114 年 國立暨南國際大學財務金融學系碩士班《統計學》
第 1 題10 分
- The number of electrical outages in a city varies from day to day. Assume that the number of electrical outages (x) in the city has the following probability distribution.
🖼️【此處有附圖,請對照原卷】
The probability distribution is given as:
x | f(x)
--|-----
0 | 0.80
1 | 0.15
2 | 0.04
3 | 0.01
Compute the mean and the standard deviation for the number of electrical outages. (10%)
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本題考查離散型隨機變數的期望值(平均數)與標準差的計算。
核心觀念:
離散型隨機變數 的期望值 為 ,變異數 為 ,而標準差 為 。
解題步驟:
-
計算期望值 (Mean)
-
計算
第 2 題5 分
- Assume you have applied for two scholarships, a Merit scholarship (M) and an Athletic scholarship (A). The probability that you receive an Athletic scholarship is . The probability of receiving both scholarships is . The probability of getting at least one of the scholarships is .
(a) What is the probability that you will receive a Merit scholarship? (5%)
(b) Are events A and M mutually exclusive? Why or why not? Explain. (5%)
(c) Are the two events A and M independent? Explain using probabilities. (5%)
(d) What is the probability of receiving the Merit scholarship given that you have been awarded the Athletic scholarship? (5%)
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本題考查機率的基本概念,包含聯合機率、聯集機率、互斥事件、獨立事件以及條件機率。
核心觀念:
- 聯集機率公式:
- 互斥事件定義:若 ,則 A 與 M 互斥。
- 獨立事件定義:若 ,則 A 與 M 獨立。
- 條件機率公式:
解題步驟:
(a) What is the probability that you will receive a Merit scholarship?
我們已知 , , 。
利用聯集機率公式:
將已知數值代入:
【答案】The probability that you will receive a Merit scholarship is 0.23.
(b) Are events A and M mutually exclusive? Why or why not? Explain.
兩個事件 A 和 M 如果是互斥事件,則它們不可能同時發生,也就是說它們的交集機率為 0,即 。
在本題中,我們已知 。
因為 ,所以事件 A 和 M 並非互斥事件。
【答案】No, events A and M are not mutually exclusive because their intersection probability is 0.11, which is not zero. This means it is possible to receive both scholarships.
第 3 題5 分
- A company receives an average of 6 orders every 20 days. If the time interval between orders follows an exponential distribution, calculate the following:
(a) What is the probability of receiving the next order within 3 days? (5%)
(b) What is the probability that it will take at least 5 days to receive the next order? (5%)
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本題考查指數分佈的機率計算。指數分佈常用來描述事件發生之間的時間間隔。
核心觀念:
指數分佈的機率密度函數 (PDF) 為 ,累積分布函數 (CDF) 為 ,且 。
其中 是平均發生率。
解題步驟:
首先,我們需要從題目資訊計算出指數分佈的參數 。
題目說「平均 6 個訂單在 20 天內」,這表示:
平均發生率 。
(a) What is the probability of receiving the next order within 3 days?
這要求計算 ,其中 是接收下一個訂單所需的時間。
使用指數分佈的 CDF:
第 4 題10 分
- The research indicates that it is quite common for university students to go online daily. The average time students spend browsing Instagram is 9.25 hours, with a standard deviation of 15.14 hours. Similarly, the average time spent on file transfers is 6.56 hours, with a standard deviation of 16.27 hours. Assuming the time spent on each type of online activity follows a normal distribution, answer the following questions:
(a) What is the probability that a randomly selected university student spends more than 10 hours per day on Instagram? (10%)
(b) For the 40% of students who spend the least amount of time on file transfers, what is the maximum number of hours they spend online daily? (10%)
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本題考查常態分佈的機率計算與分位數(百分位數)問題。
核心觀念:
常態分佈的機率計算通常需要將變數標準化為標準常態分佈 (Z 分佈),然後利用 Z 表或計算機求解。
- 標準化公式:
- 分位數問題:找到一個值 ,使得 或 等於給定的機率。
解題步驟:
Instagram 數據:
平均數 小時
標準差 小時
假設服從常態分佈 。
檔案傳輸數據:
平均數 小時
標準差 小時
假設服從常態分佈 。
(a) What is the probability that a randomly selected university student spends more than 10 hours per day on Instagram?
我們要求 。
首先,將 標準化:
現在我們需要計算 。
由標準常態分佈的對稱性,這等於 。
查標準常態分佈表 (Z-table) 或使用計算機:
(從 page 5 的 Z table 查得,Z=0.05對應0.5199)
所以,。
第 5 題5 分
- The following data show the advertising expenses (expressed as a percentage of total expenses) and the net operating profits (expressed as a percentage of total sales) in a random sample of six drugstores:
| Expenses (%) | Profits (%) |
|---|---|
| 1.5 | 3.6 |
| 1.0 | 2.8 |
| 2.8 | 5.4 |
| 0.4 | 1.9 |
| 1.3 | 2.9 |
| 2.0 | 4.3 |
Access a computer package for advertising, net operating, and perform linear regression analysis. Based on the results obtained:
Below show the ANOVA results.
| Source | D.F | S.S | M.S | F | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regression | (A) | 7.5610 | (B) | (E) | 0.000 |
| Error | (C) | (D) | |||
| Total | 5 | 7.6683 |
| Coef | Stdev | t-ratio |
|---|---|---|
| Constant | 0.1484 | 8.49 |
| X | 0.0883 | 16.79 |
(a) Complete the ANOVA table. (5%)
(b) Use the estimated regression equation to predict the net operating profits for advertising expense that is 2.5%. (5%)
(c) Use a t test to test the null hypothesis against the alternative hypothesis at the 0.05 level of significance. (5%)
(d) Compute the R-square and interpret it. (5%)
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本題考查簡單線性迴歸分析,包含 ANOVA 表的填寫、迴歸模型的預測、假設檢定以及 的計算與解釋。
核心觀念:
- ANOVA 表關係: (總平方和 = 迴歸平方和 + 誤差平方和),, , 。
- 迴歸方程式:
- 檢定:
- :決定係數,衡量自變數對應變數的解釋能力。。
解題步驟:
首先,我們需要定義變數:
令 為 Profits (%), 為 Expenses (%)。
樣本數 。
自變數 的數據:1.5, 1.0, 2.8, 0.4, 1.3, 2.0
應變數 的數據:3.6, 2.8, 5.4, 1.9, 2.9, 4.3
由題目提供的迴歸輸出,我們知道:
,
,
(Constant 的係數)
(X 的係數)
(a) Complete the ANOVA table.
我們需要計算 D.F. (自由度)、S.S. (平方和)、M.S. (均方) 和 F 值。
-
D.F. (自由度):
- Regression D.F. (A) = 1 (因為只有一個自變數 X)
- Total D.F. = n - 1 = 6 - 1 = 5 (題目已給)
- Error D.F. (C) = Total D.F. - Regression D.F. = 5 - 1 = 4
-
S.S. (平方和):
- Regression S.S. = SSR = 7.5610 (題目已給)
- Total S.S. = SST = 7.6683 (題目已給)
- Error S.S. = SSE = SST - SSR = 7.6683 - 7.5610 = 0.1073
-
M.S. (均方):
- Regression M.S. (B) = SSR / DFR = 7.5610 / 1 = 7.5610
- Error M.S. (D) = SSE / DFE = 0.1073 / 4 = 0.026825 (題目給的 0.0268 非常接近)
-
F 統計量 (E):
- F = MSR / MSE = 7.5610 / 0.026825
- (注意:題目提供的 F 值 E 欄位是空的,但 p 值是 0.000,表示 F 值應該很大。如果用 MSE=0.0268,則 F=7.5610/0.0268 = 2821.27,這個數字非常大,與 p=0.000一致。我們使用題目給的 MSE=0.0268 來計算 F)
- F = MSR / MSE = 7.5610 / 0.0268
填寫完成的 ANOVA 表:
| Source | D.F | S.S | M.S | F | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regression | 1 | 7.5610 | 7.5610 | 2821.27 | 0.000 |
| Error | 4 | 0.1073 | 0.0268 | ||
| Total | 5 | 7.6683 |
【答案】(a) ANOVA table completed as above.
*(b) Use the estimated regression equation to predict the net operating profits for advertising expense that is 2.5%.
第 6 題10 分
- A research institute claims that installing airbags in cars can reduce the fatality rate in car accidents. It is known that when passengers wear only seat belts, the fatality rate in car accidents is 0.35. According to police data, in last year's car accidents, 150 passengers were wearing seat belts and the cars were equipped with airbags, among whom 45 fatalities occurred. At a 5% significance level, does the installation of airbags reduce the fatality rate in car accidents? (10%)
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核心觀念
本題考驗「單一母體比例的左尾檢定」。
令 表示裝有安全氣囊且乘客繫安全帶時,車禍中的死亡率。已知僅繫安全帶時死亡率為 ,研究機構主張安裝安全氣囊能降低死亡率,因此假設為:
這是顯著水準 的左尾檢定。
當樣本數夠大時,樣本比例 可用常態分配近似,其檢定統計量為:
其中 。
解題方法與計算
去年共有 位乘客繫安全帶且車輛裝有安全氣囊,其中死亡 人,因此樣本死亡率為:
在虛無假設成立時,檢定統計量為:
左尾檢定在 下的臨界值為:
拒絕域為:
第 7 題10 分
- To investigate the efficacy of a diet, a random sample of 16 male patients is selected from a population of adult males using the diet. The weight of each individual in the sample is taken at the start of the diet and at a medical follow-up 4 weeks later. Assuming that the population of differences in weight before versus after the diet follow a normal distribution, the t-test for related samples can be used to determine if there was a significant decrease in the mean weight during this period. Suppose the mean decrease in weights over all 16 subjects in the study is 3.0 pounds with the standard deviation of differences computed as 6.0 pounds. At a 5% significance level, is there evidence of the mean decreasing in weights during this period? (10%)
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核心觀念
本題比較同一批 16 位患者服用飲食前後的體重,屬於「成對樣本」資料,應使用成對樣本 檢定(paired-sample test)。
令第 位患者的體重減少量為
因此:
- 表示體重減少;
- 表示體重增加;
- 母體平均減少量記為 。
題目假設差值母體服從常態分布,符合成對樣本 檢定的使用條件。
解題方法
題目要判斷 4 週後的平均體重是否「減少」,因此採用右尾檢定:
其中:
- 樣本數 ;
- 樣本平均減少量 磅;
- 差值的樣本標準差 磅;
- 顯著水準 。
成對樣本 統計量為
在虛無假設下 ,所以
自由度為
右尾檢定在 、 下的臨界值為
比較可得