108 年 國立臺灣大學經濟學系碩士班《專業英文(D)》

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第 1 題5 分

According to Article 1, the police:
(A) Were able to collect fingerprints and identified the thief in part thanks to the fingerprints.
(B) Were unable to collect fingerprints because water had prevented an imprint of the finger prints.
(C) Were unable to compare fingerprints because the accused did not have finger prints in the system.
(D) Were able to collect fingerprints but decided they wanted to test the new DNA equipment instead.

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這一題的完整詳解

本題考查考生對 Article 1 內容的理解。文章提到警方嘗試從瓶子收集指紋,但因為瓶子是濕的,所以指紋無法成功收集。

選項 (A) 錯誤,文章明確指出指紋未能成功收集。
選項 (B) 正確,文章提到「however, because the container had been wet when it was handled, fingerpr

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第 2 題5 分

According to Article 1, which one of the following statements is true:
(A) As a result of this investigation, the 2019 budget for forensic investigations increased by nearly NT2.5millionover2018′sbudget.(B)TherangeofcostfortheDNAprocedurevariesfromNT2.5 million over 2018's budget. (B) The range of cost for the DNA procedure varies from NT900 to NT$2,200.
(C) Yeh Yu-lan felt that the investigation, as conducted, was an unacceptable use of police resources.
(D) In addition to DNA testing, the police also attempted shoe imprints, drug analysis, and urinalysis in this case.

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這一題的完整詳解

本題考查考生對 Article 1 內容的理解,重點在於文章中關於預算、DNA 檢測費用、專家評論以及本案實際採用的調查方法。

選項 (A) 正確。文章提到「The Taipei Police Department's 2019 budget for forensic investigations has climbed to NT22million,anincreaseofnearlyNT22 million, an increase of nearly NT2.5 million over the previous year」。這與選項敘述相符。
選項 (B) 錯誤。文章明確指出 DNA 檢測的費用是 NT3,000persample,而NT3,000 per sample,而 NT900 到 NT

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第 3 題5 分

True or False: According to Article 1, the budget for forensic investigations was lower in 2018 than in 2019.
(A) True
(B) False
(C) Not specified in Article 1.

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這一題的完整詳解

本題考查考生對 Article 1 中預算資訊的理解。

文章提到:「The Taipei Police Department's 2019 budget for forensic investigations has climbed to NT22million,anincreaseofnearlyNT22 million, an increase of nearly NT2.5 million over the

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第 4 題5 分

According to Article 2, which one of the following statements is true:
(A) Experiments were performed in nature.
(B) Experiments were performed by Sociologist Lance Hannon.
(C) The reduction in crime persisted for a longer time than experts anticipated.

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這一題的完整詳解

本題考查考生對 Article 2 內容的理解。

選項 (A) 錯誤。文章提到「two natural experiments in Philadelphia」,其中一個是針對「2,356 abandoned buildings」和「vacant lots」,這些實驗是在真實的城市環境中進行,但選項「in nature」通常指自然科學中的實驗,在此語境下可能被誤解為野外實驗。然而,更精確地說,這些是在「natural experiments」的意義下進行,意即在非人為控制的環境中觀察結果。但相較於其他選項,這個選項並非最準確或最關鍵的資訊。

選項 (B) 錯誤。文章提到「the sociologist Lance Hannon showed that, in New York City's high-poverty areas, the number of abandoned house

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第 5 題10 分

For the following questions, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.
According to Article 2, "Broken Windows" is a theory that: (choose all)
(A) Suggests we stop criminals to prevent windows from breaking.
(B) Has motivated policies involved with reducing smaller crimes.
(C) Has been betrayed by the evidence.
(D) Relies on the assumption that criminals expect a lower degree of law enforcement if businesses don't accept checks.
(E) Has evidence that the reduction of crime in one neighborhood causes an increase in crime for other neighborhoods.

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這一題的完整詳解

本題考查考生對 Article 2 中「Broken Windows」理論的理解,需要選出所有符合描述的選項。

選項 (A) 錯誤。Broken Windows 理論的核心是先處理小犯罪(如破窗、塗鴉),以防止大犯罪的發生,而不是「先阻止犯罪者,再防止破窗」。其邏輯是透過小處著手來維護社會秩序,進而嚇阻犯罪。

選項 (B) 正確。文章提到:「Since the nineteen-eighties, cities throughout the world have used Wilson and Kelling's ideas as motivation for "zero tolerance" policing, wherein officers monitor petty crimes, such as graffiti, loitering, public intoxication, and even panhandling, and courts severely punish those convicted of committing them.」這表明 Broken Windows 理論確實激勵了針對較小犯罪的政策(如零容忍警務)。

選項 (C) 正確。文章在描述 Branas 的研究結果時提到:「Compelling theories, as critics of broken-windows policing know all too well, are often betrayed by evidence.」隨後描述了 B

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第 6 題10 分

According to Article 2, some of the remediated houses:
(A) Were torn down.
(B) Had their doors replaced.
(C) Were left untreated.
(D) Caused new homes to be built in the neighborhood as a result of the crime change.
(E) Had fences installed to prevent criminals from accessing the property.

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這一題的完整詳解

本題考查考生對 Article 2 中關於「remediated houses」的描述理解。文章提到了兩項研究:一項是關於「abandoned buildings」,另一項是關於「vacant lots」。這裡的題目問的是「remediated houses」,應指前者。

文章在描述第一項費城實驗時說:「A set of six hundred and seventy-six buildings had been remediated by the owners, which meant they had been "treated" with replacement doors and windows; the rest had not.」

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第 7 題

The NT18,000usedtotestDNAforthetheftofaNT18,000 used to test DNA for the theft of a NT59 yogurt bottle was a waste of police resources and will
not help prevent larger crimes.
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with this claim AND the reasons
on which that claim is based. When possible, please provide an economic justification for your arguments.
You should write no less than 300 words, but no more than 1000 words. Your response will be evaluated for its overall quality
based on how well you:
• Respond to the specific task instructions
• Consider the complexities of the issue
• Organize, develop, and express your ideas
• Support your ideas with relevant reasons and/or examples
• Control the elements of standard written English
Note: An essay not directly addressing the topic is considered off-topic and receives no points.
Before beginning writing, you may want to think for a few minutes and then plan your response. Use the bottom of this page
to plan your response, and then write your response in the answer sheets (試卷內之「非選擇題作答區」). Be sure to
develop your positions completely and organize it coherently, but spare some time to proof-read what you have written to
make any revisions you deem necessary.
Plan Your Response Here - Write Your Essay in the Answer Sheets (試卷內之「非選擇題作答區」)

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題為國立臺灣大學經濟學系碩士班「專業英文(D)」之代表性論說寫作題(Issue Task),本質上是透過時事案例(2018 年台灣發生的「優酪乳遭竊採 DNA 鑑驗案」),測驗考生運用法律經濟學(Law and Economics)與公共資源配置理論進行邏輯論證與英文學術寫作之能力。

核心涉及的經濟學觀念包括:

  1. 犯罪與刑罰經濟學(Gary Becker's Model of Crime and Punishment):
    理性犯罪者的預期效用模型為:
    E[U]=(1−p)U(Y)+pU(Y−F)E[U] = (1 - p) U(Y) + p U(Y - F)
    其中 pp 為查獲與定罪機率,YY 為犯罪所得,FF 為刑罰成本。執法機關的最佳執法策略需權衡執法成本(Enforcement Costs)與犯罪造成的社會損害(Social Harm)。
  2. 邊際分析與成本效益分析(Marginal Cost vs. Marginal Benefit, MCMC vs. MBMB):
    公共財政資源在刑事鑑識上的投入,應遵循邊際社會效益等於邊際社會成本(MSB=MSCMSB = MSC)之原則。投入 $18,00018,000 鑑驗成本去追回 $5959 的財產損失,在個案邊際層面上存在極大的資源扭曲。
  3. 機會成本(Opportunity Cost)與產能限制(Capacity Constraints):
    鑑識實驗室與警力資源具稀缺性。將高階 DNA 鑑定產能配置於微罪,直接排擠(Crowd out)了重大刑案(如殺人、強盜、重大詐欺)的偵辦速度與鑑識資源。
  4. 破窗效應(Broken Windows Theory)與一般嚇阻(General Deterrence):
    支持執法的主張常基於「零容忍(Zero Tolerance)」政策,認為嚴格查辦微罪能樹立執法威信,藉由提高普遍的被捕機率認知(Perceived pp),達到防微杜漸之嚇阻效果。

解題方法

本題要求考生討論題幹命題(花費 $18,00018,000 驗 DNA 偵辦 $5959 偷竊案是資源浪費且無助於預防重大犯罪),表達贊成或反對程度,並提供經濟學學術理據(Economic Justification)。

1. 寫作立場選擇

最佳得分策略為**「審慎贊同(Qualified Agreement / Nuanced Stance)」**:

  • 主要立場(贊同題幹):從「機會成本」、「邊際成本效益分析」與「貝克犯罪模型」出發,論證微罪動用高成本鑑識造成嚴重的資源無效率與負面排擠效果,且微罪嚇阻與重大組織/暴力犯罪之決策機制不同,難以轉移嚇阻效果。
  • 讓步論述(考慮對立觀點):承認「破窗效應」與「確立產權保護規則」的一般嚇阻價值,但指責此做法缺乏「比例原則(Principle of Proportionality)」。
  • 政策解方(經濟學收尾):提出最適執法制度設計(如微罪自費鑑識、行政裁罰替代、設立鑑識門檻以消除道德風險)。

2. 全文段落架構規劃(建議篇幅:400–600 字)

  • 第一段(Introduction):引入案例背景,精準改寫題目核心爭點,明確提出論點(Thesis Statement):儘管嚴格執法有其象徵意義,但無差別投入鉅額鑑識成本於微罪違反邊際原則與機會成本,在經濟學上極度無效率,且對重大犯罪無顯著嚇阻邊際效益。
  • 第二段(Economic Inefficiency & Opportunity Cost):運用邊際成本大於邊際效益(MC≫MBMC \gg MB)及機會成本理論,闡明鑑識資源的稀缺性與排擠效應。
  • 第三段(Crime Model & Broken Windows Critique):運用貝克犯罪模型分析嚇阻機制,評估「破窗效應」的侷限性,指出微罪小偷與重大罪犯的預期收益函數與風險偏好不同。
  • 第四段(Market Failure & Moral Hazard):分析公費無限承擔鑑識費用導致的「道德風險(Moral Hazard)」與「公共資源悲劇」,建議引進價格機制或篩選準則。
  • 第五段(Conclusion):總結論點,重申執法資源最適配置的經濟意涵。

論點剖析(兩大立場與經濟學解析)

本題為開放式論說題,以下針對題幹的核心命題進行正反兩方針對性的經濟學理論剖析:

分析維度贊同題幹(主張為資源浪費/無助防範大案)反對題幹(主張非浪費/有助於治安維護)
成本效益角度邊際成本嚴重超標:$18,000 鑑驗費用遠大於 $59 財產價值,淨社會效益(Net Social Welfare)為負。無形資產溢價:公權力公信力、正義感與對財產權的絕對保障無法單純用 $59 衡量。
資源配置角度排擠重大刑案資源:刑事鑑識量能具剛性上限,浪費於小案即提高重大案件之未破率與社會風險(極高機會成本)。降低司法摩擦成本:透過確定性執法建立零容忍預期,長期可降低整體社會的私力救濟與防盜成本。
嚇阻機制(Deterrence)犯罪彈性差異:重大犯罪多具衝動性或高額非法利得,對「竊取優酪乳會被驗 DNA」的嚇阻訊號彈性極低(Inelastic)。破窗效應(Broken Windows):遏止微罪蔓延可防止社區治安惡化,從根源降低重罪滋生環境。
誘因機制(Incentives)誘發使用者道德風險:司法資源免費提供導致民眾將微小私人糾紛外部化(Externalize costs)給全民買單。消除潛在犯罪者的僥倖心理:將被捕機率 pp 拉高至接近 1,摧毀犯罪者的預期淨利潤。

解題技巧與評分關鍵

  1. 掌握評分指標(Rubric Controls):
    • Task Response:必須嚴格正面回應「是否同意」及「經濟學學術論證」,切忌寫成純道德抒情文。
    • Economic Vocabulary:適當嵌入學術專業詞彙,例如 opportunity cost、marginal cost-benefit analysis、social deadweight loss、moral hazard、deterrence elasticity、optimal law enforcement。
    • Coherence & Progression:每段開頭使用清晰的主題句(Topic Sentence),並善用轉折連接詞(Conversely, Furthermore, From an economic standpoint, Consequently)。
  2. 字數與時間控制:
    • 題目規定 300 至 1000 字。建議實戰控制在 450–600 字 之間,既能完整展開經濟學論證,又有充裕時間進行語言校對(Proofreading)。
  3. 避免常見寫作陷阱:
    • 禁止極端偏激:避免完全無視執法制度的公平性價值,應展現兼顧「效率(Efficiency)」與「公平/法治(Equity/Rule of Law)」的思維深度。
    • 避免非經濟性的空泛論述:不要花篇幅描寫優酪乳好不好喝或學生人際關係,聚焦在公共財、司法成本與犯罪誘因。

滿分示範解答(Sample Essay)

Topic: The NT$18,000 used to test DNA for the theft of a NT$59 yogurt bottle was a waste of police resources and will not help prevent larger c

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