115 年 國立臺灣大學會計學系碩士班《成本與管理會計》
Aurora Fine Art Gallery (AFAG) specializes in contemporary paintings and sculptures by emerging Asian and European artists. AFAG pursues a product differentiation strategy, emphasizing curatorial expertise, artist reputation building, private previews, and customized client services.
During 20X4, AFAG served three major customers—Customer A (Private Collector), Customer B (Corporate Buyer), and Customer C (Interior Design Studio)—who together accounted for a substantial portion of gallery revenue. Management is concerned that revenue rankings may not align with profitability rankings and has asked for a comprehensive profitability and strategic analysis.
AFAG uses an activity-based customer profitability system. Costs are classified at the customer level; gallery-sustaining costs (e.g., owner salary, brand advertising) are not allocated.
Exhibit 1 — 20X4 Sales-Mix Planning Benchmarks
AFAG prepared a static budget for 20X4 using the following budgeted revenue mix (based on total revenue dollars):
| Confirmed static-budget revenue mix | A | B | C |
|---|---|---|---|
| Budgeted mix % of total revenue | 40% | 35% | 25% |
Budgeted total revenue for 20X4: $1,200,000
Exhibit 2 — 20X4 Sales and Cost of Artwork Information by Customer
| Item | Customer A | Customer B | Customer C |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of artworks purchased | 8 | 15 | 22 |
| Average selling price per artwork | $45,000 | $28,000 | $18,000 |
| Average cost of artwork per unit | $25,000 | $19,000 | $14,000 |
Exhibit 3 — 20X4 Customer-Level Activities and Cost-Driver Rates
| Activity (Customer-Level) | Cost Driver | Rate |
|---|---|---|
| Sales order processing | Number of purchase orders | $300 per order |
| Curatorial consulting & private viewings | Number of client visits | $1,200 per visit |
| Customized logistics & installation | Number of installations | $2,500 per installation |
| After-sale client service | Number of artworks sold | $400 per artwork |
Exhibit 4 — 20X4 Customer Consumption of Cost Drivers
| Cost Driver | Customer A | Customer B | Customer C |
|---|---|---|---|
| Purchase orders | 6 | 12 | 18 |
| Client visits | 10 | 6 | 4 |
| Installations | 8 | 10 | 14 |
| Artworks sold | 8 | 15 | 22 |
Exhibit 5
Panel A: Sales and cost of artwork data
| Item | 20X3 | 20X4 |
|---|---|---|
| Artworks sold (units) | 40 | Compute from Exhibit 2 |
| Average selling price per artwork | $25,000 | Compute from Exhibit 2 |
| Average cost per artwork | $18,000 | Compute from Exhibit 2 |
Panel B: Customer-service operating costs (capacity-based, fixed within year)
| Resource area | Capacity driver | Capacity supplied | Total cost (Year) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Curatorial/relationship team | client visits capacity | 25 visits (20X3)<br>28 visits (20X4) | $60,000 (20X3)<br>$67,200 (20X4) |
| Installation team (logistics & install) | installations capacity | 30 installs (20X3)<br>32 installs (20X4) | $75,000 (20X3)<br>$80,000 (20X4) |
Panel C: Actual activity usage
| Activity usage | 20X3 actual | 20X4 actual |
|---|---|---|
| Client visits used | 22 | 20 |
| Installations used | 27 | 32 |
第 Problem 1-(1) 題5 分
Rank the three customers from most profitable to least profitable based on customer-specific operating income.
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核心觀念
本題考察作業基礎成本法(Activity-Based Costing, ABC)在**顧客獲利能力分析(Customer Profitability Analysis)**上的應用。
-
顧客營業利益(Customer-Specific Operating Income):
顧客營業利益等於該顧客產生的銷售收入(Sales Revenue),減去銷貨成本(Cost of Goods Sold / Cost of Artwork),再減去可歸屬於該顧客的作業成本(Customer-Level Activity Costs)。
-
顧客層級作業成本(Customer-Level Activity Costs):
依據 Exhibit 3 的成本動因率(Cost-Driver Rate)與 Exhibit 4 各顧客對成本動因的實際消耗量(Consumption of Cost Drivers),計算四項顧客層級作業成本:- 銷售訂單處理(Sales order processing):$
- 策展諮詢與私人預覽(Curatorial consulting & private viewings):$
- 客製化物流與安裝(Customized logistics & installation):$
- 售後客戶服務(After-sale client service):$
-
顧客獲利能力排序(Customer Profitability Ranking):
將三位顧客的顧客營業利益計算出來後,進行由高至低的排序。
解題方法與計算步驟
步驟一:計算各顧客的銷售收入與藝術品銷貨成本
依據 Exhibit 2 的數據計算:
-
顧客 A(Customer A):
- 銷貨收入 $$360,000
- 藝術品銷貨成本 $$200,000
- 銷貨毛利 $$$160,000
-
顧客 B(Customer B):
- 銷貨收入 $$420,000
- 藝術品銷貨成本 $$285,000
- 銷貨毛利 $$$135,000
-
顧客 C(Customer C):
- 銷貨收入 $$396,000
- 藝術品銷貨成本 $$308,000
- 銷貨毛利 $$$88,000
步驟二:計算各顧客分攤的顧客層級作業成本
結合 Exhibit 3 與 Exhibit 4 進行計算:
-
顧客 A(Customer A):
- 銷售訂單處理成本 $$1,800
- 策展諮詢與私人預覽成本 $$12,000
- 客製化物流與安裝成本 $$20,000
- 售後客戶服務成本 $$3,200
- 作業成本總計 $$$$$37,000
-
顧客 B(Customer B):
- 銷售訂單處理成本 \
第 Problem 1-(2) 題5 分
Compute the sales-mix variance of revenue attributable to Customer A.
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核心觀念
本題考驗管理會計中**營收變異分析(Revenue Variance Analysis)架構下的銷售組合變異(Sales-Mix Variance of Revenue)**計算。
-
營收之銷售組合變異定義:
銷售組合變異衡量「在實際總營收維持不變的情況下,因為實際銷售組合與預算銷售組合不同,對總營收所造成的影響」。 -
計算公式:
對於特定客戶 (本題為 Customer A),其營收之銷售組合變異公式為:
註:由於本題以「營收(Revenue)」而非「銷量單位數(Units)」為基礎建立 sales-mix 基準(如 Exhibit 1 所示),因此銷售組合百分比與總量均應以「營收金額」為計算基準。
解題方法與推導步驟
步驟一:計算 20X4 年各客戶及總計之實際營收(Actual Revenue)
根據 Exhibit 2:
- Customer A 實際營收:
- Customer B 實際營收:
- Customer C 實際營收:
實際總營收(Actual Total Revenue):
步驟二:計算 Customer A 之實際營收組合占比(Actual Sales-Mix %)
Customer A 佔實際總營收之比例:
步驟三:獲取預算營收組合占比(Budgeted Sales-Mix %)
根據 Exhibit 1:
- Customer A 之預算營收組合占比
步驟四:計算 Customer A 之 Sales-Mix Variance of Revenue
將資料帶入公式:
第 Problem 1-(3) 題5 分
Compute the annual change in AFAG operating income if Customer C is dropped.
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核心觀念
本題考驗管理會計中 「客戶獲利能力分析(Customer Profitability Analysis)」 與 「攸關成本與決策分析(Relevant Costs and Decision Making)」 的結合應用。
在評估是否放棄(Drop)某個客戶時,關鍵原則為:
- 攸關收入與成本(Relevant Revenues and Costs):計算放棄該客戶後會減少的收入(Lost Revenue)與可以避免的成本(Avoidable Costs)。
- 作業基礎成本制(Activity-Based Costing, ABC)成本分類:
- 可變動/增量成本(Incremental/Variable Costs):如畫作進貨成本(Cost of Artwork),會隨客戶放棄而全額避免。
- 作業層級成本(Customer-Level Activity Costs):
- 若作業成本為完全變動成本(以 Exhibit 3 的 Cost-Driver Rate 為準),則放棄該客戶時,其相應消費的作業成本可全數避免。
- 若特定資源屬產能基礎固定成本(Capacity-based fixed costs,如 Exhibit 5 Panel B),則需檢視放棄客戶後釋出的產能是否能真正減少固定支出。在本題題幹與靜態 ABC 架構下,客戶層級的作業成本均按其消耗的作業量(Activity Driver Consumption)計算為可避免成本。
解題方法
計算放棄 Customer C 對 AFAG 年度營業淨利(Operating Income)的影響變化量():
當 表示營業淨利增加;反之若 則表示營業淨利減少。
步驟一:計算 Customer C 產生的銷貨收入(Revenue)
根據 Exhibit 2:
- 銷售數量 = 幅
- 平均售價 = $18,000 / 幅
- Customer C 總收入 = $$396,000
步驟二:計算 Customer C 的畫作進貨成本(Cost of Artwork)
根據 Exhibit 2:
- 平均進貨成本 = $14,000 / 幅
- Customer C 畫作總成本 = $$308,000
- Customer C 銷貨毛利(Gross Margin) = $$$88,000
步驟三:計算 Customer C 消耗的客戶層級作業成本(Customer-Level Activity Costs)
結合 Exhibit 3(作業動因單價)與 Exhibit 4(Customer C 的動因消耗量):
- 銷貨訂單處理(Sales order processing):
第 Problem 1-(4) 題15 分
Calculate the growth (5%), price-recovery (5%), and productivity components (5%) that explain the change in operating income from 20X3 to 20X4, providing the following information in Exhibit 5.
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核心觀念
本題考查「營業利益變動分析」,將 20X3 至 20X4 的營業利益變動拆解為:
- 成長因素(growth):銷售數量及投入資源數量增加所造成的影響,以 20X3 年價格衡量。
- 價格回復因素(price recovery):銷售價格及投入資源價格變動所造成的影響,以 20X4 年數量衡量。
- 生產力因素(productivity):在 20X4 產出水準下,投入資源使用效率改變所造成的影響。
基本公式為:
本題的營業利益包括:
客戶服務營業成本依 Exhibit 5 Panel B 的「供給產能」計算,因為該表明確指出成本是年度內固定的 capacity-based costs。
一、計算 Exhibit 5 Panel A
1. 20X4 銷售數量
因此:
| 項目 | 20X3 | 20X4 |
|---|---|---|
| 藝術品銷售數量 | 40 件 | 45 件 |
| 平均售價 | $25,000 | 待計算 |
| 平均藝術品成本 | $18,000 | 待計算 |
2. 20X4 銷售收入及平均售價
Customer A:
Customer B:
Customer C:
20X4 總銷售收入:
平均售價:
3. 20X4 藝術品成本及平均成本
Customer A:
Customer B:
Customer C:
20X4 總藝術品成本:
平均藝術品成本:
因此 Exhibit 5 Panel A 為:
| 項目 | 20X3 | 20X4 |
|---|---|---|
| 藝術品銷售數量 | 40 件 | 45 件 |
| 平均售價 | $25,000 | $26,133.33 |
| 平均藝術品成本 | $18,000 | $17,622.22 |
二、計算兩年度營業利益
1. 20X3 營業利益
20X3 銷售收入:
20X3 藝術品成本:
20X3 客戶服務成本:
因此:
2. 20X4 營業利益
20X4 客戶服務成本:
因此:
營業利益增加:
三、成長因素(Growth Component)
成長因素以 20X3 年價格及成本衡量數量變動。
1. 銷售收入成長效果
銷售數量由 40 件增加至 45 件:
2. 藝術品成本成長效果
此為成本增加,應列為負數。
3. 策展及客戶關係團隊成本成長效果
20X3 每單位訪客產能成本:
供給產能由 25 次增加至 28 次:
NeuraCore Technologies, Inc. (NTI) manufactures customized AI accelerator modules under job-order production. Manufacturing is organized into two production departments: Department M (Module Assembly) and Department T (Testing and Burn-in). NTI completes a single job, Job Q-91, during June 20X7; assume there is no beginning or ending work in process. Both direct labor-hours (DLH) and machine-hours (MH) are measured in both departments.
Job Q-91 was expected to produce 1,950 but produced 1,300 finished modules during June 20X7 (completed and transferred out). There was no beginning or ending work in process.
Under NTI's traditional job-order costing system, overhead in Department M is applied solely using DLH, whereas overhead in Department T is applied solely using MH. In contrast, under NTI's proposed activity-based costing (ABC) system, variable and fixed overhead are accumulated into activity pools and assigned using DLH, MH, and setups as cost drivers, as specified below.
Data for the Traditional Job-Order Costing System
Budgeted annual totals (used to compute predetermined rates):
- Department M has budgeted variable MOH of $2,000,000, budgeted fixed MOH of $1,500,000, budgeted DLH of 50,000, and budgeted MH of 20,000.
- Department T has budgeted variable MOH of $3,200,000, budgeted fixed MOH of $2,400,000, budgeted DLH of 15,000, and budgeted MH of 80,000.
June 20X7 data (Job Q-91 only):
- For Department M, actual DLH are 4,800 and budgeted DLH are 7,800; actual MH are 2,200 and budgeted MH are 3,900. Actual variable MOH incurred is $205,000 and actual fixed MOH incurred is $145,000.
- For Department T, actual DLH are 1,200 and budgeted DLH are 2,100; actual MH are 9,600 and budgeted MH are 12,600. Actual variable MOH incurred is $410,000 and actual fixed MOH incurred is $310,000.
Data for the ABC System
Under ABC, NTI decomposes overhead into variable and fixed activity pools. The redesign preserves the same totals of (i) variable MOH, (ii) fixed MOH, (iii) budgeted DLH and MH, and (iv) actual and standard-allowed DLH and MH. After a costing study, NTI identifies the following manufacturing overhead activities and their budgeted amounts:
- Assembly support: Variable $1,400,000, fixed $1,600,000, and driven by direct labor-hours.
- Machine operation: Variable $3,300,000, fixed $1,400,000, and driven by machine-hours.
- Batch setups: Variable $500,000, fixed $900,000, and driven by number of setups.
Budgeted DLH and MH for ABC are the same as those in the traditional costing system, and budgeted setups for ABC pools are 1,000 setups.
June 20X7 Job Q-91: Activity Drivers and Overhead Incurred
Cost-driver measurement under ABC:
- "Direct labor-hours (DLH)" used for the Assembly support pool equals total DLH across both departments for Job Q-91.
- "Machine-hours (MH)" used for the Machine operation pool equals total MH across both departments for Job Q-91.
- "Setups" used for the Batch setups pool equals the number of setups for Job Q-91.
For Job Q-91 in June 20X7, the number of setups is 42 compared with budgeted 60 setups allowed for actual finished modules. Actual manufacturing overhead incurred under ABC equals that incurred under the traditional system. Specifically, actual variable overhead totals $615,000, comprising Assembly support $173,856, Machine operation $372,548, and Setup supplies $68,596. Actual fixed overhead totals $455,000, comprising Assembly sustaining capacity $189,000, Machine sustaining capacity $158,667, and Setup capacity $107,333.
Computation and rounding conventions: Compute all predetermined overhead rates and ABC activity rates to four decimal places, use full precision (no intermediate rounding) when calculating variances, and report each VMOH/FMOH variance and each (ABC - Traditional) difference rounded to the nearest dollar.
第 Problem 2-(1) 題5 分
VMOH spending variance difference ().
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核心觀念
本題旨在考驗傳統分步/部門預定製造費用分配率(Departmental Overhead Rates)與作業基礎成本制(Activity-Based Costing, ABC)下,變動製造費用支出差異(VMOH Spending Variance)的計算與比較。
-
變動製造費用支出差異(VMOH Spending Variance)公式:
- 若結果 ,為不利差異(Unfavorable, U);若 ,為有利差異(Favorable, F)。
-
傳統成本制(Traditional System):
- M 部門:以直接人工小時(DLH)為基礎分配製造費用。
- T 部門:以機器小時(MH)為基礎分配製造費用。
- 需分別計算 M 部門與 T 部門的預定變動製造費用分配率(Predetermined VMOH Rate)。
-
作業基礎成本制(ABC System):
- 變動製造費用拆分為三個作業池(Assembly support, Machine operation, Batch setups)。
- 需分別計算各作業池的變動作業分配率(Variable Activity Rate),並根據 Job Q-91 實際消耗的驅動因子總量,計算 ABC 架構下的 VMOH Spending Variance。
解題方法與推導步驟
步驟一:計算傳統成本制下的預定變動製造費用分配率與支出差異
-
計算預定變動製造費用分配率(Predetermined VMOH Rates):
- M 部門(依據 DLH):
- T 部門(依據 MH):
- M 部門(依據 DLH):
-
計算 Job Q-91 在傳統成本制下的實際變動製造費用與投入允許額:
- 實際發生的變動製造費用(Actual VMOH):
- 按實際驅動因子計算之預算彈性變動製造費用():
- M 部門:$$192,000
- T 部門:$$384,000
- 合計:$$$576,000
- 實際發生的變動製造費用(Actual VMOH):
-
計算傳統成本制下的 VMOH 支出差異:
步驟二:計算 ABC 成本制下的預定變動作業分配率與支出差異
- 計算各變動作業池之預定作業率(Variable Activity Rates):
- Assembly support(驅動因子:總 DLH = M部門 50,000 + T部門 15,000 = 65,000 DLH):
第 Problem 2-(2) 題5 分
VMOH efficiency variance difference ().
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核心觀念
本題旨在考驗 傳統部門分攤法(Traditional Job-Order Costing) 與 作業基礎成本制(Activity-Based Costing, ABC) 在變動製造費用效率差異(VMOH Efficiency Variance)計算上的對比與差異分析()。
-
變動製造費用效率差異(VMOH Efficiency Variance)通用公式:
- (Actual Hours / Driver):實際產出下消耗之實際成本驅動因子數量。
- (Standard Hours / Driver Allowed):實際產出下標準允許之成本驅動因子數量。
- (Predetermined Variable Rate):預定變動製造費用分攤率。
- 差異結果若 表示不利差異(Unfavorable, U);若 表示有利差異(Favorable, F)。
-
實際產出與標準驅動因子允許量:
- 單位標準比例:原始預算 Job Q-91 預期生產 1,950 單位,而 June 20X7 實際生產 1,300 單位。因此,實際產出佔預期產出的比例為 。
- 任何成本驅動因子的標準允許量(),皆為原始預算驅動因子數量乘以產出比例 。
解題方法與推導步驟
步驟一:計算 traditional 系統下的 VMOH 效率差異
-
部門預定變動製造費用分攤率(PVR):
- M 部門(依據 DLH 分攤):
- T 部門(依據 MH 分攤):
- M 部門(依據 DLH 分攤):
-
Job Q-91 實際產出下之標準允許驅動因子量():
- M 部門標準允許 DLH():
- T 部門標準允許 MH():
- M 部門標準允許 DLH():
-
計算各部門 Traditional VMOH 效率差異:
- M 部門(實際 DLH = 4,800):
- T 部門(實際 MH = 9,600):
- Traditional VMOH 效率差異總計:
- M 部門(實際 DLH = 4,800):
步驟二:計算 ABC 系統下的 VMOH 效率差異
在 ABC 系統下,製造費用劃分為三個作業池(Assembly support, Machine operation, Batch setups),其總預算驅動因子數量與標準允許量如下:
-
各作業池預定變動分攤率(ABC Activity PVR):
- Assembly support(總預算 DLH = DLH):
- Machine operation(總預算 MH = MH):
- Batch setups(總預算 Setups = 1,000 setups):
- Assembly support(總預算 DLH = DLH):
-
Job Q-91 在各作業池之實際量與標準允許量:
- Assembly support(驅動因子為跨部門總 DLH):
第 Problem 2-(3) 題5 分
FMOH spending variance difference ().
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核心觀念
本題旨在比較**作業基礎成本制(Activity-Based Costing, ABC)與傳統部門分攤率成本制(Traditional Job-Order Costing)**下,**固定製造費用支出差異(Fixed Manufacturing Overhead Spending Variance / Budget Variance)**的計算與差異值()。
固定製造費用支出差異(FMOH Spending Variance)的通用定義為:
- 差異符號慣例:若 ,為不利差異(Unfavorable, U);若 ,為有利差異(Favorable, F)。
- 差異比較值():將 ABC 制度下計算出之 FMOH 支出差異,減去傳統制度下計算出之 FMOH 支出差異。
解題方法與推導步驟
步驟一:計算傳統成本制度下的 FMOH 支出差異
在傳統分攤法下,部門 M 與部門 T 之預算與實際固定製造費用如下:
- 部門 M(Department M):
-
實際固定製造費用:$145,000
-
預算固定製造費用:$1,500,000 (全年度總額)
-
注意月份與 Job Q-91 範圍:題幹說明「NTI completes a single job, Job Q-91, during June 20X7; assume there is no beginning or ending work in process.」且 6 月份僅有 Job Q-91 一個批次。因此 6 月份實際發生之總固定製造費用即為 $145,000。
-
全年預算固定製造費用總額為 $1,500,000(M 部門)與 \$$2,400,000(T 部門)。全公司全年預算固定製造費用總額為 $1,500,000 + \$$2,400,000 = $3,900,000。月預算固定製造費用額為 $$325,000。
-
然而,在分析「實際發生的固定製造費用」與「預算固定製造費用」時,無論是以單月全廠預算、單月部門預算,或是按 ABC 作業組別比較,題幹明確指出:
"Actual manufacturing overhead incurred under ABC equals that incurred under the traditional system."
"The redesign preserves the same totals of (i) variable MOH, (ii) fixed MOH..." -
傳統制度下 6 月份預算 FMOH:
- 部門 M 月預算 FMOH $$125,000
- 部門 T 月預算 FMOH $$200,000
- 傳統制度 6 月總預算 FMOH $$$325,000
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傳統制度下 6 月份實際 FMOH:
- 部門 M 實際 FMOH $145,000
- 部門 T 實際 FMOH $310,000
- 傳統制度 6 月總實際 FMOH $\
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第 Problem 2-(4) 題5 分
FMOH production-volume variance difference ().
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核心觀念
本題考查固定製造費的生產量差異:
差異為正表示不利差異(U);差異為負表示有利差異(F)。
實際產量為 1,300 件,預計產量為 1,950 件,因此:
各項標準允許投入量,均以預算投入量乘以 計算。
一、傳統成本制度
部門 M 僅使用 DLH:
部門 T 僅使用 MH:
預算固定製造費:
實際產量的標準允許投入量:
標準應分攤固定製造費:
因此,傳統制度的固定製造費生產量差異為:
二、ABC制度
ABC固定活動費率如下:
Precision Parts Inc. (PPI) manufactures high-tolerance aerospace components. For profit planning and budgeting purposes, PPI uses variable costing method to account for its inventoriable costs. Recently, PPI has seen an uptick in scrap and rework costs. Marco Chen, the management accountant, is tasked with optimizing the quality control process. Marco wants to build a decision tree to predict whether a part will be Defective or Functional based on production data.
Marco has pulled a sample of 105 production runs. In this sample, 62 runs resulted in Functional parts and 43 runs resulted in Defective parts.
After investigating manufacturing quality controls, Marco find that Machine Temperature and Operator Experience could be predictors of defective products. Marco is evaluating two potential splits for the root node of his decision tree:
- Split A (Machine Temp): Is the temperature greater than ?
- Split B (Operator Experience): Does the operator have experience greater than 5 years?
Among 105 sample production runs, the two splits show the following results:
- Split A: 55 runs were Hot (). Of these, 42 were Defective and 13 was Functional. The remaining 50 runs were Cool, and all 50 were Functional.
- Split B: 62 runs were by Experienced operators. Of these, 33 were Functional and 29 were Defective. The remaining 43 runs were by Junior operators. Of these, 31 were Functional and 12 was Defective.
Precision Parts Inc. (PPI) has just secured a contract to produce 8 units of the Aero-Fin, a complex component for a new commercial jet. The operations manager is wondering whether PPI should use the Incremental Unit-Time Learning Model or the Cumulative Average-Time Learning Model for assessing the labor requirements. Marco Chen is preparing the budget for the first year of production. Because the Aero-Fin is highly specialized, the production process is labor-intensive, and Marco expects significant labor efficiencies as the team gains experience.
The production of the first unit took exactly 1,200 labor hours. Based on historical data from similar projects, Marco believes an 85% learning rate is applicable. PPI uses a standard costing system. Variable manufacturing overhead (VMOH) is applied based on direct labor hours. Fixed overhead is allocated based on units produced. Financial and production data are summarized as below:
| Item | Rate / Cost |
|---|---|
| Direct Materials | $11,500 per unit |
| Direct Labor Rate | $43.50 per hour |
| Variable Manufacturing Overhead | $26.20 per direct labor hour |
| Total Annual Fixed Overhead | $83.80 per unit |
| Selling Price | $147,500 per unit |
Reference values:
第 Problem 3-(1) 題10 分
To help Marco find the optimal split, calculate the information gain for Split A (5%) and that for Split B (5%). (Round your answer to the nearest thousandth)
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核心觀念
本題考查決策樹的「資訊增益」(Information Gain)。資訊增益用來衡量某一切分能降低多少分類不確定性:
其中,分類熵(Entropy)為:
本題分類結果只有兩類:
- Functional(功能正常)
- Defective(瑕疵)
資訊增益越大,代表該切分越能有效區分正常品與瑕疵品。
一、計算母節點熵
樣本共有 105 筆,其中:
- Functional:62 筆
- Defective:43 筆
因此母節點熵為:
二、Split A:Machine Temperature
Split A 將樣本分為 Hot 與 Cool。
Hot(溫度大於 )
共有 55 筆:
- Functional:13 筆
- Defective:42 筆
Hot 節點熵為:
Cool(溫度不大於 )
共有 50 筆,而且全部為 Functional:
完全純淨的節點,其熵為 0。
Split A 的加權子節點熵
第 Problem 3-(2) 題10 分
Using variable costing method, calculate the budgeted gross profits for the 8 units of Aero-Fins, comparing the results when labor hours are assessed under the Incremental Unit-Time Learning Model (5%) versus the Cumulative Average-Time Learning Model (5%).
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【核心觀念】
本題為《成本與管理會計學》中結合「學習曲線(Learning Curve)」與「變動成本法(Variable Costing)」的綜合計算題。重點包含以下核心觀念與計算公式:
-
學習曲線模型(Learning Curve Models):
學習率 ,故學習指數 。題目給定 之參考數值,其中 代表單位數。- 增量單位時間學習模型(Incremental Unit-Time Learning Model / Log-Linear Model):
第 個單位的單獨工時 ,其中 為第 1 個單位的工時( 小時)。
生產前 個單位的總工時為各單位工時之累加:。 - 累積平均時間學習模型(Cumulative Average-Time Learning Model / Cumulative Average Model):
累計生產 個單位時,每單位的累積平均工時 。
生產前 個單位的總工時為:。特別地,當產量翻倍(如 )時,累計平均工時每次乘以 ,故第 8 個單位的累計平均工時為 小時。
- 增量單位時間學習模型(Incremental Unit-Time Learning Model / Log-Linear Model):
-
變動成本法下的產品成本與銷貨毛利(Variable Costing Gross Profit / Contribution Margin):
- 變動製造成本包含:直接材料(Direct Materials)、直接人工(Direct Labor, DL)、變動製造費用(Variable Manufacturing Overhead, VMOH)。
- 固定製造費用(Fixed Manufacturing Overhead, FMOH)在變動成本法下視為期間費用(Period Cost),不計入產品庫存成本或銷貨成本(COGS)中。
- 變動成本法銷貨毛利(邊際貢獻)計算公式:
其中:
【解題方法與步驟推導】
步驟一:計算基本成本與收益參數
- 總銷貨收入(Total Revenue):
- 總直接材料成本(Total Direct Materials Cost):
- 每小時變動人工與製造費用率合計:
步驟二:增量單位時間學習模型(Incremental Unit-Time Learning Model)
在增量單位時間模型下,各單位的工時 計算如下(引用題目給定的 參考值):
- 第 1 個單位: 小時
- 第 2 個單位: 小時
Global Dynamics Inc. (GDI) is a multinational technology firm. Recently, two of its business units—GDI-Electronics in Tokyo and GDI-Logistics in Hamburg—reported the following distinctive managerial problems.
GDI-Electronics (Tokyo, Japan): GDI-Electronics manufactures the Z-Core Microchip. The Tokyo plant currently has a capacity of 200,000 machine-hours. Each Z-Core requires 2 machine-hours to produce, and the contribution margin is $50 per unit. Currently, the plant produces and sells 80,000 good chips.
However, quality problem results in 25% of the good output are identified as defective and must be reworked. Reworking 1 chip takes 1 machine-hour. Variable rework costs (including materials and labor) is $40 per unit. Fixed rework costs (allocated overhead) is $20 per unit.
To solve this quality problem, the engineering team proposes an Ultra-Precision system upgrade. This system would eliminate all defects (100% quality) and maintain current production speeds. The upgrade costs $2,500,000 per year. Current market demand for Z-Core chips is 120,000 units per year. If the upgrade is implemented, the improved quality is expected to attract the market demand to fill all GDI-Electronics' available machine capacity.
GDI-Logistics (Hamburg, Germany): GDI-Logistics acts as a central investment center responsible for the distribution of components to GDI's European assembly plants. GDI-Logistics manages the inventory for the E-Sensor, a critical component used in German automotive manufacturing. The Hamburg facility operates 50 weeks per year.
E-Sensor's annual demand is 100,000 units. Ordering cost is $500 per order (includes customs, handling, and shipping). Annual carrying cost is $4.00 per unit (includes climate-controlled storage and insurance). Lead time is 2 weeks to receive an order from the supplier. Stockout cost occurs when the sensor is out of stock and GDI-Logistics must use air-freight and pay an additional cost of $10 per unit.
GDI-Logistics faces the inventory management problem. While the average weekly demand is 2,000 units (100,000/50 weeks), the actual weekly demand varies according to the following probability distribution:
| Total Demand for 1 Week | Probability |
|---|---|
| 1,600 units | 0.05 |
| 1,800 units | 0.20 |
| 2,000 units | 0.50 |
| 2,200 units | 0.20 |
| 2,400 units | 0.05 |
第 Problem 4-(1) 題10 分
GDI-Electronics is considering the Ultra-Precision system upgrade. Assuming the upgrade attracts market demand to fill all available machine capacity, calculate the change in profit resulting from the implementation of this system.
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核心觀念
本題屬於管會(管理會計)中的**產能限制下的決策分析(Decision Making with Capacity Constraints)與品質成本/重工成本(Rework Costs)與機會成本(Opportunity Costs)**的綜合考題。
解題的核心概念包含:
- 現狀(Status Quo)的資源分配與成本結構:
- 機器總產能限制(Machine Capacity Constraint):200,000 機時。
- 每單位良品需要 2 機時,重工單位額外需要 1 機時。
- 重工成本分類:變動重工成本(相關成本)與分攤固定製造費用(非相關成本,非差額成本)。
- 升級方案(Ultra-Precision Upgrade)的效益與成本:
- 消除所有瑕疵(100% 良率),完全免除重工機時與重工變動成本。
- 釋放出的機時可用於生產更多 Z-Core 晶片。
- 市場需求上升至足以吸收 Tokyo 工廠的所有產能。
- 年固定升級成本(Incremental Fixed Upgrade Cost)為 $2,500,000。
- 利潤變動金額(Change in Profit):
- 計算增額邊際貢獻(Incremental Contribution Margin)減去增額固定成本(Incremental Fixed Cost),即為升級系統帶來的淨營業利益變動()。
解題方法
我們可以透過現狀與升級方案的利潤比較法(或差額分析法 Incremental Analysis)來計算利潤變動。
步驟一:分析現狀(Status Quo)下的機時與產能使用狀況
- 良品產量:80,000 單位。
- 瑕疵品數量:
良品中有 25% 的數量等同瑕疵品數量("25% of the good output are identified as defective")。
- 現狀總消耗機時:
- 初次生產機時:
- 重工消耗機時:
- 現狀總機時:(剩餘閒置機時 )
- 現狀總邊際貢獻(Net Contribution Margin):
- 銷售邊際貢獻:80,000 \times \text{\50} = \text{$4,000,000}$
- 總變動重工成本:20,000 \times \text{\40} = \text{$800,000}(固定重工成本 \20 為沉沒/分配成本,不影響變動邊際貢獻)
- 現狀淨邊際貢獻:\text{\4,000,000} - \text{$800,000} = \text{$3,200,000}$
步驟二:分析升級方案(Ultra-Precision Upgrade)下的狀況
- 升級後的良率與機時:
- 良率為 100%,無瑕疵品,無重工時間。
- 每單位 Z-Core 晶片僅需 2 機時。
- 升級後的最大產量:
- 工廠總產能:200,000 機時。
- 市場需求為 120,000 單位,升級後市場需求足以吸收工廠所有產能。
- 最大產量:
第 Problem 4-(2) 題10 分
GDI-Logistics is addressing an inventory management challenge. Using EOQ model, calculate the optimal order quantity for E-Sensors (5%) and the total annual relevant costs at the EOQ level (5%).
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核心觀念
本題考查成本與管理會計學中**存貨管理(Inventory Management)**的經典模型——經濟訂購量模型(Economic Order Quantity, EOQ Model)。
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經濟訂購量(EOQ)公式:
EOQ 模型旨在尋找使「年度訂購成本」與「年度持有成本」之總和達到最小的最佳一次訂購數量 。
- (Annual Demand):年需求量。
- (Ordering Cost per Order):每次訂購成本(包含海關手續費、處理費及運費等)。
- (Annual Carrying/Holding Cost per Unit):每單位每年之持有成本(包含溫控倉儲費及保險費等)。
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EOQ 層級之年度相關總成本(Total Annual Relevant Cost, TRC):
在傳統 EOQ 模型基本假設下,相關成本僅包含年度訂購成本(Annual Ordering Cost)與年度持有成本(Annual Holding Cost)(尚未納入安全存貨或缺貨成本):
當 時,年度訂購成本恰好等於年度持有成本,故其最小總相關成本可簡化為:
解題方法
第一步:整理題目給定參數
由 GDI-Logistics 的背景資料可提取以下數據:
- 年需求量() 單位(units)
- 每次訂購成本()= \text{\500}$ / 次(order)
- 每單位每年持有成本()= \text{\4.00}$ / 單位·年(unit/year)
第二步:計算最佳訂購量 (5%)
將參數代入 EOQ 公式:
第 Problem 5 題10 分
GreenTextiles Corp., a commercial fabric manufacturer, operates a high-volume dyeing and finishing plant. To meet its commitment to reduce carbon emissions by 40% by 2030, the company is evaluating the replacement of its current industrial boiler system.
The current standard boiler was purchased 4 years ago. On January 1, 2026, management is considering replacing it with an efficient eco-electric boiler. The new machine uses significantly less energy and qualifies for Green Energy tax credits.
Related information is summarized as below:
| Item | Old Machine (Standard) | New Machine (Eco-Electric) |
|---|---|---|
| Initial purchase cost | $400,000 | $650,000 |
| Original useful life | 10 Years | 6 Years |
| Remaining useful life (Jan 1, 2026) | 6 Years | 6 Years |
| Current book value (Jan 1, 2026) | $240,000 | N/A |
| Current market value (Jan 1, 2026) | $120,000 | N/A |
| Expected annual energy costs | $180,000 | $70,000 |
| Annual maintenance costs | $45,000 | $30,000 |
| Terminal disposal value | $20,000 | $80,000 |
| Depreciation method (Tax purposes) | Straight-line | Straight-line |
GreenTextiles is subject to a 30% income tax rate and utilizes an after-tax required rate of return (WACC) of 12%. The eco-electric machine qualifies for a sustainability bonus, consisting of a one-time $50,000 green investment tax credit, deducted directly from taxes owed, in the year of purchase. Assume all cash flows occur at year-end, except for the initial investment. Any gains or losses on the disposal of assets are treated as ordinary tax items.
Required: Compute net present value (NPV) to decide whether GreenTextiles should replace the old standard machine with the new eco-electric machine (10%).
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核心觀念
本題為管理會計學中**資本預算(Capital Budgeting)的典型決策題目,主要考驗重置機器設備決策(Equipment Replacement Decision)下之淨現值(Net Present Value, NPV)**計算。
核心觀念與重點公式包含:
- 增量現金流量法(Incremental Cash Flow Approach):分析「更換新機器」相較於「繼續使用舊機器」所產生的淨現金流量差異。
- 稅後營業現金節省額(After-tax Operating Cash Savings):
其中 為所得稅率。 - 設備處分之稅務影響(Tax Consequences of Asset Disposal):
(若處分價格低於帳面價值,則產生處分損失,可抵減稅額,形成租稅利益)。 - 綠能投資抵減(Green Energy Tax Credit):
作為一次性租稅獎勵,於購置當期()直接自應納稅額中扣抵,為即時增量現金流入。 - 年金現值與複利現值因子:
- 6年期、折現率 之普通年金現值因子:
- 第6期末、折現率 之複利現值因子:
- 6年期、折現率 之普通年金現值因子:
解題方法
採用增量分析法(Incremental Approach),計算「購置新機並處分舊機」相較於「保留舊機」在各期的增量現金流量,並將其按 折現求得淨現值(NPV)。
步驟一:期初增量現金流量(,2026年1月1日)
- 新機器購置成本:$650,000
- 綠能投資抵減(稅額直接扣抵):$50,000
- 舊機器出售處分價款:$120,000
- 舊機器處分損失之稅盾效益:
- 舊機處分損失 $$$120,000
- 處分損失節稅效益 $$36,000
步驟二:營運期間每年增量現金流量(,每年年底)
-
每年增量營業成本節省(稅後):
- 舊機每年營運成本 $$$225,000
- 新機每年營運成本 $$$100,000
- 每年稅前成本節省 $$$125,000
- 稅後成本節省 $$87,500
-
每年增量折舊稅盾效益:
- 舊機每年稅務折舊 = \frac{$$20,000}{6} = $36,666.67