115 年 國立臺灣大學財務金融研究所丙組《財務管理》
第 1 題5 分
Apex-Growth follows the Lintner Model to manage shareholder expectations. The firm has a target payout ratio of 50% and a speed of adjustment coefficient of 0.4. Last year, the firm earned 12.00 per share and are expected to remain at this level indefinitely. What will the dividend per share be at the end of the third year (Year 3) following this earnings increase?
(A) 3.600
(C) 4.562
(E) $5.136
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本題考驗對 Lintner 股利模型之應用。Lintner 模型旨在解釋公司如何根據目標股利支付率與調整係數來決定當期股利。
Lintner 模型公式如下:
其中:
為本期股利
為上一期股利
為本期每股盈餘
為目標股利支付率 (Target Payout Ratio)
為調整係數 (Speed of Adjustment Coefficient)
題目已知:
目標股利支付率
調整係數
去年盈餘 (Year 0) =
去年股利 (Year 0) =
今年盈餘 (Year 1) = (預期將維持此水準無限期)
我們需要計算第三年 (Year 3) 的股利。首先,我們需要計算第一年 (Year 1) 和第二年 (Year 2) 的股利。
Year 1 (今年):
第 2 題5 分
Five different companies are bidding for a private oil field. Each company conducts its own geological survey. The surveys return estimated values of 90M, 110M, and 100M. If all bidders bid their "best estimate" of the value, which theoretical insight best explains the outcome?
(A) Synergy: The winner will create 100M, so the market is efficient.
(C) The Winner's Curse: The winning bidder is the one who most overestimated the value, likely leading to a negative NPV.
(D) Agency Theory: The 120M bid signals to the market that oil prices are about to rise.
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此題考驗對拍賣理論中「贏者詛咒」(Winner's Curse)的理解。贏者詛咒是指在拍賣中,出價最高者(贏家)往往是那些對標的物價值估計最過度的人,從而導致贏家實際支付的價格超過了標的物的真實價值,最終造成負的淨現值(NPV)。
題目情境:
五家公司競標油田,估計價值分別為 90M, 110M, 100M。
所有投標者都根據自己的「最佳估計」出價。
分析:
由於每家公司都進行了獨立的地理勘測,估計值存在差異。在這種情況下,最有可能贏得標案(出價最高)的公司,是那些將油田價值估計得最高、即最樂觀的公司。如果真實價值是 120M,那麼出價
第 3 題5 分
A multinational corporation is evaluating an investment in a country with a high risk of expropriation (the government taking over private assets). What is the most theoretically sound way to handle this Political Risk in a Net Present Value (NPV) calculation?
(A) Increase the discount rate by a "risk premium" (e.g., adding 5% to the WACC).
(B) Adjust the expected cash flows downward to reflect the probability of loss in various "states of the world."
(C) Ignore the risk if the project has a positive NPV, as diversification eliminates political risk for shareholders.
(D) Only invest if the government provides a guaranteed "buy-back" agreement.
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此題考驗在進行淨現值(NPV)計算時,如何將政治風險(如資產被徵收)納入考量。理論上,風險與報酬是相對的,較高的風險應對應較高的預期報酬。然而,對於特定類型的風險,如資產被徵收,有更精確的處理方法。
選項分析:
(A) Increase the discount rate by a "risk premium" (e.g., adding 5% to the WACC):
這是處理一般性風險(如市場風險、營運風險)的常用方法,將風險體現在折現率上。然而,對於特定、非系統性風險(如資產被徵收),這種方法可能不夠精確,因為它假設風險是隨機分散的,並且會影響所有現金流,而資產被徵收的風險通常是二元性的(發生或不發生),且可能在特定時間點發生。
(B) Adjust the expected cash flows downward to reflect the probability of loss in various "states of the world.":
這是處理特定風險(如政治風險、自然災害風險)的理論上最正確的方法。這種方法稱為「情境分析」(Scenario Analysis)或「狀態機率法」(State-Preference Approach)。具體做法是:
- 識別不同的可能情況(State of the world),例如:a) 投資順利進行,無政府干預;b) 政府徵收部分資產;c) 政府全面徵收資產。
- 為每種情況估計其發生的機率。
- 為每種情況估計相應的預期現金流。
第 4 題5 分
The followings are four potential acquirers (all else equal): which deal should have the most negative expected reaction from the stock market?
- Cash-poor, non-overconfident CEO
- Cash-rich, non-overconfident CEO
- Cash-poor, overconfident CEO
- Cash-rich, overconfident CEO
Which is predicted to have the most negative announcement reaction?
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
(E) All equal
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此題考驗對公司併購中,CEO 的特質(現金狀況、過度自信)如何影響市場對併購消息的反應。市場通常對某些類型的併購持負面態度,特別是當併購被認為可能對股東價值不利時。
核心觀念:
市場對併購的反應,通常與併購方 CEO 的決策動機和能力有關。過度自信的 CEO 可能會高估協同效應,低估風險,從而進行溢價過高的收購。現金充裕的收購方,如果進行了不符合其價值的收購,市場的懲罰會更重,因為這意味著公司資源被浪費了。
分析各選項:
- Cash-poor, non-overconfident CEO: 現金不足,但 CEO 不過度自信。這種情況下,CEO 可能更謹慎,傾向於進行價值創造的併購。市場反應可能較為中性或正面。
- Cash-rich, non-overconfident CEO: 現金充裕,CEO 不過度自信。CEO 謹慎,但公司有足夠現金。如果進行了價值創造的併購,市場反應可能正面。如果進行了非價值的併購,市場也會察覺,但由於 CEO 的謹慎,這種情況可能性較低。
第 5 題5 分
The "separation property" implies that the determination of the optimal risky portfolio is:
(A) Dependent on each client's risk aversion.
(B) A purely technical task independent of risk aversion.
(C) Only possible when the risk-free rate is zero.
(D) Based solely on firm-specific risk.
(E) Identical to the capital allocation decision.
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此題考驗對現代投資組合理論(Modern Portfolio Theory, MPT)中「分離定理」(Separation Property)的理解。分離定理是資本資產定價模型(CAPM)及其相關理論的基石之一。
核心觀念:
分離定理指出,投資決策可以分為兩個獨立的部分:
- 決定最佳風險資產組合(Optimal Risky Portfolio): 這一步驟僅取決於對資產的預期報酬、風險(標準差)以及資產之間的相關性(或協方差)。它與投資者的風險偏好無關。所有理性投資者,無論其風險厭惡程度如何,都會選擇相同的最佳風險資產組合(例如,通過最小化風險或最大化夏普比率來確定)。這個組合通常被稱為市場組合(Market Portfolio)或可交易組合(Tangency Portfolio)。
- 決定資本配置(Capital Allocation Decision): 在確定了最佳風險資產組合後,投資者根據自己的風險厭惡程度,決定將多少資金投入到這個風險資產組合中,以及多少資金投入到無風險資產中。這一步驟是取決於投資者個人風險偏好的。
第 6 題5 分
Under Prospect Theory, an investor's utility is defined by changes in wealth rather than total wealth. A trader has just lost $100,000 in the morning session. She is offered a "double-or-nothing" bet on the afternoon session with a 50/50 chance of recovery. As a partially irrational trader, how will she likely behave compared to a standard "rational" investor?
(A) She will reject the bet because she is risk-averse in all domains.
(B) She will accept the bet because her utility curve is convex in the domain of losses.
(C) She will reject the bet because of regret avoidance regarding the morning loss.
(D) She will accept the bet because mental accounting treats the loss as "house money."
(E) She will reject the bet because conservatism bias makes her slow to react.
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此題考驗對行為金融學中「預期理論」(Prospect Theory)的理解,特別是損失規避(Loss Aversion)和損失域中的風險偏好。
核心觀念:
預期理論由 Kahneman 和 Tversky 提出,描述了人們在面臨風險和不確定性時的決策過程。其關鍵特徵包括:
- 參照點(Reference Point): 人們的效用是根據相對於某個參照點的財富變化來衡量的,而不是絕對財富水平。
- 損失規避(Loss Aversion): 人們對損失的感受比對同等收益的感受更強烈。
- 風險偏好:
- 在收益域(Gain Domain),人們通常是風險規避的(偏好確定性收益)。
- 在損失域(Loss Domain),人們通常是風險尋求的(偏好風險以避免確定性損失),並且其效用曲線是凸的(Convex)。
題目情境:
一位交易員在上午損失了 100,000)。
分析:
交易員已經面臨損失,因此她處於「損失域」。
根據預期理論,在損失域中,人們傾向於風險尋求,因為他們希望通過承擔風險來避免確定的損失。效用函數在此區域是凸的。
「雙倍或一無所有」的賭局:
- 如果贏,她將回到原點(損失 100,000 = 0 變化)。
- 如果輸,她將總共損失 100,000 + 輸掉
第 7 題5 分
A large technology firm is classified as a growth firm with a low book-to-market ratio. It has the following Fama-French loadings: Market beta () = 1.2, Size beta () = -0.4, and Value beta () = -
0.9. The risk-free rate is 2%, the market risk premium is 8%, and the premiums for SMB and HML are 3% and 4%, respectively. What is the firm's expected return under the Fama-French Three-Factor Model, and what does the HML loading imply?
(A) 6.8%; the negative HML loading indicates the firm is a "growth" firm with superior future prospects.
(B) 11.6%; the negative HML loading indicates the firm is highly sensitive to financial distress.
(C) 6.8%; the negative HML loading indicates the firm acts as a hedge against value-factor risk.
(D) 4.8%; the negative SMB loading implies the firm is a small-cap stock.
(E) 6.8%; the negative loadings suggest the firm has a negative total risk premium.
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核心觀念
- Fama‑French 三因子模型:
其中 為無風險利率, 為市場風險溢酬,、 分別為規模因子 (Small‑Minus‑Big) 與價值因子 (High‑Minus‑Low) 的風險溢酬。 - 因子載荷 (beta) 的意義:
- 表示資產與市場報酬同向波動。
- 表示資產在小型股相對於大型股的表現較差(即偏向大型股)。
- 表示資產在高帳面價值比 (value) 股票相對於低帳面價值比 (growth) 股票的表現較差,即屬於「成長」類型。
解題方法
直接套用三因子模型公式,代入題目所給的各項參數與因子載荷即可計算預期報酬率。計算步驟如下:
- 計算市場部份:
- 計算規模部份:
- 計算價值部份:
- 合併三個因子與無風險利率:
選項分析
第 8 題5 分
A company has issued European call options to its executives as part of their compensation package. Historically, the firm has reinvested all earnings into new projects. However, the board is now considering a shift in dividend policy to begin paying a continuous dividend yield of 3% per year to satisfy shareholders. Based on the Black-Scholes model with dividends, what is the most likely impact of this policy shift on the stakeholders?
(A) The value of the executive call options will increase because dividends are a sign of firm health and reduced default risk.
(B) The value of the executive call options will decrease because, all other things being equal, dividends lower the stock price and the holder does not receive the dividend.
(C) The value of the "put option" held by stockholders (viewed through the lens of risky debt) will decrease due to the lower asset base.
(D) The "delta" of the call options will increase, making the options more sensitive to stock price movements to compensate for the dividend loss.
(E) There will be no impact on the option value because the Black-Scholes model assumes the risk-free rate is continuously compounded.
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核心觀念
本題考查「具有連續股利殖利率的 Black-Scholes 選擇權評價」,以及股利政策對公司高階主管持有之歐式買權價值的影響。
在連續股利殖利率為 的情況下,歐式買權價格為:
其中:
變數定義如下:
- :目前股票價格
- :履約價格
- :選擇權到期期間
- :無風險利率
- :股票報酬波動度
- :連續股利殖利率
- :標準常態累積分配函數
解題方法
公司原先將盈餘全部再投資,等同於股利殖利率 。董事會改採每年支付 3% 的連續股利殖利率後,變成:
在其他條件不變下, 增加會造成兩項效果:
第一,股票持有人未持有股票本身的股利,因此買權持有人不會收到股利。股利除息會使股票價格降低,買權的標的資產價值因而下降。
第二,公式中的現值股票價格由 變為:
當 增加時, 下降,使買權價值下降。此外, 出現在 的負項中,使 降低,進一步降低買權價格。
買權價格對股利殖利率的敏感度為:
因此,連續股利殖利率上升,歐式買權價值必然下降。主管持有的執行選擇權價值也會隨之下降。
選項分析
(A) 錯誤
股利可能被市場解讀為公司財務穩健的訊號,減少違約風險。這屬於股利政策的訊號效果,若進一步改變股票波動度、公司價值或信用風險,確實可能影響選擇權價值。
但題目要求依 Black-Scholes 含股利模型,在其他條件不變下判斷。模型直接反映的效果是:股利降低股票價格,而買權持有人不領取股利,因此買權價值下降,不會因「股利代表公司健康」而增加。
(B) 正確
買權持有人只有在執行買權並取得股票後,才可能成為股東;在持有買權期間不享有股票股利。
第 9 題5 分
As part of the annual risk-reweighting exercise, the NTU Investment Committee is evaluating two specific tranches. The historical covariance between these two specific instruments has been calculated at exactly 0.0000, suggesting no linear relationship.
Tranche Alpha (A): A statistical review shows a volatility profile () of 0.2015. The current analyst consensus projects a mean annualized return of 19.85%.
Tranche Beta (B): This tranche exhibits a lower volatility of 14.80%. The projected yield-to-maturity and expected capital gains provide an aggregate expected return of 10.25%.
Please determine the expected return of the portfolio that resides at the leftmost point of the efficient frontier.
(A) 12.50%
(B) 13.61%
(C) 14.32%
(D) 15.05%
(E) 16.49%
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此題考驗對投資組合理論中「效率前沿」(Efficient Frontier)的理解,特別是當組合中只有兩種資產時,效率前沿的形狀以及最低風險點(最左點)的意義。
核心觀念:
效率前沿代表了在給定風險水平下,能夠獲得的最高預期報酬的投資組合。它是由風險和報酬的各種組合繪製而成的曲線。
當投資組合只包含兩種資產時,組合的預期報酬是兩種資產預期報酬的加權平均,組合的風險(標準差)則取決於兩種資產的預期報酬、標準差以及它們之間的協方差(或相關係數)。
組合的預期報酬:
其中 和 是資產 A 和 B 的權重,且 。
組合的風險(標準差 ):
當兩種資產的協方差為零時(Cov(RA, RB) = 0),公式簡化為:
題目給定:
Tranche Alpha (A):
Tranche Beta (B):
Covariance(A, B) = 0,這表示 。
效率前沿的最左點(leftmost point)是指在所有可能的投資組合中,具有最低風險(標準差)的那個點。
在兩種資產的情況下,如果它們的協方差為零,最低風險點通常出現在兩種資產權重組合的某處,使其組合標準差最小。
然而,題目問的是「效率前沿的最左點」,這通常指的是包含無風險資產時的效率前沿。在沒有無風險資產的情況下,效率前沿的最低點是兩個風險資產組合中風險最低的那個。
如果我們只考慮資產 A 和 B 的組合,最低風險的組合權重可以通過最小化 來計算。
對 微分並令其為零:
第 10 題5 分
Our department has completed a fundamental analysis of &NVIDAA, which is currently trading at a market spot price of $52.40 per share. Based on our proprietary 12-month discounted cash flow model and recent guidance from the board, we expect the following:
- Capital Gains: The price target for the 12-month horizon is projected at $59.00.
- Income Generation: The equity is forecasted to issue a cash dividend of $2.62 per share at the end of the holding period.
Market Context and Risk Metrics:
- The broader market is currently yielding an equity risk premium of 850 basis points.
- The 10-year Treasury note (serving as the risk-free proxy) is currently at 4.25%.
- Statistical regression of &NVIDAA against the S&P 500 confirms a systematic risk coefficient of 1.25.
Determine the alpha of this position to justify a "Strong Buy" recommendation.
(A) -2.28%
(B) 2.14%
(C) 2.73%
(D) 6.97%
(E) 17.60%
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此題考驗對「Alpha」的計算,以及如何利用預期報酬與實際預期報酬來判斷投資價值的概念。Alpha 通常是指一項投資的超額報酬,即其預期報酬超過基於其風險(如 Beta)所應獲得的報酬。
在股票估值中,Alpha 的計算可以通過以下步驟進行:
- 計算股票的預期報酬(Expected Return)。
- 計算基於 CAPM 模型所應獲得的報酬(Required Return)。
- Alpha = 預期報酬 - 應獲得的報酬。
步驟 1:計算股票的預期報酬
預期報酬由資本利得和股息組成。
預期價格 (Price Target) = 52.40
預期股息 (Expected Dividend) = $2.62
預期報酬
$E(R) \approx 17.60%
第 11 題5 分
The risk desk has finalized the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression of Asset Omega's monthly excess returns against the MSCI World Index. The committee will utilize the following coefficient estimates and their respective 95% confidence intervals for the upcoming rebalancing meeting.
| Statistical Variable | Point Estimate (Coefficient) | Lower 95% Bound | Upper 95% Bound |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jensen's Alpha (Constant) | 1.425% | 0.125% | 2.725% |
| Systematic Sensitivity (Beta) | 1.218 | 0.985 | 1.451 |
Based on the new data in the table above and the principles of the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH), which of the following statements are correct? (Select all that apply)
(A) The manager has generated a positive abnormal return that is statistically significant at the 95% confidence level.
(B) We can conclude with 95% certainty that this asset is "Aggressive" (Beta > 1.0) because the point estimate is 1.218.
(C) According to the semi-strong form of the EMH, these results suggest that the market may not be fully efficient, or that this specific alpha is a result of the "lucky event" issue.
(D) A proponent of a passive investment strategy would likely argue that these results are a statistical anomaly and would still advise against active management.
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此題考驗對統計迴歸結果的解讀,特別是結合 Jensen's Alpha、Beta、信賴區間以及效率市場假說(EMH)的相關概念。
Jensen's Alpha (Constant):
- 點估計值 (Point Estimate) = 1.425%
- 95% 信賴區間下限 (Lower 95% Bound) = 0.125%
- 95% 信賴區間上限 (Upper 95% Bound) = 2.725%
Systematic Sensitivity (Beta):
- 點估計值 (Point Estimate) = 1.218
- 95% 信賴區間下限 (Lower 95% Bound) = 0.985
- 95% 信賴區間上限 (Upper 95% Bound) = 1.451
核心觀念:
- Alpha: Jensen's Alpha 代表了在控制了市場風險(Beta)之後,資產所獲得的超額報酬(abnormal return)。如果 Alpha 顯著大於零,則表明經理人可能具有選股或擇時的能力。
- 信賴區間 (Confidence Interval): 95% 信賴區間表示,我們有 95% 的信心認為真實的參數值落在該區間內。
- 統計顯著性 (Statistical Significance): 如果信賴區間不包含零,則該估計量被認為在 95% 的顯著性水平上是統計上顯著的。
- Beta: Beta 反映了資產對市場風險的敏感度。Beta > 1 表示資產比市場更波動(積極型/Aggressive),Beta < 1 表示資產比市場更穩定(消極型/Defensive),Beta = 1 表示與市場波動相同。
- 效率市場假說 (EMH): EMH 認為市場價格充分反映了所有可用信息。在強式效率市場中,沒有人能持續獲得超額報酬。在半強式效率市場中,公開信息無法產生超額報酬。
選項分析:
(A) The manager has generated a positive abnormal return that is statistically significant at the 95% confidence level.
- Jensen's Alpha 的點估計值是 1.425%,這是正的超額報酬。
- 95% 信賴區間是 [0.125%, 2.725%]。由於信賴區間的下限 (0.125%) 大於零,這意味著 Alpha 在 95% 的顯著性水平上是統計上顯著為正的。
- 因此,此陳述是正確的。
第 12 題5 分
The Treasury Department of NTU Tech Corp is evaluating its future cash needs. The company currently holds a portfolio of highly liquid, default-free zero-coupon instruments to fund a major R&D project scheduled for two years from today.
The lead analyst has compiled the following current market yields for these Treasury zeros (all with a $1,000 face value):
| Instrument | Maturity | Current Yield (YTM) |
|---|---|---|
| Series I | 1 Year | 6.0% |
| Series II | 2 Years | 7.5% |
| Series III | 3 Years | 8.0% |
The CFO is considering selling the Series III holdings in exactly 12 months to pay for early-stage equipment. Assuming the pure expectations hypothesis is the only factor influencing the yield curve and that no liquidity premiums are required by the market, what is the projected liquidation value per unit of the Series III bonds at that time?
(A) 841.69
(C) 891.26
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核心觀念
本題測試「純粹預期假說(Pure Expectations Hypothesis)」在即期利率與遠期利率之間的關係。
- 即期單期零息票券的到期收益率(Yield to Maturity, YTM)即為相應期間的即期利率 。
- 若市場僅受到純粹預期影響,則遠期利率 必須使得投資於當前不同期限的零息票券能產生相同的預期回報。
- 從即期利率可推得遠期利率的公式為
其中 為 年期限的即期零息票券年化收益率, 為第 年起至第 年的遠期單期利率。
解題方法
- 先求即期單期利率
已知三種零息票券的即期年化收益率(年化 YTM)
- 求第 2 年至第 3 年的遠期利率
依據純粹預期假說:
先算 (第 1 年至第 2 年的遠期利率):
代入數值
接著求 :
因此
觀察可知在此資料下 ,即預期未來一年利率保持相同。
- 計算 12 個月後 Series III 零息票券的預期價格
標的為面額 ,剩餘期限將由原先 3 年縮減為 2 年(因為持有 1 年後再賣出)。
在第 1 年結束時,投資人預期第 2 年至第 3 年的遠期單期利率為 ,因此第 2 年的即期利率(即剩餘 2 年期零息票券的即期 YTM)應為
第 13 題5 分
Exactly one year ago, Nexus Fund acquired a significant position in "Aero-Dynamics" 8-year bonds at a price reflecting a 5.0% yield to maturity (YTM). The bonds carry a $1,000 par value and a 7.0% annual coupon.
Today, after receiving the first annual interest payment, the fund is liquidating the position. Due to a shift in the interest rate environment, the market's required YTM for these bonds is now 4.5%. Nexus Fund is subject to a 20% flat tax rate on all investment income, including both coupon payments and capital gains. Please calculate the after-tax annual total rate of return (holding period return) for this investment. Select the option that is closest to your calculated value.
(A) 5.12%
(B) 6.24%
(C) 6.94%
(D) 7.79%
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核心觀念
-
債券價格與到期殖利率 (YTM) 的關係
其中 為每年票息金額, 為面值, 為到期殖利率。 -
持有期間報酬率 (Holding‑Period Return, HPR)
若考慮稅後,需將票息與資本利得皆扣除稅金。 -
稅率
營利稅率為 20%,適用於 票息收入 與 資本利得。
解題方法
-
計算購入時的債券價格(以 5.0% YTM 為貼現率)。
- 票息 。
- 期數 。
計算得
-
持有一年後的現金流
- 收到第一期票息 (稅前)。
- 市場 YTM 下降至 4.5%,因此債券在持有一年後的市場價格 為:
計算得
第 14 題7 分
You are a senior analyst at Elon Capital. You are evaluating Summit Peak Enterprises (SPE) to determine if it is currently underpriced in the market. You have gathered the following financial data:
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
| Risk-free Rate () | 4.5% |
| Expected Return on the Market () | 11.5% |
| Summit Peak Beta () | 1.2 |
| Expected Earnings Per Share (EPS₁) | $4.50 |
| Expected Return on Equity (ROE) | 16% |
| Earnings Retention (Plowback) Ratio (b) | 40% |
Please calculate the intrinsic value of SPE today () and determine what percentage of that value is represented by the present value of growth opportunities (PVGO). Choose the option that most closely matches your results.
(A) $
(B) $
(C) $
(D) $
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核心觀念
本題的核心在於結合資本資產定價模型(CAPM)、**高登股利折現模型(Gordon Growth Model)以及成長機會現值(Present Value of Growth Opportunities, PVGO)**來評估股票的內在價值與價值組成。
- CAPM 計算權益資金成本(必要報酬率 ):
其中 為市場風險溢酬(Market Risk Premium)。
- 可持續成長率(Sustainable Growth Rate, ):
其中 為盈餘保留率(Plowback Ratio / Retention Ratio), 為股東權益報酬率。
- 預期第一期現金股利():
其中 為股利發放率(Dividend Payout Ratio)。
- 高登成長模型(Gordon Growth Model)求內在價值():
- 成長機會現值(PVGO)與其佔比:
股票的內在價值可拆解為「零成長價值(現有資產價值)」與「成長機會現值()」:
解題方法
步驟一:計算權益資金成本(必要報酬率 )
根據 CAPM 公式:
步驟二:計算股利成長率()
步驟三:計算預期第一期現金股利()
股利發放率為 :
步驟四:計算股票內在價值()
將 、 與 代入高登模型:
第 15 題8 分
You are analyzing Titan Logistics, a firm with a complex capital structure. The company is transitioning its debt levels, and you need to determine the value of its equity based on its most recent financial reports.
| Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT) | $550 million |
| Interest Expense | $45 million |
| Corporate Tax Rate | 30% |
| Depreciation & Amortization | $60 million |
| Capital Expenditures (CapEx) | $110 million |
| Increase in Net Working Capital (NWC) | $25 million |
| Net Debt Increase during the year (net new borrowing) | $15 million |
| Market Value of Existing Debt | $800 million |
| Cost of Equity (COE) | 13% |
| Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) | 10% |
| Perpetual Growth Rate (g) | 3.5% |
Please compute the following:
Free Cash Flow to the Firm (FCFF)
Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE)
Determine the Total Market Value of Equity using the FCFF-to-Firm Value approach
(A) FCFF: 265.0M; Total Market Value: 310.0M; FCFE: 3,969.23M
(C) FCFF: 293.5M; Total Market Value: 335.0M; FCFE: 4,936.15M
(E) FCFF: 310.0M; Total Market Value: $5,736.15M
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核心觀念
本題評量公司理財與企業評價的核心基本功,主要涵蓋三大觀念:
- 企業自由現金流量(Free Cash Flow to the Firm, FCFF):代表公司營運所產生、可全數分配給所有資金提供者(包含債權人與股東)的現金流量。其計算基礎為稅後營業淨利(NOPAT),並調整非現金費用(折舊與攤銷)、資本支出(CapEx)及營運資金增加額()。
- 權益自由現金流量(Free Cash Flow to Equity, FCFE):代表支付所有營運成本、再投資需求、稅負以及償還債務本息並取得新借款後,最終可自由分配給普通股股東的現金流量。可直接由 FCFF 扣除稅後利息費用並加上淨借款(Net Borrowing)推導而得。
- 企業價值折現模型(FCFF-to-Firm Value Approach):以加權平均資金成本(WACC)作為折現率,運用高登永續成長模型(Gordon Growth Model)將次期預期現金流 折現以求得企業整體價值(Firm Value, ),再扣除負債的市場價值(Market Value of Debt, ),即可得出股權市場價值(Market Value of Equity, ):
解題方法
第一步:計算企業自由現金流量(FCFF)
以基期(第 0 期)財務數據計算 :
代入題目給定之數據:
第二步:計算權益自由現金流量(FCFE)
由 出發推導 :
代入題目給定之數據:
- 稅後利息費用
- 淨增借款(Net Borrowing)
*(驗算:淨利 ;
第 16 題5 分
Firm X (Value = 400). Firm X estimates that by eliminating redundant staff, they will save 50 increase in combined asset value. The cost of capital for both firms is 10%. Firm X agrees to pay $500 cash for Firm Y. The Net Present Value of this deal for Firm X's shareholders is ______.
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此題考驗對併購中淨現值(NPV)的計算,以及如何評估交易對收購方股東價值的影響。
核心觀念:
併購的 NPV 對於收購方股東而言,等於交易產生的總價值增量,減去為獲得這些增量而付出的成本。
NPV = (合併後公司增加的價值) - (收購方為收購支付的對價)
增加的價值來源於:
- 協同效應(Synergies):預期節省的成本、增加的收入等。
- 資產價值增加。
題目資訊:
- Firm X 價值 = $1,000
- Firm Y 價值 = $400
- 預期節省成本 (Synergy) = $20/year in perpetuity
- 預期增加的市場價值 = $50
- 資本成本 (Cost of Capital) = 10%
- Firm X 支付給 Firm Y 的現金對價 = $500
解題步驟:
第一步:計算協同效應的現值 (PV of Synergies)。
協同效應是每年節省 $20,永續存在,資本成本為 10%。
第 17 題5 分
Hyper-Drive Systems is entering the electric propulsion industry. Their only pure-play competitor, Volt-Tech, is financed with a debt-to-equity (B/S) ratio of 0.8. Volt-Tech has a cost of equity () of 18% and a borrowing rate () of 8%. Both firms face a 21% corporate tax rate. Hyper-Drive plans to maintain a more conservative target debt-to-value (B/V) ratio of 25% and expects to borrow at 7%. What is the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) that Hyper-Drive should use for this new venture?
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【核心觀念】
- 資本結構比例
- 債務比率有三種常見表示方式:
- 債務/股本 (D/E)
- 債務/資產價值 (D/V)
- 股本/資產價值 (E/V)
- 彼此關係:
- 債務比率有三種常見表示方式:
\frac{D}{E}= \frac{D/V}{E/V},\qquad
\frac{E}{V}=1-\frac{D}{V}
$$
-
莫迪利亞尼‑米勒(MM)有稅模型
- 未槓桿資本成本 (資產的必要報酬率)
- 槓桿股本成本
- 加權平均資本成本 (WACC)
-
稅後債務成本
【解題方法】
- 先由競爭對手求出行業的未槓桿資本成本
- 已知 Volt‑Tech:
- 代入 MM 公式求 :
- 套用 Hyper‑Drive 的目標資本結構
- 目標 →
- 因此
第 18 題5 分
The Popov Company has assets worth 1,200 today. It has issued a one-year zero coupon bond with a face value of 1,000. The continuously compounded risk-free rate is 5%. A one-year call option on the firm's assets with an exercise price of 1,000 is currently valued at 280. Using the relationship of Put-Call Parity for a firm's capital structure, what is the value of the "implicit put option" stockholders hold? (Note: ) Value of the "implicit put option" ______.
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核心觀念
本題考查公司資本結構下的Put‑Call Parity(買權‑賣權平價)在企業價值模型中的應用。
- 資產價值 、負債面值 (零息債券),以及對資產的看漲期權(call)價格已知。
- 企業股東實際持有的是隱含賣權(implicit put),其價值可由買權‑賣權平價推導。
- 連續複利下的零息債券現值:。
解題方法
-
寫出企業資本結構的 Put‑Call Parity
其中- 為資產看漲期權價值,
- 為隱含賣權價值,
- 為資產當前價值,
- 為負債的現值。
-
解算
第 19 題5 分
A firm just reported earnings of $10.00 per share. It maintains a retention ratio of 60% and a constant ROE of 20%. After 3 years of this high-growth phase, the firm will increase its payout ratio to 70% and its growth will settle into a perpetual 5%. The required return is 15%. Calculate the current stock price.
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此題考驗對多階段股利成長模型(Multi-stage Dividend Growth Model)的應用,特別是結合了高成長階段和永續成長階段。
核心觀念:
多階段成長模型將股票價值分解為不同成長階段的現值總和。
-
計算高成長階段的股利:
- 盈餘 (EPS)
- 保留比率 (Retention Ratio, b)
- 股東權益報酬率 (ROE)
- 成長率 ()
- 股利支付比率 (Payout Ratio = 1 - b)
- 股利 ()
-
計算成長轉換階段的股票價值:
在成長階段結束時,股票的價值等於該階段結束時的股利除以(永續成長率減去要求報酬率,但在此題目中,轉換點的股價計算方式有所不同)。
通常,在轉換點的價值是基於永續成長模型計算的,使用轉換點的下一年股利。 -
計算所有階段現金流的現值。
題目資訊:
- 當前 EPS () = $10.00
- 高成長階段保留比率 () = 60% = 0.60
- 高成長階段 ROE = 20% = 0.20
- 高成長階段持續時間 = 3 年
- 永續成長階段Payout Ratio () = 70% = 0.70
- 永續成長階段成長率 () = 5% = 0.05
- 要求報酬率 (Required Return, k) = 15% = 0.15
解題步驟:
第一階段:高成長階段 (Year 1-3)
-
計算高成長階段的成長率 ():
-
計算 EPS 在第 1, 2, 3 年:
-
計算高成長階段的股利 ():
高成長階段的 Payout Ratio =
第二階段:轉換點 (Year 3 結束後)
- 從第 4 年開始,進入永續成長階段。
- 計算永續成長階段的 EPS ():
在第 3 年,EPS 是 $14.04928