownership interests.
(E) protects bondholders, and thus enables the firm to issue debt with a relatively low interest rate.
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此題考查股東的「優先認股權」(preemptive right)的重要性。優先認股權賦予現有股東在公司發行新股時,可以依持股比例優先認購新股的權利。
核心觀念:優先認股權的主要目的是保護現有股東的「所有權比例」不被稀釋。當公司發行新股時,若股東無法優先認購,其在公司中的持股比例將會下降,進而影響其對公司控制權和未來收益的分享權。
第 2 題
Stocks A and B have the following data. Assuming the stock market is efficient and the stocks are in equilibrium, which of the following statements is CORRECT?
| Stock A | Stock B | |
|---|---|---|
| Price | $25 | $40 |
| Expected growth | 7% | 9% |
| Expected return | 10% | 12% |
(A) The two stocks should have the same expected dividend.
(B) The two stocks could not be in equilibrium with the numbers given in the question.
(C) A's expected dividend is 0.75.
(E) A's expected dividend is 1.20.
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核心觀念
本題考查**高登常數成長模型(Gordon Growth Model / Constant Growth Dividend Discount Model)與市場均衡(Market Equilibrium)**之應用。
- 市場均衡條件:在效率市場與均衡狀態下,投資人對股票的預期報酬率(Expected Return, )等於其要求報酬率(Required Return, ),且股票市價()等於內在價值()。
- 總報酬率分解:股票的預期總報酬率由「預期股利殖利率(Dividend Yield)」與「預期資本利得率(Capital Gains Yield / 成長率 )」組成:
其中:
- :當前股票價格
- :下一期預期發放之股利(Expected Dividend)
- :預期股利固定成長率(Expected Growth Rate)
- :預期報酬率(Expected Return)
解題方法
由高登成長模型公式移項,可導出預期股利()的計算式:
分別代入兩檔股票的數據進行計算:
- 股票 A 的預期股利():
- 預期股利殖利率:
- 預期股利金額:
第 3 題
Stocks A and B have the same price and are in equilibrium, but Stock A has the higher required rate of return. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) If Stock A has a lower dividend yield than Stock B, its expected capital gains yield must be higher than Stock B's.
(B) Stock B must have a higher dividend yield than Stock A.
(C) Stock A must have a higher dividend yield than Stock B.
(D) If Stock A has a higher dividend yield than Stock B, its expected capital gains yield must be lower than Stock B's.
(E) Stock A must have both a higher dividend yield and a higher capital gains yield than Stock B.
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此題考查股票市場均衡下,預期報酬率、股利收益率(dividend yield)和資本利得收益率(capital gains yield)之間的關係。
核心觀念:根據股利成長模型,股票的預期報酬率 () 可以分解為股利收益率 () 和資本利得收益率 ():
題目給予條件:
- 兩檔股票 A 和 B 價格相同 ()。
- 兩檔股票均處於均衡狀態。
- 股票 A 的必要報酬率高於股票 B ()。
分析:
由於 ,且 相同,所以:
因為 ,且 相同,這意味著:
第 4 題
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) The constant growth model takes into consideration the capital gains investors expect to earn on a stock.
(B) Two firms with the same expected dividend and growth rate must also have the same stock price.
(C) It is appropriate to use the constant growth model to estimate a stock's value even if its growth rate is never expected to become constant.
(D) If a stock has a required rate of return , and if its dividend is expected to grow at a constant rate of 5%, this implies that the stock's dividend yield is also 5%.
(E) The price of a stock is the present value of all expected future dividends, discounted at the dividend growth rate.
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此題考查股利成長模型(Dividend Growth Model)的相關觀念。
核心觀念:股利成長模型,特別是恆定成長模型(Constant Growth Model),是評估股票價值的常用方法。其基本公式為:
其中, 是股票目前的價格, 是下一期的預期股利, 是要求的報酬率, 是股利的恆定成長率。
同時,我們知道 ,其中 是股利收益率(dividend yield), 是資本利得收益率(capital gains yield)。
選項分析:
(A) 恆定成長模型()隱含了資本利得。
第 5 題
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) Preferred stockholders have a priority over bondholders in the event of bankruptcy to the income, but not to the proceeds in a liquidation.
(B) The preferred stock of a given firm is generally less risky to investors than the same firm's common stock.
(C) Corporations cannot buy the preferred stocks of other corporations.
(D) Preferred dividends are not generally cumulative.
(E) A big advantage of preferred stock is that dividends on preferred stocks are tax deductible by the issuing corporation.
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此題考查優先股(Preferred Stock)的特性。
核心觀念:優先股是一種混合型證券,兼具債券和普通股的某些特徵。它通常具有固定的股利支付,且在破產清算時,其求償順序優於普通股股東,但劣後於債權人。
選項分析:
(A) 在破產清算時,優先股股東的求償順序優於普通股股東,但劣後於債權人。因此,他們對公司的「所得」和「清算後的剩餘財產」都有優先於普通股的權利,但仍受限於債權人之後。此敘述不完全正確,因為他們對清算財產也有求償權,只是排在債權人之後。
第 6 題
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) Sinking fund provisions sometimes turn out to adversely affect bondholders, and this is most likely to occur if interest rates decline after the bond was issued.
(B) Most sinking funds require the issuer to provide funds to a trustee, who holds the money so that it will be available to pay off bondholders when the bonds mature.
(C) A sinking fund provision makes a bond more risky to investors at the time of issuance.
(D) Sinking fund provisions never require companies to retire their debt; they only establish "targets" for the company to reduce its debt over time.
(E) If interest rates increase after a company has issued bonds with a sinking fund, the company will be less likely to buy bonds on the open market to meet its sinking fund obligation and more likely to call them in at the sinking fund call price.
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此題考查公司債的「償債基金條款」(sinking fund provisions)。
核心觀念:償債基金是發行公司為確保債務到期時有足夠資金償還而設立的基金。公司定期向償債基金存入資金,用於回購債券或在到期時償還。
選項分析:
(A) 償債基金條款對債權人(bondholders)有利有弊。當利率下降時,發行公司可能可以在公開市場上以低於票面價值的價格購回債券(如果債券價格上漲),或者以低於原發行價格的價格贖回(call price)。如果公司選擇公開市場購回,可能會以較低的價格買入,這對債權人不利。若公司選擇按面值或更高價格贖回(call price),且利率下降,則債權人將無法將資金再投資於市場上獲得較高報酬。因此,利率下降時,償債基金條款可能對債權人產生不利影響。這句話是正確的。
第 7 題
A 10-year corporate bond has an annual coupon of 9%. The bond is currently selling at par ($1,000). Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) The bond's expected capital gains yield is zero.
(B) The bond's yield to maturity is above 9%.
(C) The bond's current yield is above 9%.
(D) If the bond's yield to maturity declines, the bond will sell at a discount.
(E) The bond's current yield is less than its expected capital gains yield.
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此題考查債券評價,特別是當債券以面值發行時,票面利率、殖利率(yield to maturity)、到期殖利率(current yield)和資本利得殖利率之間的關係。
核心觀念:
- 面值發行(Selling at Par): 當債券以面值 ($1,000) 交易時,表示其票面利率 (coupon rate) 等於到期殖利率 (yield to maturity, YTM)。
- 票面利率 (Coupon Rate): 每年支付的利息佔面值的百分比。在此例中為 9%。
- 到期殖利率 (Yield to Maturity, YTM): 投資者持有債券至到期為止所能獲得的總報酬率,考慮了票息支付和債券價格與面值的差額。
- 當期殖利率 (Current Yield): 每年票息支付佔債券目前市場價格的百分比。計算公式為:$Current Yield = \frac{Annual Coupon Payment}{Current Market Price}
第 8 題
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) A zero coupon bond's current yield is equal to its yield to maturity.
(B) If a bond's yield to maturity exceeds its coupon rate, the bond will sell at par.
(C) All else equal, if a bond's yield to maturity increases, its price will fall.
(D) If a bond's yield to maturity exceeds its coupon rate, the bond will sell at a premium over par.
(E) All else equal, if a bond's yield to maturity increases, its current yield will fall.
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此題考查債券定價的基本原則,特別是到期殖利率、票面利率、債券價格和當期殖利率之間的關係。
核心觀念:
- 債券價格與殖利率的關係: 債券的價格與其殖利率(YTM)呈反向變動關係。當殖利率上升時,債券價格下跌;當殖利率下降時,債券價格上漲。
- 債券價格與票面利率的關係:
- 若 YTM > 票面利率,則債券以折價(discount)出售。
- 若 YTM < 票面利率,則債券以溢價(premium)出售。
- 若 YTM = 票面利率,則債券以面值(par)出售。
- 零息債券 (Zero Coupon Bond): 零息債券不支付定期利息,其收益完全來自於債券價格與面值之間的差額。因此,零息債券的當期殖利率 (Current Yield = 每年票息 / 市價 = 0 / 市價 = 0) 永遠為零。其到期殖利率 (YTM) 則是衡量其報酬率的指標。
- 當期殖利率 (Current Yield): 。
第 9 題
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) One advantage of a zero coupon Treasury bond is that no one who owns the bond has to pay any taxes on it until it matures or is sold.
(B) Long-term bonds have less price risk but more reinvestment risk than short-term bonds.
(C) If interest rates increase, all bond prices will increase, but the increase will be greater for bonds that have less price risk.
(D) Relative to a coupon-bearing bond with the same maturity, a zero coupon bond has more price risk but less reinvestment risk.
(E) Long-term bonds have less price risk and also less reinvestment risk than short-term bonds.
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此題考查債券的風險特性,包括價格風險(price risk)和再投資風險(reinvestment risk),以及不同類型債券(零息債券、附息債券、長短期債券)的比較。
核心觀念:
- 價格風險 (Price Risk): 指利率變動導致債券市場價格變動的風險。利率上升,債券價格下跌;利率下降,債券價格上漲。債券的到期日越長,對利率變動越敏感,價格風險越大。
- 再投資風險 (Reinvestment Risk): 指未來利率變動,使得到期債券的本金或收到的票息,在再投資時的報酬率與預期不符的風險。利率下降,再投資風險較高;利率上升,再投資風險較低。債券的到期日越短,再投資風險越大(因為需要更頻繁地再投資)。
- 零息債券 vs. 附息債券:
- 零息債券只有價格風險,沒有再投資風險,因為沒有票息需要再投資。
- 附息債券同時具有價格風險(債券本身的價格變動)和再投資風險(票息的再投資)。
- 長短期債券:
- 長債:價格風險大,再投資風險小。
- 短債:價格風險小,再投資風險大。
第 10 題
A 10-year bond with a 9% annual coupon has a yield to maturity of 8%. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) If the yield to maturity remains constant, the bond's price one year from now will be higher than its current price.
(B) The bond is selling below its par value.
(C) The bond is selling at a discount.
(D) If the yield to maturity remains constant, the bond's price one year from now will be lower than its current price.
(E) The bond's current yield is greater than 9%.
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此題考查債券評價,特別是當到期殖利率 (YTM) 低於票面利率 (coupon rate) 時,債券的價格、性質以及未來價格變動的預測。
核心觀念:
- 債券價格與殖利率的關係: 債券價格與其殖利率 (YTM) 呈反向變動。
- 債券價格與票面利率的關係:
- 若 YTM > 票面利率,則債券以折價(discount)出售。
- 若 YTM < 票面利率,則債券以溢價(premium)出售。
- 若 YTM = 票面利率,則債券以面值(par)出售。
- 當期殖利率 (Current Yield): 。
- 債券價格隨時間的變動: 若 YTM 保持不變,債券的價格會隨著時間的推移逐漸向其面值趨近。若債券以溢價出售,則其價格會隨著時間下跌;若債券以折價出售,則其價格會隨著時間上漲。
題目給予條件:
- 債券期限:10 年
- 年票面利率:9%
- 到期殖利率 (YTM):8%
第 11 題
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) A change in a company's target capital structure cannot affect its WACC.
(B) WACC calculations should be based on the before-tax costs of all the individual capital components.
(C) Flotation costs associated with issuing new common stock normally reduce the WACC.
(D) If a company's tax rate increases, then, all else equal, its weighted average cost of capital will decline.
(E) An increase in the risk-free rate will normally lower the marginal costs of both debt and equity financing.
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此題考查加權平均資金成本(Weighted Average Cost of Capital, WACC)的相關概念。
核心觀念:WACC 是公司整體資金的平均成本,是衡量公司投資項目可行性的重要基準。其計算公式為:
其中, 代表各種資本結構的權重, 代表各種資本的成本, 是稅率。
選項分析:
(A) 公司的目標資本結構(target capital structure)決定了各種資本(債務、優先股、普通股)的權重。改變目標資本結構會改變這些權重,進而影響 WACC 的計算。因此,此選項錯誤。
(B) WACC 計算應基於各種資本的「稅後」成本,特別是債務的稅後成本,因為利息支付是可以稅前扣除的,這降低了債務的實際成本。優先股和普通股的成本通常是稅後的(因為股利不可稅前扣除)。此選項錯誤。
第 12 題
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) The WACC is calculated using before-tax costs for all components.
(B) The after-tax cost of debt usually exceeds the after-tax cost of equity.
(C) For a given firm, the after-tax cost of debt is always more expensive than the after-tax cost of non-convertible preferred stock.
(D) Retained earnings that were generated in the past and are reported on the firm's balance sheet are available to finance the firm's capital budget during the coming year.
(E) The WACC that should be used in capital budgeting is the firm's marginal, after-tax cost of capital.
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核心觀念
本題考查加權平均資金成本(Weighted Average Cost of Capital, WACC)在資本預算中的計算與應用。
企業的資金來源通常包括:
- 負債
- 特別股
- 普通股權益,包括保留盈餘
WACC 的基本公式為:
其中:
- :負債、特別股、普通股權益的市值權重
- :稅前負債成本
- :所得稅率
- :特別股成本
- :普通股權益成本
負債利息通常具有抵稅效果,因此負債的相關成本必須使用稅後成本:
在資本預算中,應使用企業為了籌措「新增資金」所面對的邊際資金成本,而非過去已發生的歷史資金成本。
解題方法
逐一檢查各選項是否符合以下原則:
- WACC 必須將負債成本調整為稅後成本。
- 負債通常具有利息抵稅效果,因此稅後負債成本通常低於權益成本。
- 不同資金來源的相對成本並非固定,不能使用「always」作絕對判斷。
- 保留盈餘是權益資金來源,但資產負債表上的保留盈餘不等於尚未使用的現金。
- 資本預算應採用目前新增資金的邊際、稅後資金成本。
選項分析
(A) The WACC is calculated using before-tax costs for all components.
錯誤。
WACC 並非所有資金來源都使用稅前成本。負債利息可抵減所得稅,因此負債部分應使用稅後成本:
普通股權益成本與特別股成本通常不具有相同的利息抵稅效果,因此不需像負債一樣乘上 。
(B) The after-tax cost of debt usually exceeds the after-tax cost of equity.
錯誤。
負債利息具有抵稅效果,使稅後負債成本降低:
此外,股東承擔的風險通常高於債權人,因此普通股權益成本通常高於稅後負債成本:
所以本選項的方向相反。
第 13 題
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) When calculating the cost of debt, a company needs to adjust for taxes, because interest payments are deductible by the paying corporation.
(B) When calculating the cost of preferred stock, companies must adjust for taxes, because dividends paid on preferred stock are deductible by the paying corporation.
(C) Because of tax effects, an increase in the risk-free rate will have a greater effect on the after-tax cost of debt than on the cost of common stock as measured by the CAPM.
(D) If a company's beta increases, this will increase the cost of equity used to calculate the WACC, but only if the company does not have enough retained earnings to take care of its equity financing and hence must issue new stock.
(E) Higher flotation costs reduce investors' expected returns, and that leads to a reduction in a company's WACC.
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此題考查公司資金成本(cost of capital)的計算,特別是債務成本、股權成本和稅務影響。
核心觀念:
- 債務成本 (Cost of Debt): 債務的利息支付是可以稅前扣除的,因此其稅後成本為 ,其中 是稅前債務成本,T 是稅率。
- 優先股成本 (Cost of Preferred Stock): 優先股股利不可稅前扣除,因此其成本通常為 ,與稅率無關(除非有特殊的稅務優惠)。
- 股權成本 (Cost of Equity): 通常使用資本資產定價模型 (CAPM) 計算:。
- 籌資成本 (Flotation Costs): 發行新證券時產生的成本,會增加資金的實際成本。
選項分析:
(A) 計算債務成本時,必須考慮稅務影響,因為利息支付是可稅前扣除的。這會降低債務的實際成本。此選項正確。
(B) 優先股股利不可稅前扣除。因此,在計算優先股成本時,不需要像債務一樣進行稅務調整。此選項錯誤。
第 14 題
Duval Inc. uses only equity capital, and it has two equally-sized divisions. Division A's cost of capital is 10.0%, Division B's cost is 14.0%, and the corporate (composite) WACC is 12.0%. All of Division A's projects are equally risky, as are all of Division B's projects. However, the projects of Division A are less risky than those of Division B. Which of the following projects should the firm accept?
(A) A Division B project with a 13% return.
(B) A Division B project with a 12% return.
(C) A Division A project with an 11% return.
(D) A Division A project with a 9% return.
(E) A Division B project with an 11% return.
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此題考查公司在有多個部門且各部門風險不同時,如何為其資本預算決策設定正確的資金成本基準(hurdle rate)。
核心觀念:當公司有不同風險等級的部門時,應該為每個部門設定與其自身風險水平相匹配的資金成本作為投資評估的基準。如果使用單一的企業整體 WACC 來評估所有部門的項目,可能會導致錯誤的決策。
- 對於風險較低的部門,應使用較低的資金成本基準。
- 對於風險較高的部門,應使用較高的資金成本基準。
題目給予條件:
- Division A 的資金成本 (WACC_A) = 10.0% (風險較低)
- Division B 的資金成本 (WACC_B) = 14.0% (風險較高)
- 公司整體 WACC = 12.0% (這是一個平均值,不適用於單獨評估 A 或 B 部門的項目)
- A 部門的項目風險相同,B 部門的項目風險相同。
- A 部門的項目風險低於 B 部門的項目。
第 15 題
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) Since debt capital can cause a company to go bankrupt but equity capital cannot, debt is riskier than equity, and thus the after-tax cost of debt is always greater than the cost of equity.
(B) The tax-adjusted cost of debt is always greater than the interest rate on debt, provided the company does in fact pay taxes.
(C) If a company assigns the same cost of capital to all of its projects regardless of each project's risk, then the company is likely to reject some safe projects that it actually should accept and to accept some risky projects that it should reject.
(D) Because no flotation costs are required to obtain capital as retained earnings, the cost of retained earnings is generally lower than the after-tax cost of debt.
(E) Higher flotation costs tend to reduce the cost of equity capital.
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此題考查資金成本、風險以及資本結構的相關觀念。
核心觀念:
- 債務 vs. 股權的風險: 債務雖然可能導致破產,但其風險特性與股權不同。債務的利息支付是固定的(在合約 terms 下),且在清算時有優先求償權。股權則具有剩餘求償權,且股利支付不確定,因此股權的風險通常被認為高於債務。
- 資金成本的比較: 由於債務利息可稅前扣除,其稅後成本通常低於股權成本。
- 資本預算決策中的風險調整: 對於不同風險水平的項目,應使用不同的資金成本基準(hurdle rate)。
- 保留盈餘的成本: 保留盈餘的成本是股權的邊際成本,通常高於債務的稅後成本。
- 籌資成本 (Flotation Costs): 籌資成本會增加資金的實際成本,提高資金成本,而不是降低。
選項分析:
(A) 雖然債務可能導致破產,但債務的固定收益和優先求償權使其風險與股權不同。一般而言,股權的風險高於債務,因此股權的成本(稅後)通常高於債務的稅後成本。此選項敘述反了。
第 16 題
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? Assume that the project being considered has normal cash flows, with one outflow followed by a series of inflows.
(A) A project's NPV is generally found by compounding the cash inflows at the WACC to find the terminal value (TV), then discounting the TV at the IRR to find its PV.
(B) The higher the WACC used to calculate the NPV, the lower the calculated NPV will be.
(C) If a project's NPV is greater than zero, then its IRR must be less than the WACC.
(D) If a project's NPV is greater than zero, then its IRR must be less than zero.
(E) The NPVs of relatively risky projects should be found using relatively low WACCs.
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此題考查淨現值法(Net Present Value, NPV)和內部報酬率法(Internal Rate of Return, IRR)的計算與應用,以及風險與資金成本的關係。
核心觀念:
- NPV 計算: NPV 是所有預期現金流量的現值總和,減去初始投資。計算時使用要求的報酬率(通常是 WACC)作為折現率。,其中 是折現率(WACC)。
- IRR 計算: IRR 是使項目 NPV 等於零的折現率。
- NPV 與 IRR 的關係:
- 對於獨立項目,如果 NPV > 0,則 IRR > WACC。
- 對於獨立項目,如果 NPV < 0,則 IRR < WACC。
- 對於獨立項目,如果 NPV = 0,則 IRR = WACC。
- 風險與折現率: 項目風險越高,應使用的折現率(WACC)越高。
第 17 題
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? Assume that the project being considered has normal cash flows, with one outflow followed by a series of inflows.
(A) If Project A has a higher IRR than Project B, then Project A must have the lower NPV.
(B) If Project A has a higher IRR than Project B, then Project A must also have a higher NPV.
(C) The IRR calculation implicitly assumes that all cash flows are reinvested at the WACC.
(D) The IRR calculation implicitly assumes that cash flows are withdrawn from the business rather than being reinvested in the business.
(E) If a project has normal cash flows and its IRR exceeds its WACC, then the project's NPV must be positive.
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此題考查項目評估方法,特別是 NPV 和 IRR 的比較,以及它們的假設。
核心觀念:
- NPV 與 IRR 的決策規則:
- NPV 規則:接受 NPV > 0 的項目。
- IRR 規則:接受 IRR > WACC 的項目。
- NPV 與 IRR 在獨立項目上的比較: 對於獨立項目,如果 NPV > 0,則 IRR > WACC,兩者會給出相同的接受/拒絕決策。
- NPV 與 IRR 在互斥項目上的比較: 當項目互斥時(只能選擇一個),NPV 和 IRR 可能會給出不同的決策,因為 IRR 假設現金流再投資於 IRR,而 NPV 假設現金流再投資於 WACC。通常 NPV 更可靠。
- IRR 的再投資假設: IRR 方法假設項目在整個生命週期中產生的現金流可以以 IRR 本身的報酬率進行再投資。
第 18 題
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) The NPV method was once the favorite of academics and business executives, but today most authorities regard the MIRR as being the best indicator of a project's profitability.
(B) If the cost of capital declines, this lowers a project's NPV.
(C) The NPV method is regarded by most academics as being the best indicator of a project's profitability, hence most academics recommend that firms use only this one method and disregard other methods.
(D) A project's NPV depends on the total amount of cash flows the project produces, but because the cash flows are discounted at the WACC, it does not matter if the cash flows occur early or late in the project's life.
(E) The NPV and IRR methods may give different recommendations regarding which of two mutually exclusive projects should be accepted, but they always give the same recommendation regarding the acceptability of a normal, independent project.
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此題考查資本預算決策方法,特別是 NPV 和 IRR 的比較,以及它們在不同情境下的適用性。
核心觀念:
- NPV vs. IRR: NPV 方法被學術界普遍認為是衡量項目盈利能力的最佳指標,因為它直接衡量項目為股東創造的財富增加額,並假設現金流以 WACC 再投資。IRR 方法也常用,但可能在項目規模、現金流模式或互斥項目決策上存在問題,其假設現金流以 IRR 再投資。
- MIRR (Modified Internal Rate of Return): MIRR 是 IRR 的改良版,它假設現金流以 WACC 再投資,因此在某些情況下比 IRR 更可靠。
- 成本變動對 NPV 的影響: 資金成本(WACC)是 NPV 計算中的折現率。如果資金成本下降,則未來現金流的現值會增加,從而使 NPV 增加。
- 現金流時間對 NPV 的影響: NPV 對現金流發生的時間非常敏感。越早發生的現金流,其現值越高;越晚發生的現金流,其現值越低。
- NPV 和 IRR 在不同項目類型下的決策一致性:
- 對於獨立項目,如果項目是接受/拒絕型的,NPV 和 IRR 通常會給出相同的決策(即,如果 NPV > 0,則 IRR > WACC)。
- 對於互斥項目,NPV 和 IRR 可能會給出不同的決策,因為它們對現金流再投資的假設不同,且 IRR 可能有多個或不存在。
第 19 題
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) For a project to have more than one IRR, then both IRRs must be greater than the WACC.
(B) If two projects are mutually exclusive, then they are likely to have multiple IRRs.
(C) If a project is independent, then it cannot have multiple IRRs.
(D) Multiple IRRs can only occur if the signs of the cash flows change more than once.
(E) If a project has two IRRs, then the smaller one is the one that is most relevant, and it should be accepted and relied upon.
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此題考查內部報酬率 (IRR) 的特性,特別是多重 IRR 的情況。
核心觀念:
- 多重 IRR (Multiple IRRs): 當一個項目的現金流序列有多次正負號的變化時,可能導致該項目有多個 IRR。例如,一個項目有初始投資(負現金流),然後是幾期正現金流,最後又有一筆大的負現金流(如報廢處理成本)。
- IRR 的決策規則: IRR 是使 NPV 為零的折現率。對於獨立項目,如果 IRR > WACC,則接受。
- IRR 的再投資假設: IRR 假設現金流以 IRR 的速率再投資。
選項分析:
(A) 如果一個項目有多個 IRR,這本身就意味著 IRR 作為決策指標存在問題,因為無法確定哪個 IRR 是「正確」的。更重要的是,多重 IRR 的存在與 WACC 的大小無關。IRR 的大小本身就是問題,而不是它是否大於 WACC。此選項錯誤。
(B) 兩個互斥項目本身不會導致其中一個或兩個項目有多個 IRR。
第 20 題
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) The NPV method assumes that cash flows will be reinvested at the WACC, while the IRR method assumes reinvestment at the IRR.
(B) The NPV method assumes that cash flows will be reinvested at the risk-free rate, while the IRR method assumes reinvestment at the IRR.
(C) The NPV method assumes that cash flows will be reinvested at the WACC, while the IRR method assumes reinvestment at the risk-free rate.
(D) The NPV method does not consider all relevant cash flows, particularly cash flows beyond the payback period.
(E) The IRR method does not consider all relevant cash flows, particularly cash flows beyond the payback period.
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此題考查 NPV 和 IRR 方法在現金流再投資假設上的差異,以及它們與回收期法 (Payback Period) 的比較。
核心觀念:
- NPV 的再投資假設: NPV 方法假設項目產生的現金流可以在項目生命週期的剩餘時間內,以公司的資金成本(WACC)進行再投資。
- IRR 的再投資假設: IRR 方法假設項目產生的現金流可以在項目生命週期的剩餘時間內,以項目本身的內部報酬率(IRR)進行再投資。
- NPV 的優勢: NPV 方法考慮了所有預期的現金流(包括回收期之後的現金流),並且假設現金流以更為實際的 WACC 再投資,因此被認為是最佳的項目評估方法。
- IRR 的局限: IRR 方法的再投資假設(以 IRR 再投資)在某些情況下可能不切實際,特別是當 IRR 非常高時。
第 21 題
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) Increasing its use of financial leverage is one way to increase a firm's return on investors' capital (ROIC).
(B) If a firm lowered its fixed costs but increased its variable costs by just enough to hold total costs at the present level of sales constant, this would increase its operating leverage.
(C) The debt ratio that maximizes expected EPS generally exceeds the debt ratio that maximizes share price.
(D) If a company were to issue debt and use the money to repurchase common stock, this would reduce its return on investors' capital (ROIC). (Assume that the repurchase has no impact on the company's operating income.)
(E) If a change in the bankruptcy code made bankruptcy less costly to corporations, this would tend to reduce corporations' debt ratios.
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核心觀念
本題整合了公司財務管理中的四大核心主題:
- 投資資本報酬率(ROIC)與融資決策的獨立性:ROIC 衡量企業營運資產的獲利效率,與資本結構(融資方式)無關。
- 營運槓桿度(Degree of Operating Leverage, DOL)與成本結構:固定成本佔總成本之比例決定營運槓桿的高低。
- 最適資本結構理論(Optimal Capital Structure):極大化每股盈餘(EPS)的負債比率與極大化每股股價()的負債比率之關係。
- 資本結構權衡理論(Trade-off Theory):負債稅盾價值與財務危機/破產成本(Bankruptcy Costs)之間的消長。
解題方法
本題為觀念型多選一單選題,解題切入點為運用標準財務理論模型與公式,逐一檢驗各選項之敘述:
- 檢驗營運與融資指標公式(、)。
- 比較每股盈餘()與權益資金成本()隨負債增加時的變動速率,判定極值點位置。
- 利用權衡理論模型分析破產成本變動對最適負債比率的靜態比較效果。
選項分析
(A) 錯誤
- 分析:投資資本報酬率()定義為:
- 衡量的是「所有資金提供者(包含債權人與股東)」所投入資本的實質營運獲利能力,其分子為稅後淨營業利潤(),不受利息費用影響;分母為總營運資本。
- 增加財務槓桿(提高負債比率)在 時能提高股東權益報酬率(),但不能提高 。
(B) 錯誤
- 分析:營運槓桿度()衡量銷售量變動對營業利益()的敏感度,公式為:
其中 為固定營運成本、 為單位變動成本。 - 若公司在現有銷量下「降低固定成本 」同時「增加變動成本 」,使總成本與當前 保持不變,由於固定成本 實質減少,固定成本佔總成本的比例降低,公司的營運風險下降, 應當**下降(decrease)**而非增加。
(C) 正確
- 分析:在最適資本結構理論中:
- 每股盈餘():隨著負債比例增加,由於利息具節稅效果且在外流通股數減少, 會先上升,直到財務危機成本導致借款利率急遽飆升時才開始反轉下降。
- 股票價格():股價為預期每股盈餘除以權益資金成本()。隨著負債比例增加,股東面臨的財務風險同步上升,要求報酬率()呈現加速遞增。
第 22 題
Companies HD and LD have identical tax rates, total assets, total investor-supplied capital, and returns on investors' capital (ROIC), and their ROICs exceed their after-tax costs of debt, . However, Company HD has a higher debt ratio and thus more interest expense than Company LD. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) Company HD has a higher net income than Company LD.
(B) Company HD has a lower ROA than Company LD.
(C) Company HD has a lower ROE than Company LD.
(D) The two companies have the same ROA.
(E) The two companies have the same ROE.
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核心觀念
本題考查資本結構對獲利能力指標的影響,核心關係如下:
- 衡量所有投資人提供資本的報酬率:
其中 為負債、 為股東權益, 為稅後營業利益。
- 通常定義為:
- 定義為:
題目指出兩公司的總資產、總投資人提供資本、稅率與 均相同,但 HD 的負債比例較高,因此:
又因為兩公司的 高於稅後負債成本,增加負債會產生正向財務槓桿效果。
解題方法
由於兩公司的總投資人提供資本與 相同,因此兩公司的 相同:
淨利可表示為:
即:
HD 的負債較高,利息費用較多,因此:
所以:
兩公司的總資產相同,因此:
故 HD 的 較低。
至於 ,可使用財務槓桿關係式:
題目已知:
因此括號內為正值。HD 的 較高,正向財務槓桿效果較大,故:
第 23 題
A major contribution of the Miller model is that it demonstrates, other things held constant, that
(A) personal taxes increase the value of using corporate debt.
(B) personal taxes lower the value of using corporate debt.
(C) personal taxes have no effect on the value of using corporate debt.
(D) financial distress and agency costs reduce the value of using corporate debt.
(E) debt costs increase with financial leverage.
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此題考查 Modigliani-Miller (M&M) 定理及其修正模型,特別是關於公司價值、債務融資和稅務的影響。
核心觀念:
-
M&M 定理 (無稅務、無破產成本): 在沒有稅務和破產成本的情況下,公司的價值與其資本結構無關。
-
M&M 定理 (有公司稅): 考慮公司稅時,由於債務利息可稅前扣除,產生了稅盾效應 (tax shield),這使得公司增加債務融資可以增加公司價值。此時,公司的價值 V_L = V_U + T_c * D,其中 V_L 是有稅務的公司價值,V_U 是無稅務的公司價值,T_c 是公司稅率,D 是債務價值。
-
M&M 定理 (有個人稅): Merton Miller 在 1970 年代進一步考慮了個人稅。他發現,如果個人對債務利息的稅率 () 和對股權收益(股利和資本利得)的稅率 () 不同,這會影響債務融資的相對吸引力。
- 如果個人對債務利息的稅率 () 高於對股權收益的稅率 (),那麼債務的稅盾效應會減弱,甚至可能消失或轉為負面。
- 如果個人對股權收益的稅率 () 高於對債務利息的稅率 (),那麼債務融資的吸引力仍然存在,但稅盾效應會減弱。
- Miller 的模型表明,考慮到個人稅後,公司價值與債務融資的關係取決於個人稅率的差異。
在最常見的 M&M 修正模型中,考慮了公司稅和個人稅:
(如果 )
(考慮到個人對股權收益的稅收,其中 是股權收益的有效個人稅率)
若 (公司稅率高於個人債務利息稅率),則增加債務可以增加公司價值。
若 (個人對債務利息的稅率高於公司稅率),則債務的稅盾效應消失,甚至可能使債務融資的吸引力降低。Miller 的一個重要貢獻是指出,如果個人對股息和資本利得的稅率()與對債務利息的稅率()不同,那麼債務融資的價值就會受到影響。
第 24 題
Other things held constant, which of the following events would be most likely to encourage a firm to increase the amount of debt in its capital structure?
(A) Its sales are projected to become less stable in the future.
(B) The bankruptcy laws are changed in a way that would make bankruptcy more costly to the firm and its stockholders.
(C) Management believes that the firm's stock is currently overvalued.
(D) The firm decides to automate its factory with specialized equipment and thus increase its use of operating leverage.
(E) The corporate tax rate is increased.
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此題考查影響公司資本結構決策的因素,特別是哪些因素會促使公司增加債務融資。
核心觀念:
- 債務融資的優勢:
- 稅盾效應 (Tax Shield): 債務利息可稅前扣除,降低了公司的實際資金成本。
- 股權稀釋 (Equity Dilution): 增加債務融資可以避免發行新股導致的股權稀釋。
- 提高 ROE: 適度的財務槓桿可以提高股東權益報酬率。
- 債務融資的劣勢:
- 財務風險 (Financial Risk): 增加債務會增加破產的可能性和成本。
- 代理成本 (Agency Costs): 債權人和股東之間可能產生利益衝突。
- 影響因素:
- 經營風險 (Business Risk): 經營風險越高,公司越傾向於減少財務槓桿,以避免過高的總體風險。
- 稅率: 稅率越高,稅盾效應越顯著,公司越傾向於增加債務。
- 破產成本: 破產成本越高,公司越傾向於減少債務。
- 資產類型: 有形資產較多的公司更容易獲得債務融資。
第 25 題
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) In general, a firm with low operating leverage also has a small proportion of its total costs in the form of fixed costs.
(B) There is no reason to think that changes in the personal tax rate would affect firms' capital structure decisions.
(C) A firm with a relatively high business risk is more likely to increase its use of financial leverage than a firm with low business risk, assuming all else equal.
(D) If a firm's after-tax cost of equity exceeds its after-tax cost of debt, it can always reduce its WACC by increasing its use of debt.
(E) Suppose a firm has less than its optimal amount of debt. Increasing its use of debt to the point where it is at its optimal capital structure will decrease the costs of both debt and equity.
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此題考查資本結構理論,包括經營槓桿、個人稅率、財務槓桿、資金成本和最佳資本結構。
核心觀念:
- 經營槓桿 (Operating Leverage): 指公司固定營運成本佔總營運成本的比例。固定成本比例高,經營槓桿高。
- 個人稅率與資本結構: 個人稅率(特別是股息、資本利得稅率與債務利息稅率的差異)會影響債務融資的相對吸引力,進而影響資本結構決策。
- 經營風險與財務槓桿: 經營風險高的公司,由於其 EBIT 波動性大,通常會傾向於使用較少的財務槓桿,以降低總體風險。
- WACC 與資金成本: WACC 是各種資金成本的加權平均。增加債務融資會影響債務和股權的成本,進而影響 WACC。
- 最佳資本結構: 存在一個最佳的債務比例,在這個比例下,公司的總價值最大化,WACC 最小化。在這個點之前,增加債務可以降低 WACC;超過這個點,增加債務會因為破產成本和代理成本的上升而增加 WACC。
選項分析:
(A) 經營槓桿與固定成本的比例直接相關。低經營槓桿意味著固定成本佔總成本的比例較小,或者說變動成本佔比例較大。因此,此敘述是正確的。
第 26 題
If a firm adheres strictly to the residual dividend model, the issuance of new common stock would suggest that
(A) the dividend payout ratio has remained constant.
(B) the dividend payout ratio is increasing.
(C) no dividends will be paid during the year.
(D) the dividend payout ratio is decreasing.
(E) the dollar amount of capital investments had decreased.
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核心觀念
本題測驗股利政策中**剩餘股利政策(Residual Dividend Model / Policy)**與資本預算、資本結構及融資順序的整合觀念。
-
剩餘股利政策的定義:
企業決定股利發放金額時,優先將當期淨利(Net Income)保留下來,以支應維持「目標資本結構(Target Capital Structure)」所需的權益資本支出(Equity Financing for Capital Budget)。唯有在滿足所有具正淨現值()的資本支出需求後,若仍有剩餘的盈餘,才將該剩餘部分作為現金股利發放;若盈餘不足以支應所需權益資金,則不發放任何股利。 -
剩餘股利計算公式:
其中:
- :目標資本結構中的權益比率(Target Equity Ratio)。
- :本期投資計畫中所需的權益資金總額。
-
融資決策邏輯:
- 由於發行新普通股(External Equity)具有較高的發行成本(Flotation Costs)且可能產生資訊不對稱(Information Asymmetry)帶來的折價折損,依據啄食理論與財務實務,企業在尋求權益資金時,必定優先耗盡內部保留盈餘(Internal Equity)。
- 只有在「所需權益資金 當期淨利」(即內部盈餘全部保留仍不足以支應資本支出)時,企業才會進一步發行新普通股(New Common Stock)。
- 因此,只要企業需要對外發行新普通股,代表內部保留盈餘已經被全部耗盡(保留率為 100%),剩餘可用於發放股利的金額為零。
解題方法
依據題意,公司**嚴格遵循(strictly adheres to)**剩餘股利模型:
- 觀察公式:。
- 當公司決定發行新普通股(Issuance of new common stock),表示:
第 27 題
Which of the following would be most likely to lead to a decrease in a firm's dividend payout ratio?
(A) Its earnings become more stable.
(B) Its access to the capital markets increases.
(C) Its research and development efforts pay off, and it now has more high-return investment opportunities.
(D) Its accounts receivable decrease due to a change in its credit policy.
(E) Its stock price has increased over the last year by a greater percentage than the increase in the broad stock market averages.
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此題考查影響股利支付比率 (dividend payout ratio) 的因素。股利支付比率 = 股利 / 淨利潤。
核心觀念:
股利支付比率受到公司盈利能力、投資機會、融資需求和股利政策穩定性偏好的影響。
- 盈利能力: 盈利增加通常支持更高的股利,但支付比率不一定增加(可能淨利潤增長更快)。
- 投資機會: 當公司有更多高回報的投資機會時,它會傾向於保留更多利潤用於投資,減少股利支付,從而降低支付比率。
- 融資需求: 當公司需要外部融資時,可能會減少股利支付。
- 股利政策的穩定性: 公司通常傾向於保持股利支付的穩定性,避免頻繁變動。
第 28 題
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) When firms are deciding on the size of stock splits--say whether to declare a 2-for-1 split or a 3-for-1 split, it is best to declare the smaller one, in this case the 2-for-1 split, because then the after-split price will be higher than if the 3-for-1 split had been used.
(B) Back before the SEC was created in the 1930s, companies would declare reverse splits in order to boost their stock prices. However, this was determined to be a deceptive practice, and reverse splits are illegal today.
(C) Stock splits create more administrative problems for investors than stock dividends, especially determining the tax basis of their shares when they decide to sell them, so today stock dividends are used far more often than stock splits.
(D) When a company declares a stock split, the price of the stock typically declines--for example, by about 50% after a 2-for-1 split--and this necessarily reduces the total market value of the firm's equity.
(E) If a firm's stock price is quite high relative to most stocks--say 25. Moreover, if the price is relatively low--say 20 per share.
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此題考查股票分割(stock split)和反向股票分割(reverse stock split)的相關概念。
核心觀念:
- 股票分割 (Stock Split): 公司將現有股票分割成更多股,以降低每股股價,增加流通股數。例如,2-for-1 split 意味著每持有 1 股的股東將獲得 2 股,每股價格約減半。
- 反向股票分割 (Reverse Stock Split): 公司將現有股票合併成較少股,以提高每股股價。例如,1-for-10 reverse split 意味著每持有 10 股的股東合併為 1 股,每股價格約乘以 10。
- 股票分割/反向分割的目的: 通常是為了調整股價,使其處於一個對投資者(特別是散戶)更具吸引力的範圍內,提高股票的流動性,或者滿足交易所的最低股價要求。
- 對公司總價值的影響: 股票分割或反向分割本身通常不會改變公司的總市值(market value of equity),也不會改變公司的基本面。它們只是改變了股數和每股價格。
- 稅務影響: 股票分割通常不被視為應稅事件。反向分割也通常不被視為應稅事件。
- 監管機構的態度: 證券交易委員會 (SEC) 對股票分割和反向分割有相關規定,但它們本身並非法定禁止。
選項分析:
(A) 股票分割的目的是降低股價,使其更易於交易。2-for-1 split 會使每股價格減半,而 3-for-1 split 會使每股價格約變為原來的 1/3。因此,2-for-1 split 後的價格會比 3-for-1 split 後的價格高。
第 29 題
Which of the following statements about dividend policies is CORRECT?
(A) Miller and Modigliani argued that investors prefer dividends to capital gains because dividends are more certain than capital gains. They call this the “bird-in-the-hand" effect.
(B) One reason that companies tend to favor distributing excess cash as dividends rather than by repurchasing stock is that dividends are normally taxed at a lower rate than gains on repurchased stock.
(C) One advantage of dividend reinvestment plans is that they allow shareholders to delay paying taxes on the dividends that they choose to reinvest.
(D) One key advantage of the residual dividend model is that it enables a company to follow a stable dividend policy.
(E) The clientele effect suggests that companies should follow a stable dividend policy.
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核心觀念
本題考查股利政策的五個重要觀念:
- 鳥在手效果(bird-in-the-hand effect)
- 股利與庫藏股買回的課稅差異
- 股利再投資計畫(dividend reinvestment plan, DRIP)
- 剩餘股利模式(residual dividend model)
- 股利顧客效果(clientele effect)
判斷重點在於分辨各理論的提出者、股利與資本利得的課稅方式,以及不同股利政策對投資人偏好的影響。
解題方法
本題沒有計算,適合採用「逐項核對理論定義」的方法:
- 先確認理論的提出者與主張是否正確。
- 再判斷股利與股票買回在稅負上的一般差異。
- 接著檢查股利再投資是否能延後課稅。
- 最後分辨剩餘股利模式追求的是投資優先,還是股利穩定。
選項分析
(A) 錯誤
選項主張:
Miller and Modigliani 認為投資人偏好股利而非資本利得,因為股利較確定,稱為「鳥在手效果」。
「鳥在手效果」由 Gordon 與 Lintner 提出,主張投資人偏好確定的現金股利,認為股利的風險低於未來資本利得,因此股利政策可能影響公司價值。
Miller 與 Modigliani 的股利無關論則是在無稅、無交易成本、資訊對稱等理想條件下,認為公司價值主要由投資政策決定,與股利發放方式無關。因此,選項將兩種理論的提出者與主張混淆,錯誤。
(B) 錯誤
公司將多餘現金分配給股東,通常有兩種方式:
- 發放現金股利;
- 買回庫藏股。
在一般稅制下,股利收入通常於收到時課稅;股票買回所產生的資本利得,通常在股東出售股票時才實現並課稅,且資本利得稅率往往低於股利稅率。
因此,從股東稅負及課稅遞延的角度來看,公司通常沒有理由因為股利稅率較低而偏好發放股利。選項所述「股利通常以較低稅率課稅」與一般原則相反,錯誤。
第 30 題
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) One advantage of dividend reinvestment plans is that they enable investors to avoid paying taxes on the dividends they receive.
(B) If a company has an established clientele of investors who prefer a high dividend payout, and if management wants to keep stockholders happy, it should not adhere strictly to the residual dividend model.
(C) If a firm adheres strictly to the residual dividend model, then, holding all else constant, its dividend payout ratio will tend to rise whenever its investment opportunities improve.
(D) If Congress eliminates taxes on capital gains but leaves the personal tax rate on dividends unchanged, this would motivate companies to increase their dividend payout ratios.
(E) Despite its drawbacks, following the residual dividend model will tend to stabilize actual cash dividends, and this will make it easier for firms to attract a clientele that prefers high dividends, such as retirees.
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此題考查股利政策的相關概念,包括股利再投資計劃 (DRIP)、剩餘股利政策、客群效應和稅務影響。
核心觀念:
- DRIP 與稅務: DRIP 允許股東將股利再投資於股票,在某些稅制下,這可以實現稅務遞延,即在出售股票時才繳納股利稅。
- 剩餘股利政策 (Residual Dividend Model): 公司優先將資金用於投資項目,只有在滿足所有有利可圖的投資後,剩餘資金才用於支付股利。這通常導致股利支付不穩定,並與投資機會的變化直接相關。
- 客群效應 (Clientele Effect): 不同類型的投資者有不同的股利偏好。公司應維持一個能吸引其目標客群的股利政策。
- 股利 vs. 資本利得的稅務影響: 稅率的變化會影響股利和資本利得的相對吸引力,從而影響公司的股利政策。
選項分析:
(A) DRIP 的一個優勢是稅務遞延,而不是完全「避免」納稅。股利在再投資期間不需要立即納稅,但當股票出售時,資本利得(包括再投資的股利部分)仍然需要納稅。
第 31 題
Which of the following is NOT directly reflected in the cash budget of a firm that is in the zero tax bracket?
(A) Payments lags.
(B) Depreciation.
(C) Cumulative cash.
(D) Repurchases of common stock.
(E) Payment for plant construction.
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此題考查現金預算 (cash budget) 的編制,以及零稅率公司對現金預算的影響。
核心觀念:
- 現金預算: 預測公司在未來特定時期內預期現金流入和流出的文件。它關注的是實際的現金收付,而不是權責發生制的損益。
- 零稅率公司: 在零稅率情況下,稅務對現金流的影響消失。
- 現金預算的組成: 通常包括預計的現金收入(來自銷售、融資等)和預計的現金支出(來自採購、營運費用、設備投資、償債、股利支付等)。
- 非現金項目: 折舊 (Depreciation) 是一個非現金費用,它會影響淨利潤,進而影響稅負,但在現金預算中,由於不涉及現金流出,通常不會直接體現為現金流出。然而,在零稅率情況下,折舊對稅負沒有影響,因此對現金預算的影響就更小。
選項分析:
(A) Payments lags (付款延遲) 影響了現金流出的時間點。例如,應付帳款的付款時間會影響當期的現金支出。這會直接反映在現金預算中。
第 32 題
Which of the following statements concerning the cash budget is CORRECT?
(A) Depreciation expense is not explicitly included, but depreciation's effects are reflected in the estimated tax payments.
(B) Cash budgets do not include financial items such as interest and dividend payments.
(C) Cash budgets do not include cash inflows from long-term sources such as the issuance of bonds.
(D) Changes that affect the DSO do not affect the cash budget.
(E) Capital budgeting decisions have no effect on the cash budget until projects go into operation and start producing revenues.
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此題考查現金預算 (cash budget) 的編制原則。
核心觀念:
- 現金預算的性質: 現金預算關注的是實際現金的流入和流出,而不是權責發生制的損益。
- 折舊 (Depreciation): 折舊是一項非現金費用,它會影響淨利潤和稅負,但本身不產生現金流。然而,折舊通過影響應稅所得,間接影響現金流(稅款)。
- 利息和股利支付: 這些是實際的現金流出,會影響公司的現金餘額,因此應包含在現金預算中。
- 融資現金流: 發行債券或股票是重要的現金流入來源,應包含在現金預算中。
- 應收帳款周轉天數 (DSO): DSO 反映了現金從銷售到收現的時間。DSO 的變化會影響現金流入的時間,從而影響現金預算。
第 33 題
Which of the following statement completions is CORRECT? If the yield curve is upward sloping, then the marketable securities held in a firm's portfolio, assumed to be held for emergencies, should
(A) consist mainly of long-term securities because they pay higher rates.
(B) consist mainly of short-term securities because they pay higher rates.
(C) consist mainly of U.S. Treasury securities to minimize interest rate risk.
(D) consist mainly of short-term securities to minimize interest rate risk.
(E) be balanced between long- and short-term securities to minimize the adverse effects of either an upward or a downward trend in interest rates.
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此題考查公司短期投資組合的選擇,特別是在考慮到應急資金和向上傾斜的收益率曲線時。
核心觀念:
- 收益率曲線 (Yield Curve): 顯示不同到期期限的債券收益率的曲線。
- 向上傾斜 (Upward Sloping): 短期利率低於長期利率。
- 應急資金 (Emergencies): 這些資金需要隨時可用,並且風險要低,以確保在需要時能夠快速變現,且價值損失最小。
- 短期證券 vs. 長期證券:
- 短期證券: 利率通常較低,但價格波動(利率風險)也較小,變現能力較強。
- 長期證券: 利率通常較高,但價格波動(利率風險)較大,變現時可能面臨較大價值損失。
- 利率風險 (Interest Rate Risk): 利率變動導致債券價格變動的風險。長期證券的利率風險較大。
第 34 題
Which of the following actions would be likely to shorten the cash conversion cycle?
(A) Adopt a new manufacturing process that speeds up the conversion of raw materials to finished goods from 20 days to 10 days.
(B) Change the credit terms offered to customers from 3/10, net 30 to 1/10, net 50.
(C) Begin to take discounts on inventory purchases; we buy on terms of 2/10, net 30.
(D) Adopt a new manufacturing process that saves some labor costs but slows down the conversion of raw materials to finished goods from 10 days to 20 days.
(E) Change the credit terms offered to customers from 2/10, net 30 to 1/10, net 60.
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核心觀念
本題考查現金轉換週期(Cash Conversion Cycle, CCC)及其組成:
其中:
- :存貨持有期間,表示原料投入生產至商品售出的平均天數。
- :應收帳款收現期間,表示商品售出至收回貨款的平均天數。
- :應付帳款付款期間,表示向供應商購貨至實際付款的平均天數。
現金轉換週期代表企業從支付供應商貨款開始,到向客戶收回現金為止,資金被營運活動占用的時間。
因此:
- 減少, 縮短。
- 減少, 縮短。
- 增加, 縮短。
- 提前支付供應商貨款,使 減少,會使 延長。
解題方法
逐一判斷各選項對 、、 的影響即可。
製造流程主要影響存貨持有期間 ;銷售信用條件主要影響應收帳款收現期間 ;購貨付款條件及是否取得現金折扣主要影響應付帳款付款期間 。
選項分析
(A) 正確
製造流程使原料轉換為製成品的時間由 20 天縮短為 10 天,代表存貨在生產流程中停留的時間減少。
因此:
根據:
減少會直接使 縮短。故此選項正確。
(B) 錯誤
信用條件由 改為 :
- 原本客戶可在 10 天內享有 3% 折扣,否則第 30 天付款。
- 修改後客戶可在 10 天內享有 1% 折扣,否則第 50 天付款。
付款期限由 30 天延長至 50 天,客戶平均付款時間通常會拉長,因此:
第 35 題
Other things held constant, which of the following would tend to reduce the cash conversion cycle?
(A) Carry a constant amount of receivables as sales decline.
(B) Place larger orders for raw materials to take advantage of price breaks.
(C) Take all discounts that are offered.
(D) Continue to take all discounts that are offered and pay on the net date.
(E) Offer longer payment terms to customers.
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核心觀念
現金轉化週期(Cash Conversion Cycle, CCC) 代表企業從支付原料款項到收回銷售現金所需的時間長度。
其計算公式為:
其中:
- DSO (Days Sales Outstanding,應收帳款週轉天數):
- DII (Days Inventory Outstanding,存貨週轉天數):
- DPO (Days Payables Outstanding,應付帳款週轉天數):
欲縮短(reduce) Cash Conversion Cycle,應採用能使 DSO 減少、DII 減少或 DPO 增加的策略。
選項分析與推導
- (A) 錯誤:銷貨額(Sales)下降時若維持相同的應收帳款金額,由 可知 DSO 會增加,進而拉長 CCC。
- (B) 錯誤:為了獲得數量折扣而大批採購原料,會大幅增加平均存貨數量,導致 DII 增加,進而拉長 CCC。
- (C) 正確(相較於放棄折扣並於最後期限付款):若原先企業放棄現金折扣(例如 terms 2/10, net 30 於第 30 天付款),選擇接受折扣(Take discount)意味著在第 10 天就必須付款,這會使 DPO 從 30 天縮短至 10 天,反而拉長 CCC。
第 36 題
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) Due to limited liability, unlimited lives, and ease of ownership transfer, the vast majority of U.S. businesses (in terms of number of businesses) are organized as corporations.
(B) Most businesses (by number and total dollar sales) are organized as proprietorships or partnerships because it is easier to set up and operate one of these forms rather than as a corporation. However, if the business gets very large, it becomes advantageous to convert to a corporation, primarily because corporations have important tax advantages over proprietorships and partnerships.
(C) Due to legal considerations related to ownership transfers and limited liability, which affect the ability to attract capital, most business (measured by dollar sales) is conducted by corporations in spite of large corporations' less favorable tax treatment.
(D) Large corporations are taxed more favorably than proprietorships.
(E) Corporate stockholders are exposed to unlimited liability.
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此題考查不同商業組織形式的特性,以及它們在美國的普及程度。
核心觀念:
- 獨資企業 (Sole Proprietorship): 由一人擁有,設立簡單,但所有者承擔無限責任,壽命有限,所有權轉讓困難。
- 合夥企業 (Partnership): 由兩人或多人組成,設立相對簡單,但合夥人通常承擔無限責任(除非是有限合夥),壽命有限,所有權轉讓困難。
- 公司 (Corporation): 法律實體,股東享有有限責任,壽命無限,所有權轉讓容易(股票買賣)。設立較為複雜,稅務處理也與獨資和合夥企業不同。
- 有限責任 (Limited Liability): 股東的責任僅限於其投資額。
- 無限責任 (Unlimited Liability): 債務人對債務承擔個人全部財產的責任。
- 美國商業組織的數量和銷售額: 在美國,從企業數量上看,獨資企業和合夥企業佔絕大多數。但從銷售額和經濟影響力來看,公司(尤其是大型公司)佔據主導地位。
第 37 題
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) A hostile takeover is the main method of transferring ownership interest in a corporation.
(B) A corporation is a legal entity created by a state, and it has a life and existence that is separate from the lives and existence of its owners and managers.
(C) Unlimited liability and limited life are two key advantages of the corporate form over other forms of business organization.
(D) Limited liability is an advantage of the corporate form of organization to its owners (stockholders), but corporations have more trouble raising money in financial markets because of the complexity of this form of organization.
(E) Although the stockholders of the corporation are insulated by limited legal liability, the legal status of the corporation does not protect the firm's managers in the same way, i.e., bondholders can sue the firm's managers if the firm defaults on its debt.
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此題考查公司的法律特性和優勢。
核心觀念:
- 公司法人格: 公司是一個獨立的法律實體,與其所有者(股東)和管理者是分離的。
- 有限責任: 股東的責任僅限於其投資額。
- 無限生命: 公司作為獨立法人,其存在不受股東或管理者的變動影響。
- 所有權轉讓便利: 股票可以自由買賣,便於所有權轉讓。
- 敵意收購 (Hostile Takeover): 指收購方在目標公司管理層反對的情況下進行收購。這是一種所有權轉讓方式,但不是「主要」或唯一的方式。
- 融資能力: 有限責任和無限生命有助於公司吸引資本。
選項分析:
(A) 敵意收購是所有權轉讓的一種方式,但並非「主要」方法。公開市場上的股票交易、股東之間的交易、以及公司自身的發行新股等也是常見方式。
第 38 題
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) In a typical partnership, liability for other partners' misdeeds is limited to the amount of a particular partner's investment in the business.
(B) In a limited partnership, the limited partners have voting control, while the general partner has operating control over the business, and the limited partners are individually responsible, on a pro rata basis, for the firm's debts in the event of bankruptcy.
(C) A slow-growth company, with little need for new capital, would be more likely to organize as a corporation than would a faster growing company.
(D) Partnerships have more difficulty attracting large amounts of capital than corporations because of such factors as unlimited liability, the need to reorganize when a partner dies, and the illiquidity (difficulty buying and selling) of partnership interests.
(E) A major disadvantage of a partnership relative to a corporation is the fact that federal income taxes must be paid by the partners rather than by the firm itself.
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此題考查合夥企業(Partnership)的特性,特別是有限責任合夥(Limited Partnership)和普通合夥(General Partnership)。
核心觀念:
- 普通合夥 (General Partnership): 所有合夥人都承擔無限責任,並且通常都有經營權。
- 有限責任合夥 (Limited Partnership, LP): 包含兩種合夥人:
- 普通合夥人 (General Partner): 負責公司的經營管理,並承擔無限責任。
- 有限合夥人 (Limited Partner): 僅以其投資額為限承擔有限責任,通常不參與公司日常經營,也沒有投票權(或權力非常有限)。
- 公司 (Corporation): 股東享有有限責任,設立相對複雜,但易於吸引資本。
- 成長型公司 vs. 慢速成長公司: 成長型公司通常需要大量外部資本來支持其擴張,因此公司形式(更容易吸引資本)可能更適合。慢速成長公司對外部資本需求較小,獨資或合夥形式可能更簡單。
- 合夥的缺點: 無限責任、壽命有限、所有權轉讓困難、資本吸引力相對較低。
第 39 題
Which of the following actions would be most likely to reduce potential conflicts of interest between stockholders and bondholders?
(A) Compensating managers with stock options.
(B) Financing risky projects with additional debt.
(C) The threat of hostile takeovers.
(D) The use of covenants in bond agreements that limit the firm's use of additional debt and constrain managers' actions.
(E) Abolishing the Security and Exchange Commission.
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此題考查股東與債權人之間潛在利益衝突的解決方案。
核心觀念:
- 股東與債權人的利益衝突:
- 風險偏好差異: 股東(作為剩餘求償者)可能傾向於承擔更高的風險,以追求更高的潛在回報(儘管這會增加債權人的風險)。
- 資產轉移 (Asset Substitution): 公司可能將資金投入高風險項目,如果成功則股東獲益,失敗則債權人承擔損失。
- 債務過度 (Debt Overhang): 公司發行過多債務,導致債權人利益受損。
- 解決衝突的機制:
- 合約限制 (Covenants): 在債券合約中加入條款,限制公司的某些行為,以保護債權人。
- 股東與債權人之間的監管: 股東(通過董事會)監督管理層,債權人通過合約限制監督公司。
第 40 題
Which of the following actions would be most likely to reduce potential conflicts of interest between stockholders and managers?
(A) Pay managers large cash salaries and give them no stock options.
(B) Change the corporation's formal documents to make it easier for outside investors to acquire a controlling interest in the firm through a hostile takeover.
(C) Beef up the restrictive covenants in the firm's debt agreements.
(D) Eliminate a requirement that members of the board of directors must hold a high percentage of their personal wealth in the firm's stock.
(E) For a firm that compensates managers with stock options, reduce the time before options are vested, i.e., the time before options can be exercised and the shares that are received can be sold.
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好的,我們來解析這題關於股東與經理人利益衝突的題目。
這題的核心觀念在於探討如何透過公司治理機制來降低代理問題(Agency Problem),也就是股東(委託人)與經理人(代理人)之間可能產生的利益衝突。經理人可能為了自身利益而做出不利於股東的決策,因此需要設計適當的誘因與監督機制來使雙方目標一致。
以下是詳細的解題過程:
題目問的是哪一個選項「最可能」能減少股東與經理人之間的潛在利益衝突。我們逐一分析各選項:
(A) 支付經理人高額現金薪資,且不給予股票選擇權。
這個選項恰好可能加劇利益衝突。如果經理人的薪酬僅來自固定現金,他們可能缺乏動力去追求能提升股東價值的長期成長。相反地,他們可能傾向於規避風險,以保住現有的薪資,即使這意味著錯失高報酬的機會。股票選擇權(Stock Options)的設計,通常是為了讓經理人的利益與股東的利益連結,當公司股價上漲時,經理人也能獲利,從而鼓勵他們做出有利於股東的決策。因此,不給予股票選擇權,反而可能使經理人更傾向於追求個人穩定性而非股東價值最大化。
(B) 修改公司章程,讓外部投資者更容易透過敵意收購取得公司控制權。
敵意收購(Hostile Takeover)的威脅,確實可以對績效不佳的公司管理層產生壓力,迫使他們改善經營績效以避免被收購。這在某種程度上可以約束經理人的行為,使其更關注股東利益。然而,敵意收購的威脅主要是在約束「公司整體」的經營績效,間接影響經理人。相較於直接設計誘因或監督機制,這並非最直接或最「可能」減少股東與經理人之間「潛在」利益衝突的手段。
第 41 題
Which of the following factors could explain why Michigan Energy's cash balance increased even though it had a negative cash flow last year?
(A) The company sold a new issue of bonds.
(B) The company made a large investment in new plant and equipment.
(C) The company paid a large dividend.
(D) The company had high depreciation expenses.
(E) The company repurchased 20% of its common stock.
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核心觀念
現金流量表將現金變動分為營業、投資與融資活動。公司期末現金餘額的變化,取決於這三類活動的淨現金流量總和:
因此,即使公司整體現金流量為負,只要某項融資活動帶來足夠現金,現金餘額仍可能增加。發行債券會帶來現金流入;購置設備、支付股利及買回股票則會造成現金流出。
解題方法
判斷各選項是否能直接帶來現金流入,再看該流入能否解釋現金餘額增加。發行新債券取得借款,是融資活動的現金流入,能提高現金餘額;其餘選項不是現金流入,就是非現金項目。
選項分析
第 42 題
Analysts who follow Howe Industries recently noted that, relative to the previous year, the company’s net cash provided from operations increased, yet cash as reported on the balance sheet decreased. Which of the following factors could explain this situation?
(A) The company cut its dividend.
(B) The company made large investments in fixed assets.
(C) The company sold a division and received cash in return.
(D) The company issued new common stock.
(E) The company issued new long-term debt.
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核心觀念
資產負債表上的現金變動,取決於當年度營業、投資與籌資活動的現金流量合計:
營業活動現金流量增加,不代表期末現金一定增加;若投資或籌資活動的現金流出超過各項現金流入,期末現金仍會減少。
解題方法
圖中第 42 題詢問:Howe Industries 的營業活動現金流量較前一年增加,但資產負債表上的現金減少,何者可以解釋此情況?選項分別涉及股利、固定資產投資、出售部門、發行普通股與發行長期債務;圖中未提供額外金額。
判斷時要看各選項對「總現金流量」的方向。大量購置固定資產屬投資活動現金流出,若加上其他活動後,全年現金流出合計大於現金流入合計,就會使現金餘額下降。即使營業現金流量比前一年增加,仍可能出現這種結果。
選項分析
- (A) The company cut its dividend.
減少股利支出會降低籌資活動的現金流出,其他條件相同時有助於保留現金,不能作為現金減少的直接解釋。
第 43 題
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) The statement of cash flows reflects cash flows from operations, but it does not reflect the effects of buying or selling fixed assets.
(B) The statement of cash flows shows where the firm’s cash is located; indeed, it provides a listing of all banks and brokerage houses where cash is on deposit.
(C) The statement of cash flows reflects cash flows from continuing operations, but it does not reflect the effects of changes in working capital.
(D) The statement of cash flows reflects cash flows from operations and from borrowings, but it does not reflect cash obtained by selling new common stock.
(E) The statement of cash flows shows how much the firm’s cash—the total of currency, bank deposits, and short-term liquid securities (or cash equivalents)—increased or decreased during a given year.
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核心觀念
現金流量表說明企業在一段期間內,現金及約當現金的流入與流出,並依活動性質分為:
- 營業活動:與企業主要營業活動相關的現金流量。間接法下,會調整應計損益,並反映應收帳款、存貨、應付帳款等營運資金項目的變動。
- 投資活動:例如購買或出售固定資產、長期投資。
- 籌資活動:例如借款、償還借款、發行普通股、支付股利。
現金流量表也會呈現本期現金及約當現金的淨增減:
解題方法
本題考查現金流量表的涵蓋範圍與功能。判斷各選項時,依序確認它是否正確描述現金流量表的三類活動、營運資金變動,以及現金及約當現金的本期增減。
選項分析
第 44 題
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) Most rapidly growing companies have positive free cash flows because cash flows from existing operations generally exceed fixed asset purchases and changes to net operating working capital.
(B) Changes in working capital have no effect on free cash flow.
(C) Free cash flow (FCF) is defined as follows:
(D) Free cash flow (FCF) is defined as follows:
(E) Managers should be less concerned with free cash flow than with accounting net income. Accounting net income is the “bottom line” and represents how much the firm can distribute to all its investors—both creditors and stockholders.
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核心觀念
本題考查自由現金流量(FCF)的定義,以及自由現金流量與會計淨利的差異。自由現金流量衡量企業在支付營運所需投資後,能提供給債權人與股東的現金。
常用公式為:
其中, 是稅後營業利益; 是淨營運資金的變動。淨營運資金增加代表企業投入更多營運資金,因此會減少自由現金流量;淨營運資金減少則會增加自由現金流量。
解題方法
判斷各選項是否符合 FCF 的現金流量定義。公式中,企業先以稅後營業利益作為營運基礎,加回不需實際支付現金的折舊,再扣除維持營運所需的資本支出及淨營運資金增加額。
FCF 是提供給所有資金提供者的現金,因此不能與只歸屬於股東的會計淨利混為一談。
選項分析
(A) 錯誤。 快速成長的公司通常需要大量購置固定資產,並投入更多淨營運資金。這些投資可能超過既有營運產生的現金,使自由現金流量為負;
第 45 題
Which of the following would be most likely to occur in the year after Congress, in an effort to increase tax revenue, passed legislation that forced companies to depreciate equipment over longer lives? Assume that sales, other operating costs, and tax rates are not affected, and assume that the same depreciation method is used for tax and stockholder reporting purposes.
(A) Companies’ after-tax operating profits would decline.
(B) Companies’ physical stocks of fixed assets would increase.
(C) Companies’ cash flows would increase.
(D) Companies’ cash positions would decline.
(E) Companies’ reported net incomes would decline.
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核心觀念
本題考折舊年限改變對損益、稅負與現金流量的影響。折舊是非現金費用,但可抵減課稅所得,形成「折舊稅盾」。
延長設備的折舊年限,會降低每年認列的折舊費用。題目另假設銷售額、其他營業成本與稅率不變,且稅務與股東報表採用相同折舊方法,因此折舊費用下降也會反映在財報上。
解題方法
設延長折舊年限後,折舊費用減少 ,其中 ;稅率為 。
折舊費用下降 ,使營業利益及課稅所得增加 ,因此所得稅增加 。稅後淨利的變化為:
所以報導淨利會增加。
營業現金流量可用「稅後淨利加回折舊」理解。新折舊比舊折舊少 ,加回的折舊也減少 ;淨利雖增加 ,但合計後現金流量的變化為:
原因是折舊減少使公司少了折舊稅盾,現金稅負增加 。在其他收支不變的前提下,現金流量減少,現金部位也會下降。
選項分析
- (A) Companies’ after-tax operating profits would decline. 錯。折舊費用下降會使營業利益增加;
第 46 題
Amram Company’s current ratio is . Considered alone, which of the following actions would lower the current ratio?
(A) Borrow using short-term notes payable and use the proceeds to reduce accruals.
(B) Borrow using short-term notes payable and use the proceeds to reduce long-term debt.
(C) Use cash to reduce accruals.
(D) Use cash to reduce short-term notes payable.
(E) Use cash to reduce accounts payable.
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核心觀念
流動比率衡量短期償債能力,定義為:
題目給定流動比率為 ,因此流動資產是流動負債的兩倍。設流動負債為 ,則流動資產為 。
解題方法
逐一判斷各項交易對流動資產與流動負債的影響。若交易使流動負債增加、流動資產不變,流動比率會下降;若流動資產與流動負債同額減少,因原比率大於 ,流動比率反而會上升。
選項分析
(A) 借入短期票據,並用所得款項償還應計費用:比率不變。
借款使流動資產與流動負債各增加同額;償還應計費用使兩者各減少同額。合併交易後,流動資產與流動負債的淨變動皆為零,流動比率不變。
(B) 借入短期票據,並用所得款項償還長期負債:比率下降。
借入短期票據使流動負債增加;所得款項隨即用於償還長期負債,因此流動資產最後不變。設借款與償還金額均為 ,則新流動比率為:
第 47 題
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) If a security analyst saw that a firm’s days’ sales outstanding (DSO) was higher than the industry average, and was increasing and trending still higher, this would be interpreted as a sign of strength.
(B) A high average DSO indicates that none of its customers are paying on time. In addition, it makes no sense to evaluate the firm's DSO with the firm's credit terms.
(C) There is no relationship between the days’ sales outstanding (DSO) and the average collection period (ACP). These ratios measure entirely different things.
(D) A reduction in accounts receivable would have no effect on the current ratio, but it would lead to an increase in the quick ratio.
(E) If a firm increases its sales while holding its accounts receivable constant, then, other things held constant, its days’ sales outstanding will decline.
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核心觀念
本題考查應收帳款管理與短期償債能力比率。
應收帳款收現天數(DSO)衡量公司平均需要幾天收回應收帳款;平均收現期間(ACP)是相同概念。常用公式為:
DSO 越高,代表平均收款所需時間越長。解讀時須與產業水準及公司的信用條件比較。
流動比率與速動比率分別為:
應收帳款屬於流動資產中的速動資產。
解題方法
逐項檢視敘述是否符合比率定義與資產負債表關係。特別留意 DSO 與 ACP 是否為不同指標,以及銷售額增加、應收帳款不變時,DSO 分子與分母的變化。
選項分析
(A) 錯誤。 DSO 高於產業平均,且持續上升,通常表示收款速度較慢、資金被應收帳款占用較久,屬於警訊而非強勢表現。
第 48 題
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) If one firm has a higher debt ratio than another, we can be certain that the firm with the higher debt ratio will have the lower TIE ratio, as that ratio depends entirely on the amount of debt a firm uses.
(B) A firm’s use of debt will have no effect on its profit margin.
(C) If two firms differ only in their use of debt—i.e., they have identical assets, sales, operating costs, interest rates on their debt, and tax rates—but one firm has a higher debt ratio, the firm that uses more debt will have a lower profit margin on sales and a lower return on assets.
(D) The debt ratio as it is generally calculated makes an adjustment for the use of assets leased under operating leases, so the debt ratios of firms that lease different percentages of their assets are still comparable.
(E) If two firms differ only in their use of debt—i.e., they have identical assets, sales, operating costs, and tax rates—but one firm has a higher debt ratio, the firm that uses more debt will have a higher operating margin and return on assets.
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核心觀念
本題考資本結構如何影響獲利比率,以及各比率衡量的內容。令:
- 負債比率:總負債除以總資產。
- 利息保障倍數(TIE):息稅前利益除以利息費用。
- 營業利益率:營業利益除以銷貨收入。
- 利潤率:稅後淨利除以銷貨收入。
- 資產報酬率(ROA):稅後淨利除以總資產。
負債比率描述資產由多少負債支應;它本身不能單獨決定 TIE、利潤率或 ROA,還須看營業利益、利率、稅率等因素。
解題方法
題目設定兩家公司除了負債使用程度外,其餘條件相同,因此比較負債增加帶來的利息費用變化即可。設營業利益為 、銷貨收入為 、總資產為 、利率為 、稅率為 、負債為 ,則:
兩家公司營業利益、銷貨收入、總資產及稅率相同;負債較多的公司利息費用較高,因此稅後淨利較低。於是:
分母相同而分子下降,利潤率與 ROA 都會下降。符合此推導的是 (C)。
選項分析
第 49 題
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) Suppose a firm’s total assets turnover ratio falls from to , but at the same time its profit margin rises from to and its debt increases from of total assets to . Under these conditions, the ROE will increase.
(B) Suppose a firm’s total assets turnover ratio falls from to , but at the same time its profit margin rises from to and its debt increases from of total assets to . Without additional information, we cannot tell what will happen to the ROE.
(C) The DuPont equation provides information about how operations affect the ROE, but the equation does not include the effects of debt on the ROE.
(D) Other things held constant, an increase in the debt ratio will result in an increase in the profit margin.
(E) Suppose a firm’s total assets turnover ratio falls from to , but at the same time its profit margin rises from to , and its debt increases from of total assets to . Under these conditions, the ROE will decrease.
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核心觀念
本題考查杜邦分析式(DuPont equation),以及資產負債比對權益乘數與股東權益報酬率(ROE)的影響。
三因素杜邦公式為:
也就是:
若負債比率定義為總負債占總資產的比率,且總資產等於總負債加股東權益,則:
解題方法
依杜邦公式分別計算負債比率變動前後的 ROE。
變動前,負債比率為 ,因此權益乘數為:
所以:
變動後,負債比率為 ,因此權益乘數為:
第 50 題
Companies HD and LD have the same sales, tax rate, interest rate on their debt, total assets, and basic earning power. Both companies have positive net incomes. Company HD has a higher debt ratio and, therefore, a higher interest expense. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) Company HD pays less in taxes.
(B) Company HD has a lower equity multiplier.
(C) Company HD has a higher ROA.
(D) Company HD has a higher times-interest-earned (TIE) ratio.
(E) Company HD has more net income.
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核心觀念
本題考查資本結構如何影響稅負、股東權益乘數、資產報酬率、利息保障倍數與淨利。
基本獲利能力(BEP)為:
其中 EBIT 為息前稅前淨利。兩家公司總資產與 BEP 相同,因此 EBIT 相同。題目並指出 HD 的負債比率較高、利息費用較高;兩家公司稅率相同,且淨利均為正。
解題方法
稅前淨利等於 EBIT 減利息費用:
兩家公司 EBIT 相同,而 HD 利息費用較高,因此 HD 稅前淨利較低。又因兩家公司稅率相同,且淨利為正,HD 的應納稅所得額較低,繳納的所得稅也較少。
淨利可寫為:
在稅率相同、HD 利息費用較高的條件下,HD 淨利較低。總資產相同,因此 HD 的 ROA 也較低。
選項分析
(A) Company HD pays less in taxes. 正確。
HD 的利息費用較高,稅前淨利較低。因兩家公司稅率相同,HD 繳納的所得稅較少。利息費用可降低課稅所得,因此較高負債也帶來較大的利息抵稅效果。
(B) Company HD has a lower equity multiplier. 錯誤。
權益乘數為: