114 年 國立臺灣大學會計學系碩士班《成本與管理會計》

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Raptor Semicon, a manufacturer traditionally using weighted-average process costing for its chip-fabrication processes, keeps raw material inventories using FIFO. Recently, the company has begun accepting custom orders, necessitating job costing. Additionally, it is exploring the adoption of Activity-Based Costing (ABC) for more precise product-cost data. The CFO aims to evaluate the company's target operating income under different cost-pooling assumptions, especially considering the complexities of normal spoilage, abnormal spoilage, and rework costs.

April Operations for RS-1

Raptor Semicon's mass-produced "RS-1" chip is handled in the fabrication department, utilizing weighted-average process costing. The following details pertain to April operations:

  • Beginning WIP (April 1): 2,000 units (100% materials, 50% conversion); total costs = \18,000(materials(materials$10,000;conversion; conversion $8,000$).
  • Units started: 10,000.
  • Ending WIP (April 30): 1,500 units (100% materials, 40% conversion).
  • Normal spoilage: 6% of good units passing the 60% inspection point, disposed of at \0$ net disposal value.
  • Abnormal spoilage: All spoilage beyond normal spoilage.
  • Completed/transferred-out (good units): 9,100.
  • Costs added during April: \75,000(materials);(materials);$90,000$ (conversion).

As Raptor Semicon shifts to more specialized custom orders, managers want to assess how total unit costs of custom chips are computed using job costing, factoring in normal spoilage, abnormal spoilage, and rework.

May Operations for Custom Job RSC-21

In May, Raptor Semicon conducted a custom job (#RSC-21) for a renowned F1 team. The operational details for this job are as follows:

  • Chips started: 2,000 chips.
  • Chips spoiled: 200 chips (normal spoilage = 5% of chips started; abnormal spoilage = excess over normal spoilage).
  • Direct materials: \50,000$.
  • Direct labor: 1,000 hours at \40/\text{hour} = $40,000$.
  • Budgeted overhead rate (normal costing): \75$ per direct labor-hour.
  • Spoilage detection: Occurs at 75% completion.
  • Disposal value per spoiled chip: \10$.
  • Rework costs:
    • 10 defective chips reworked.
    • Additional costs per chip: \300(materials)+(materials) +$200(conversion,including(conversion, including$150$ in overhead).
  • Rework costs fully charged to Job #RSC-21.

June Operations and ABC Implementation

In June, the CFO implemented ABC for variable overhead allocation and created a budget to evaluate overhead variances. The budget and actual results are summarized below:

June Budget Setup for Job #RSC-21:

  • Chips started: 2,500 chips.
  • Budgeted spoiled chips:
    • Normal spoilage: 5% of chips started.
    • Abnormal spoilage: 2% of chips started.
  • Direct materials cost: \60,000$.
  • Direct labor hours: 1,200 at \42/\text{hour}$.
  • Variable overhead components:
    • Design & Engineering: 250 design-hours at \45/\text{hour}$.
    • Testing & Inspection: 10 test batches at \220/\text{batch}$.
    • Machine Setup: 3 setups at \180/\text{setup}$.
    • General Factory Support: 600 direct labor-hours at \3/\text{hour}$.
  • Fixed overhead: \2,500,000$ allocated across 20,000 direct labor-hours.

Actual Results for Job #RSC-21:

  • Chips started: 2,000 chips.
  • Chips spoiled: 200 chips (normal spoilage = 5%; abnormal spoilage = remainder).
  • Direct materials used: \50,000$.
  • Direct labor: 1,000 hours at \40/\text{hour}$.
  • Rework costs:
    • 10 defective chips reworked.
    • Additional costs per chip: \300(materials)+(materials) +$200(conversion,including(conversion, including$150$ variable overhead in General Factory Support).
  • The fixed overhead of \2,000,000$ is allocated using direct labor-hours.
  • Variable Overhead Cost Allocation (Based on ABC)
Activity PoolCost DriverTotal CostDriver UsageActual Usage Allocated to RSC-21
Design & EngineeringDesign-hours\200,000$5,000 hours200 hours
Testing & InspectionTest batches\100,000$500 batches8 batches
Machine SetupNumber of setups\60,000$400 setups2 setups
General Factory SupportDirect labor-hours\40,000$20,000 hours400 hours

July Operations

Both RS-1 and RSC-21 chips share the following details:

  • Direct materials and labor per unit: \2.50(materials);(materials);$40$ (labor).
  • Fixed overhead: \2,000,000$.
  • Variable overhead:
  • Each chip—standard "RS-1" and custom "RSC-21" under ABC allocation:
Cost DriverStandard #RS-1Custom #RSC-21
Design-hours20 hours200 hours
Number of test batches1 batch8 batches
Number of setups1 setup2 setups
Direct labor-hours800 DL-hrs400 DL-hrs
  • Selling price: \30,000forRS−1;for RS-1;$50,000$ for RSC-21.
  • Historical sales mix: 35% RSC-21; 65% RS-1.
  • Target after-tax profit: \2,100,000$ (corporate tax rate: 30%).

第 Problem 1-(1) 題10 分

At the end of April, assign total costs (including spoilage) of RS-1 to (a) completed/transferred units and (b) abnormal spoilage. (Round cost per equivalent unit to the nearest cent.)

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查加權平均法(weighted-average method)下的製程成本分攤,重點包括:

  1. 正常損耗與異常損耗的判定。
  2. 損耗發生於完工程度 60% 的檢驗點。
  3. 正常損耗成本由良好品吸收;異常損耗則單獨列示。
  4. 以等價產量計算材料與加工成本的每一等價單位成本。

本題總成本為:

總成本=18,000+75,000+90,000=183,000\text{總成本}=18,000+75,000+90,000=183,000

其中:

  • 材料成本:10,000+10,000+$75,000=75,000=$85,000
  • 加工成本:8,000+8,000+$90,000=90,000=$98,000

一、正常損耗與異常損耗

本題正常損耗為「通過 60% 檢驗點之良好品」的 6%。

期末在製品僅完成 40% 加工,尚未通過檢驗點,因此良好品數量以已完成並轉出的 9,100 單位計算。

正常損耗=9,100×6%=546 單位\text{正常損耗}=9,100\times 6\%=546\text{ 單位}

全部投入單位為:

2,000+10,000=12,000 單位2,000+10,000=12,000\text{ 單位}

因此,損耗總數為:

12,000−9,100−1,500=1,400 單位12,000-9,100-1,500=1,400\text{ 單位}

異常損耗為:

1,400−546=854 單位1,400-546=854\text{ 單位}

二、等價產量

正常損耗的成本由良好品吸收,因此正常損耗不列入等價產量;異常損耗則列入等價產量,因為異常損耗成本必須單獨計算。

材料等價產量

材料投入時即全部加入,因此:

  • 完成品:9,1009,100
  • 異常損耗:854854
  • 期末在製品:1,500×100%=1,5001,500\times100\%=1,500
材料等價產量=9,100+854+1,500=11,454\text{材料等價產量} =9,100+854+1,500 =11,454

加工等價產量

異常損耗發生於 60% 完工程度,期末在製品為 40% 完工程度:

加工等價產量=9,100+(854×60%)+(1,500×40%)\text{加工等價產量} =9,100+(854\times60\%)+(1,500\times40\%)
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第 Problem 1-(2) 題10 分

At the end of May, calculate the cost per good unit for RSC-21.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查工作成本制下的:

  1. 正常損壞與異常損壞之判定。
  2. 損壞品於完工程度達 75%75\% 時的成本計算。
  3. 重加工成本的歸屬。
  4. 完成良品單位成本的計算。

正常損壞屬於生產過程中可預期的成本,應由良品吸收;異常損壞則屬於非正常損失,應單獨列為異常損失,不應計入良品成本。


解題方法

一、計算正常損壞與異常損壞數量

總損壞品為 200200 個。

正常損壞為開始投入數量的 5%5\%:

2,000×5%=100 個2{,}000 \times 5\% = 100\text{ 個}

異常損壞為超過正常損壞的部分:

200−100=100 個200-100=100\text{ 個}

因此,完成良品數量為:

2,000−200=1,800 個2{,}000-200=1{,}800\text{ 個}

重加工的 1010 個缺陷品經修復後仍屬於良品,並未增加或減少原有生產單位數,因此良品分母仍為 1,8001{,}800 個。


二、計算基本製造成本與重加工成本

基本製造成本包括直接材料、直接人工及正常分攤製造費用。

直接材料:

$50,000\$50{,}000

直接人工:

1,000×$40=$40,0001{,}000\times \$40=\$40{,}000

正常成本制度下分攤的製造費用:

1,000×$75=$75,0001{,}000\times \$75=\$75{,}000

基本製造成本:

$50,000+$40,000+$75,000=$165,000\$50{,}000+\$40{,}000+\$75{,}000 =\$165{,}000

每個重加工品的追加成本為:

$300+$200=$500\$300+\$200=\$500

重加工成本:

10×$500=$5,00010\times \$500=\$5{,}000

因此,包含重加工後的總成本為:

$165,000+$5,000=$170,000\$165{,}000+\$5{,}000 =\$170{,}000

三、計算損壞品於檢驗點的單位成本

題目指出損壞品在完工程度 75%75\% 時被發現。依成本會計的通常假設,直接材料於生產初期投入,轉換成本則依完工程度發生。

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第 Problem 1-(3) 題20 分

At the end of June, perform a monthly variable overhead variance analysis for RSC-21 (spending and efficiency variances).

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

變動製造費用(Variable Overhead, VOH)的差異分析旨在評估實際支出與預算之間的偏差。在作業基礎成本制(Activity-Based Costing, ABC)下,變動製造費用依據不同的作業集組(Activity Pools)與成本動因(Cost Drivers)進行分攤。

針對單一產品/作業(本題為 Job #RSC-21),變動製造費用差異包含:

  1. 支出差異(Spending Variance):
    支出差異=實際發生數−(實際動因用量×預算分攤率)\text{支出差異} = \text{實際發生數} - (\text{實際動因用量} \times \text{預算分攤率})

    • 若實際發生數 > 實際動因用量 ×\times 預算分攤率,為不利差異(Unfavorable, U);反之為有利差異(Favorable, F)。
    • 注意:在 ABC 下,若各作業集組題目僅給出該作業實際分攤至 Job #RSC-21 的金額(即已用實際動因用量按實際率或預算率計算之結果),需計算預算分攤率(Budgeted Rate)。
  2. 效率差異(Efficiency Variance):
    效率差異=(實際動因用量−標準允許動因用量)×預算分攤率\text{效率差異} = (\text{實際動因用量} - \text{標準允許動因用量}) \times \text{預算分攤率}

    • 標準允許動因用量(Standard Quantity Allowed, SQ):以預算基準計算出每單位產出(或每批)應耗用的動因數量,再乘以實際投產/產出規模。
    • 若實際動因用量 > 標準允許動因用量,為不利差異(U);反之為有利差異(F)。
  3. 總變動製造費用差異(Total Variable Overhead Variance):
    總差異=支出差異+效率差異=實際發生數−(標準允許動因用量×預算分攤率)\text{總差異} = \text{支出差異} + \text{效率差異} = \text{實際發生數} - (\text{標準允許動因用量} \times \text{預算分攤率})


解題方法與計算步驟

Step 1:計算各作業集組之預算分攤率(Budgeted VOH Rates)

依據 June Budget Setup for Job #RSC-21 之預算資料:

  • 預算投產數量:2,500 chips
  • Design & Engineering:250 design-hours at $45/hour ⇒\Rightarrow 預算率 = $45 / design-hour
  • Testing & Inspection:10 test batches at $220/batch ⇒\Rightarrow 預算率 = $220 / test batch
  • Machine Setup:3 setups at $180/setup ⇒\Rightarrow 預算率 = $180 / setup
  • General Factory Support:600 direct labor-hours at $3/hour ⇒\Rightarrow 預算率 = $3 / DL-hour

Step 2:計算各作業集組之標準允許動因用量(Standard Quantity Allowed for Actual Production, SQ)

預算以投產 2,500 chips 為基準,6 月 Job #RSC-21 實際投產為 2,000 chips:

  • Design & Engineering:
    SQ=250 hours×2,0002,500=200 design-hours\text{SQ} = 250 \text{ hours} \times \frac{2,000}{2,500} = 200 \text{ design-hours}
  • Testing & Inspection:
    SQ=10 batches×2,0002,500=8 test batches\text{SQ} = 10 \text{ batches} \times \frac{2,000}{2,500} = 8 \text{ test batches}
  • Machine Setup:
    SQ=3 setups×2,0002,500=2.4 setups\text{SQ} = 3 \text{ setups} \times \frac{2,000}{2,500} = 2.4 \text{ setups}
  • General Factory Support:
    SQ=600 DL-hours×2,0002,500=480 DL-hours\text{SQ} = 600 \text{ DL-hours} \times \frac{2,000}{2,500} = 480 \text{ DL-hours}

Step 3:彙整實際用量(AQ)與實際分攤金額(Actual Cost Allocated)

依據 Actual Results for Job #RSC-21 表格:

  • Design & Engineering:AQ = 200 hours,實際分配金額 = $200,000 / 5,000 ×\times 200 = \$$8,000(實際分攤率 = \40/hr)
  • Testing & Inspection:AQ = 8 batches,實際分配金額 = $100,000 / 500 ×\times 8 = \$$1,600(實際分攤率 = \200/batch)
  • Machine Setup:AQ = 2 setups,實際分配金額 = $60,000 / 400 ×\times 2 = \$$300(實際分攤率 = \150/setup)
  • General Factory Support:AQ = 400 hours,實際分配金額 = $40,000 / 20,000 ×\times 400 = \$$800(實際分攤率 = \2/DL-hr)
    (註:重工部分之 General Factory Support $150/chip ×\times 10 chips = $1,500 屬於重工成本獨立列示或計入特質,在標準 ABC 變動製造費用分析中,主要針對作業池分攤之變動製造費用進行差異分析。)

Step 4:計算各作業集組之支出差異與效率差異

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第 Problem 1-(4) 題10 分

Using a sales-mix approach, how many units of RS-1 and RSC-21 must be sold to achieve the target operating income in July? (Round to whole units.)

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題屬於多產品損益兩平與目標利潤分析(Sales-Mix Break-Even and Target Income Analysis),結合作業基礎成本制(Activity-Based Costing, ABC)計算各產品的邊際貢獻(Contribution Margin)。

關鍵公式與觀念如下:

  1. 稅前目標營業利益(Target Operating Income):
    稅前目標營業利益=稅後目標淨利1−所得稅率\text{稅前目標營業利益} = \frac{\text{稅後目標淨利}}{1 - \text{所得稅率}}

  2. 作業基礎成本制(ABC)之單位變動成本與產品銷貨邊際貢獻:

    • 產品單位變動成本包含:直接材料、直接人工以及依據 ABC 分攤之各項變動製造費用(Design & Engineering, Testing & Inspection, Machine Setup, General Factory Support)。
    • 單位邊際貢獻(Unit Contribution Margin, CMiCM_i)=單位售價(Pi)−單位變動成本(Vi)= \text{單位售價} (P_i) - \text{單位變動成本} (V_i)。
  3. 銷貨組合加權平均邊際貢獻(Weighted-Average Contribution Margin, WACM):
    WACM=∑(產品 i 的銷貨組合比例×產品 i 的單位邊際貢獻)\text{WACM} = \sum (\text{產品 } i \text{ 的銷貨組合比例} \times \text{產品 } i \text{ 的單位邊際貢獻})

  4. 組合總銷貨量與各產品銷售量:
    目標利潤所需總銷售套數 (Package Units)=固定成本總額+稅前目標營業利益WACM\text{目標利潤所需總銷售套數 (Package Units)} = \frac{\text{固定成本總額} + \text{稅前目標營業利益}}{\text{WACM}}
    個別產品銷貨量=總銷售套數×該產品之銷貨組合比例\text{個別產品銷貨量} = \text{總銷售套數} \times \text{該產品之銷貨組合比例}


解題方法與計算步驟

步驟一:計算稅前目標營業利益

已知稅後目標淨利為 $2,100,000,公司所得稅率為 30%30\%:
稅前目標營業利益=$2,100,0001−0.30=$3,000,000\text{稅前目標營業利益} = \frac{\$2,100,000}{1 - 0.30} = \$3,000,000

所需涵蓋之總邊際貢獻(Total Required Contribution Margin)為:
總邊際貢獻=固定成本+稅前目標營業利益=$2,000,000+$3,000,000=$5,000,000\text{總邊際貢獻} = \text{固定成本} + \text{稅前目標營業利益} = \$2,000,000 + \$3,000,000 = \$5,000,000


步驟二:計算各作業庫(Activity Pool)之分攤率

根據六月份 ABC 分攤表之資訊,計算各項變動製造費用作業分攤率:

  1. Design & Engineering:
    作業分攤率=$200,0005,000 hours=$40/design-hour\text{作業分攤率} = \frac{\$200,000}{5,000 \text{ hours}} = \$40 / \text{design-hour}

  2. Testing & Inspection:
    作業分攤率=$100,000500 batches=$200/batch\text{作業分攤率} = \frac{\$100,000}{500 \text{ batches}} = \$200 / \text{batch}

  3. Machine Setup:
    作業分攤率=$60,000400 setups=$150/setup\text{作業分攤率} = \frac{\$60,000}{400 \text{ setups}} = \$150 / \text{setup}

  4. General Factory Support:
    作業分攤率=$40,00020,000 DL-hrs=$2/DL-hr\text{作業分攤率} = \frac{\$40,000}{20,000 \text{ DL-hrs}} = \$2 / \text{DL-hr}


步驟三:計算 RS-1 與 RSC-21 之單位變動成本與單位邊際貢獻

1. 標準型產品 RS-1(以每一單位 / 批次為基礎):

  • 直接材料(DM):$2.50
  • 直接人工(DL):$40.00
  • 變動製造費用(VOH)分攤:
    • Design & Engineering:20 hours×20 \text{ hours} \times $40=40 = $800
    • Testing & Inspection:1 batch×1 \text{ batch} \times $200=200 = $200
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📄 以下 2 題共用同一段題幹

Premier Resorts (PR) operates a five-star hotel, and it has a decentralized management structure, with three divisions:

  • Lodging (rooms and villas, garden view access, and swimming pool)
  • Dining (forest cafe and restaurants)
  • Recreation (massage pavilion, balloon rides, elephants camp, and so on)

The services typically offered by each division of PR are outlined below.

ServicesAs Priced Separately
Two nights' stay for two in a mountain-view villa\300( ($150$ per night)
Candlelight dinner for two at PR's finest restaurant\150( ($75$ per person)
Classic balloon flights for two passengers\760( ($380$ per person)

In an effort to attract visitors, the resort will offer vacation packages as detailed below.

ServicesDeluxe ADeluxe BDeluxe CPremium
Two nights' stay for two in a mountain-view villaIncludedIncludedIncluded
Candlelight dinner for two at PR's finest restaurantIncludedIncludedIncluded
Classic balloon flights for two passengersIncludedIncludedIncluded
Price charged to the customer for the package\350$\900$\780$\1,000$

Division managers asked the CEO of PR about how their respective divisions would share the revenues from the vacation packages. After consulting with industry professionals, the CEO is considering the allocation of revenue to each division as outlined below.

For Deluxe_A package:
(a) The Shapley value method
(b) The weighted Shapley value method, assuming that lodging is three times as likely to sell as the dining

For Premium package:
(c) The Shapley value method

第 Problem 2-(1) 題15 分

Determine the allocation for each division according to the packages and the methods outlined in (a), (b), and (c), respectively.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考的是合作賽局中的 Shapley value(夏普利值),用來將共同銷售套裝行程所創造的總收入,依各部門在不同合作順序下的邊際貢獻分配。

設部門為:

  • LL:Lodging,住宿部門
  • DD:Dining,餐飲部門
  • RR:Recreation,休閒部門

對任一合作聯盟 SS,其特徵函數 v(S)v(S) 代表該聯盟能創造的收入。

兩部門時,部門 ii 的 Shapley value 為:

ϕi=12[v({i})−v(∅)]+12[v(N)−v(N−{i})]\phi_i = \frac{1}{2}\left[v(\{i\})-v(\varnothing)\right] + \frac{1}{2}\left[v(N)-v(N-\{i\})\right]

三部門時:

ϕi=13v({i})+16∑j≠i[v({i,j})−v({j})]+13[v(N)−v(N−{i})]\phi_i = \frac{1}{3}v(\{i\}) + \frac{1}{6}\sum_{\substack{j\neq i}} \left[v(\{i,j\})-v(\{j\})\right] + \frac{1}{3}\left[v(N)-v(N-\{i\})\right]

其中:

  • 1/31/3:該部門第一個加入聯盟的機率權重
  • 1/61/6:該部門第二個加入聯盟的機率權重
  • 1/31/3:該部門最後加入聯盟的機率權重

(a)Deluxe A 的 Shapley value

Deluxe A 包含住宿與晚餐,顧客支付 $350。

其特徵函數如下:

聯盟收入
v(∅)v(\varnothing)$0
v({L})v(\{L\})$300
v({D})v(\{D\})$150
v({L,D})v(\{L,D\})$350

住宿部門

ϕL=12(300−0)+12(350−150)\phi_L = \frac{1}{2}(300-0) + \frac{1}{2}(350-150) ϕL=150+100=250\phi_L=150+100=250

餐飲部門

ϕD=12(150−0)+12(350−300)\phi_D = \frac{1}{2}(150-0) + \frac{1}{2}(350-300) ϕD=75+25=100\phi_D=75+25=100

因此:

  • Lodging:$250
  • Dining:$100

驗算:

250+100=350250+100=350

(b)Deluxe A 的加權 Shapley value

題目指出住宿比餐飲 三倍容易銷售,因此設定權重:

wL=3,wD=1w_L=3,\qquad w_D=1

兩部門加入順序的機率為:

  • 住宿先加入:
P(L 先)=33+1=34P(L\text{ 先})=\frac{3}{3+1}=\frac{3}{4}
  • 餐飲先加入:
P(D 先)=13+1=14P(D\text{ 先})=\frac{1}{3+1}=\frac{1}{4}

住宿部門

若住宿先加入,其邊際貢獻為 $300;若餐飲先加入,住宿加入後的邊際貢獻為:

350−150=200350-150=200

因此:

ϕLw=34(300)+14(200)\phi_L^{w} = \frac{3}{4}(300)+\frac{1}{4}(200) ϕLw=225+50=275\phi_L^{w}=225+50=275

餐飲部門

若住宿先加入,餐飲的邊際貢獻為:

350−300=50350-300=50

若餐飲先加入,其邊際貢獻為 $150,因此:

ϕDw=34(50)+14(150)\phi_D^{w} = \frac{3}{4}(50)+\frac{1}{4}(150) ϕDw=37.5+37.5=75\phi_D^{w}=37.5+37.5=75

因此加權分配為:

  • Lodging:$275
  • Dining:$75

驗算:

275+75=350275+75=350
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第 Problem 2-(2) 題5 分

If you were the manager of the Lodging division and the Shapley value method were applied for all packages, which package would you recommend to your customers in order to optimize your revenue allocation? Show your comparison.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題屬於**成本與管理會計學(Cost and Management Accounting)**中「聯合收入分攤(Revenue Allocation for Bundled Products)」與「夏普利值法(Shapley Value Method)」的綜合應用。

  1. 獨立售價(Standalone Selling Price, V(S)V(S)):
    各部門單獨提供服務時的標準價格:

    • Lodging(住宿):V(L)=V(L) = $300
    • Dining(餐飲):V(D)=V(D) = $150
    • Recreation(熱氣球/娛樂):V(R)=V(R) = $760
  2. 夏普利值法(Shapley Value Method):
    基於合作賽局理論(Cooperative Game Theory),將套裝行程收入按成員加入順序對邊際貢獻(Marginal Contribution)進行平均分攤。若套裝包含 nn 個部門,則有 n!n! 種加入順序組合,每種順序發生的機率皆相等(1n!\frac{1}{n!})。


解題方法與計算步驟

題目要求:若 Lodging 部門經理欲極大化其部門分攤到的收入金額,且**所有套裝行程皆採用夏普利值法(Shapley Value Method)**分攤收入,經理應推薦顧客購買哪一個套裝行程(Deluxe A、Deluxe B、Deluxe C 或 Premium)?

我們必須分別計算 Lodging 部門在各套裝行程中,依夏普利值法所能分攤到的收入:

1. Deluxe A 套裝(Lodging + Dining,售價 $350)

  • 參與部門:L,DL, D(n=2n = 2,共 2!=22! = 2 種順序,每種機率 12\frac{1}{2})
  • 獨立售價:V(L)=V(L) = $300, V(D)=V(D) = $150, 套裝收入 V(L,D)=V(L,D) = $350
  • 加入順序與 Lodging 的邊際貢獻:
    1. L→DL \to D:LL 先加入,邊際貢獻 =V(L)−0== V(L) - 0 = $300
    2. D→LD \to L:LL 後加入,邊際貢獻 =V(L,D)−V(D)== V(L,D) - V(D) = $350−350 - $150=150 = $200
  • Lodging 分攤收入:
    AllocationL,Deluxe A=12×300+12×200=$250\text{Allocation}_{L, \text{Deluxe A}} = \frac{1}{2} \times 300 + \frac{1}{2} \times 200 = \$250

2. Deluxe B 套裝(Lodging + Recreation,售價 $900)

  • 參與部門:L,RL, R(n=2n = 2,共 2!=22! = 2 種順序,每種機率 12\frac{1}{2})
  • 獨立售價:V(L)=V(L) = $300, V(R)=V(R) = $760, 套裝收入 V(L,R)=V(L,R) = $900
  • 加入順序與 Lodging 的邊際貢獻:
    1. L→RL \to R:LL 先加入,邊際貢獻 =V(L)−0== V(L) - 0 = $300
    2. R→LR \to L:LL 後加入,邊際貢獻 =V(L,R)−V(R)== V(L,R) - V(R) = $900−900 - $760=760 = $140
  • Lodging 分攤收入:
    AllocationL,Deluxe B=12×300+12×140=$220\text{Allocation}_{L, \text{Deluxe B}} = \frac{1}{2} \times 300 + \frac{1}{2} \times 140 = \$220

3. Deluxe C 套裝(Dining + Recreation,售價 $780)

  • 參與部門:D,RD, R
  • Lodging 是否參與:Lodging 部門未包含在此套裝行程內。
  • Lodging 分攤收入:
    AllocationL,Deluxe C=$0\text{Allocation}_{L, \text{Deluxe C}} = \$0

4. Premium 套裝(Lodging + Dining + Recreation,售價 $1,000)

  • 參與部門:L,D,RL, D, R(n=3n = 3,共 3!=63! = 6 種順序,每種機率 16\frac{1}{6})
  • 獨立售價:V(L)=V(L) = $300, V(D)=V(D) = $150, V(R)=V(R) = $760, 套裝收入 V(L,D,R)=V(L,D,R) = $1,000
  • 雙人組合獨立總價(用於子集計算邊際貢獻):
    • 若 DD 先在,再加 LL:V(L,D)V(L,D) 在夏普利值邊際計算中,若無設定子套裝價格,通常以兩者獨立售價之和或套裝原則處理。
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📄 以下 2 題共用同一段題幹

A press release from the ABC City Government is adapted as follows:

Currently, there are 59 traditional or specialty commercial districts in the city. Recognizing the strong connection between these districts and the daily lives of residents, the city commission conducted a survey to gather public opinions on their development and management. The survey, conducted prior to the Lunar New Year, targeted individuals aged 18 and older.

The results revealed that 81% of respondents had visited the city's commercial districts at least once in the past year, with 53% visiting at least once a month. In response to the question about why they choose to make purchases at the commercial districts rather than through other distribution channels or online, 34% of the 877 respondents who visited the city's commercial districts at least once in the past year stated that they shop there because it is conveniently located. 32% cited the districts' unique food offerings or restaurants as their reason for visiting, while 17% appreciated the "one-stop convenience" of fulfilling their food, clothing, and leisure needs. Additionally, 16% visit for specific shopping needs, such as shoes, cameras, or wedding dresses, and 8% prefer shopping in physical stores.

The survey showed strong support for the districts' continued development. 57% of respondents agreed that the development of these areas does not negatively impact the quality of life, while 66% believed government intervention is necessary. When asked which aspects of the commercial district's development the government should prioritize, using a multiple-choice format without any prompts, 45% of respondents chose environmental sanitation and food safety. 32% emphasized the improvement of parking availability and traffic, 31% prioritized the pedestrian environment, and 10% believed that public facilities, such as toilets and lactation rooms, should be addressed first.

The survey also sought to learn about the satisfaction with public construction relating to infrastructure such as roads, the Metro Rapid Transit system, bike lanes, and pedestrian walkways. The results reveal that 45% of respondents are satisfied with the current state of public construction, while 33% are dissatisfied. Among the respondents who expressed dissatisfaction, multiple-choice questions revealed that 27% feel the construction progress is slow, 24% believe the planning is generally poor, and 16% are frustrated with potholes or uneven pavements.

The City Government acknowledges the public's concerns regarding various aspects of commercial districts, including environmental sanitation, food safety, parking, and pedestrian environmental quality. These concerns have been incorporated into the key tasks for improvement. To achieve its strategic goals, the City Government will utilize a strategy map and balanced scorecard to ensure that all commercial districts maintain pleasant, comfortable, and safe environments.

第 Problem 3-(1) 題10 分

How many respondents in this survey visited at least once a month? How many respondents, in total, express dissatisfaction with the current condition of public infrastructure? (Round your answers to the nearest integer)

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題屬於成本與管理會計學(及平衡計分卡前置情境分析)中,關於問卷調查數據統計與比例換算的基本題型。
解題時需掌握以下兩個核心概念:

  1. 基期(母體數/受訪總數)與比例的相乘計算:從題目敘述中釐清統計數據的基準母體(Total Respondents)。
  2. 條件機率與子群體比例(Conditional Percentage)的階層關係:區分「全體受訪者(All respondents)」與「篩選後子群體(Subgroup, 如過去一年至少去過一次的受訪者)」的差異,避免拿錯基期進行計算。

解題方法

本題需分別計算兩個數值:

  1. 每月至少造訪一次的受訪者人數(Respondents visiting at least once a month):
    • 題目第二段提及:在過去一年至少造訪過一次的 877877 位受訪者中,佔全體受訪者的 81%81\%(即全體受訪者總數 N=877÷81%N = 877 \div 81\%)。
    • 同段敘述亦指出:全體受訪者中,有 53%53\% 的人「每月至少造訪一次(visiting at least once a month)」。
    • 因此,全體受訪者總數:
      N=8770.81≈1082.716N = \frac{877}{0.81} \approx 1082.716
    • 每月至少造訪一次的人數:
      人數=N×53%=8770.81×0.53≈573.84\text{人數} = N \times 53\% = \frac{877}{0.81} \times 0.53 \approx 573.84
    • 四捨五入至整數即為 574574 人。
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第 Problem 3-(2) 題20 分

Create a strategy map describing the cause-and-effect relationships among the strategic objectives you would expect to see for the case. For each strategic objective, specify the metrics you would establish for its balanced scorecard. (Your strategy map and the balanced scorecard must be presented in English)

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查平衡計分卡(Balanced Scorecard, BSC)與策略地圖(Strategy Map)的觀念應用與架構設計。

平衡計分卡將組織的願景與策略轉化為具體的衡量指標,包含四大層面(Perspectives):

  1. 財務層面(Financial Perspective):組織如何滿足出資者/市民的期待,實現財務與資源的效益與永續性。
  2. 顧客/市民層面(Customer / Resident Perspective):組織如何為目標顧客/市民創造價值,提升其滿意度與信任。
  3. 內部流程層面(Internal Business Process Perspective):組織必須在哪些關鍵業務流程上表現優異,以滿足顧客與財務目標。
  4. 學習與成長層面(Learning and Growth Perspective):組織如何培育人才、改善資訊系統與文化機制,以維持持續改善與創新的能力。

策略地圖(Strategy Map)則進一步將這四大層面的策略目標(Strategic Objectives)建立明確的因果關係(Cause-and-Effect Relationships)。其底層驅動上層:學習與成長能力支撐內部流程改善;優異的內部流程進而提升顧客/市民滿意度;最終達成財務與公眾價值的戰略目標。

在公共部門(如市政府)應用平衡計分卡時,目標通常不是追求商業利潤,而是追求預算資源的有效利用、公共服務品質與市民整體生活品質與滿意度。


解題方法

  1. 研讀題幹資訊並對應市府改善重點:
    • 題幹提及市民最關心的議題包括:環境衛生與食品安全(45%)、停車與交通改善(32%)、行人環境(31%)、公共設施如廁所與哺集乳室(10%)。
    • 對於公共建設不滿意的主因包括:施工進度緩慢(27%)、整體規劃不良(24%)、路面坑洞不平(16%)。
  2. 設計四大層面的策略目標(Strategic Objectives):
    • Financial / Resource Perspective:有效地善用政府預算、優化公共建設資金配置與維護成本控制。
    • Customer / Resident Perspective:提升市民對商圈與公共建設的滿意度、塑造優質舒適且安全的商圈購物與步行環境。
    • Internal Business Process Perspective:加速公共工程施工進度、強化環境衛生與食品安全稽查、改善交通與停車管理、優化路面品質與公共設施維護。
    • Learning and Growth Perspective:提升市府團隊之工程管理與計畫能力、推動跨局處溝通協調機制、導入智慧科技與市民回報資訊系統。
  3. 建立因果關係(Cause-and-Effect Linkages):
    • 從下至上推導:透過培訓同仁與引進智慧管理(學習與成長),能提升工程與維護效率(內部流程),進而減少道路坑洞與延宕、改善衛生與交通(顧客/市民體驗),最終達到市民高滿意度與公眾預算效益最大化(財務與公眾價值)。
  4. 依題目要求用英文撰寫 Strategy Map 與 Balanced Scorecard 指標。

題目要求之解答呈現(Strategy Map & Balanced Scorecard)

1. Strategy Map (Cause-and-Effect Relationships)

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