109 年 國立臺灣大學財務金融研究所甲組《財務管理》
第 1 題
- One of the important pillars of finance is the efficient market hypothesis (EMH), in which security prices quickly reflect available information accurately.
(i) When firms are included into S&P 500, the stock prices historically increase by about 3.5% on average (compared to firms with similar characteristics but not in S&P 500). There is also no apparent reversal afterwards. Which of following statement is incorrect with regard to this market?
(a) The effect may be due to liquidity because index funds need to pay a premium to quickly purchase these stocks after inclusion.
(b) The demand curve for stocks may be downward sloping. Stock prices increase when demand curves move to the right.
(c) This is evidence that market may not be efficient, most likely due to limits to arbitrage in the market.
(d) The effect may reflect non-public information about these firms. S&P 500 selection committee may choose to include these firms based on information not known by investors.
(e) All of the above are correct.
(ii) Post-earnings-announcement-drift (PEAD) is an empirical pattern, in which stock prices of firms with good earnings outperform those with bad earnings for at least a couple of months before and after earnings announcements. Which of the following statement is incorrect?
(a) This is evidence that the market violates strong market efficiency.
(b) This is evidence that the market violates semi-strong market efficiency.
(c) This is evidence that the market violates weak market efficiency.
(d) The interpretation of this evidence is influenced by the risk model one uses (i.e., joint hypothesis problem).
(e) All of the above are correct.
(iii) There exist many anomalies in the stock market that may suggest the market is not efficient. Some of these anomalies are very robust across time and markets. Which of the following is incorrect?
(a) Small firms on average outperform big firms.
(b) Value firms on average outperform growth firms.
(c) Stocks that have outperformed in the past 12 months (winners) on average outperform those that underperformed in the past 12 months (losers).
(d) Stocks that have outperformed in the past 3 years (winners) on average underperform those that underperformed in the past 3 years (losers).
(e) All of the above are correct.
(iv) One implication of EMH is that even if there are short-term mis-pricings in the market, arbitrageurs are able to correct them. However, there are limits to arbitrage in practice. Name two types of limits to arbitrage: ____ (4) and ____ (5) (Limit each of the answer to less than five words.)
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一、核心觀念
- 有效市場假說 (EMH):資訊若已公開,證券價格會立即且完全反映該資訊。
- 市場異常 (Anomaly):當實證結果與 EMH 預測不符時,稱為異常。
- 限套利 (Limits to Arbitrage):即使存在價格錯誤,套利者因資金、風險、交易成本等因素無法即時消除錯誤。
(i) S&P 500 加入效應
解題方法
先判斷每個選項是否為合理的解釋或是否與 EMH 相容。
- 觀察到的 3.5% 價格上漲是 可預測的事件(上市公司事前已知會被納入 S&P 500),因此理論上應可被套利者利用。
- 若價格持續上升且無逆轉,表示市場可能因流動性需求或風險溢酬而非資訊不對稱而產生價格變動。
選項分析
| 選項 | 判斷 | 理由 |
|---|---|---|
| (a) 流動性說明 | 正確 | 指數基金必須快速買入,增加需求,形成流動性溢酬,屬於合理解釋。 |
| (b) 需求曲線向右移價格上升 | 正確 | 基本經濟學原理,需求增加 → 價格上升,與實證吻合。 |
| (c) 證明市場無效率、限套利是主要原因 | 錯誤 | 這種可預測且持續的價格變動更可能是 風險/流動性溢酬,而非套利受限的證據;若套利受限,價格應在較長期間內回歸,不會形成恆定 3.5% 的升幅。 |
| (d) 可能反映非公開資訊 | 正確 | 雖不太可能,但若選拔委員會持有尚未公開的資訊,也可解釋價格變動。 |
| (e) 以上皆正確 | 錯誤 | 因 (c) 錯誤,整體敘述不成立。 |
答案:(c) 為不正確之敘述。
(ii) 營收公告後漂移 (PEAD)
解題方法
PEAD 觀測的是 公開資訊揭露後,股價在公告前後仍持續上漲或下跌,屬於 資訊整合不完全 的現象。根據 EMH 的不同層級:
- 弱式:只考慮歷史價格資訊。
- 半強式:考慮所有公開資訊。
- 強式:包括所有內部資訊。
若 PEAD 成立,則至少違反 半強式,進而亦違反 強式;但不必然違反 弱式,因其不是單純利用過去價格趨勢。
選項分析
| 選項 | 判斷 | 理由 |
|---|
第 2 題
- A stock portfolio's variance (or volatility) is determined by individual volatilities of component stocks and the relationships among its component stocks' returns.
(i) Which of the following is incorrect?
(a) Portfolio variance is the weighted average covariance of each stock with the portfolio.
(b) Portfolio variance is the sum of the covariances of all pairs of component stocks.
(c) Portfolio volatility is the weighted average correlation of each stock with the portfolio.
(d) Portfolio volatility is maximized when all component stocks have perfect positive correlation with each other.
(e) All of the above are correct.
(ii) You are managing an equally-weighted portfolio with a very large number of stocks. Suppose the portfolio's stocks have a volatility of 0.4 and a correlation coefficient (between each pair of stocks) of 0.1. What is the portfolio volatility? (Choose the closest number)
(7)
(a) 12.6%
(b) 1.6%
(c) 13.8%
(d) 15.3%
(e) 6.7%
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核心觀念
- 組合投資組合的變異數(或波動度)由個別資產的波動度及其之間的相關性(共變異數)決定。
- 投資組合變異數公式:
其中 為第 檔資產的權重,。 - 相關係數 與共變異數之關係:。
- 投資組合波動度(volatility)為變異數的平方根:。
- 在等權()且 大、 同值的情況下,變異數簡化為
因此隨著 ,。
解題方法
(i) 選項判斷
逐一對照投資組合變異數與波動度的定義,檢驗每個敘述是否符合上式。
- 若敘述涉及「加權平均共變異數」或「加權平均相關係數」須確認加權方式是否正確。
- 若涉及「最大化波動度」則要思考相關係數取何值能使變異數達到上限。
(ii) 計算題
給予等權、(「very large number of stocks」)的條件,直接套用極限公式
代入 ,得到
最接近的選項為 12.6%。
選項分析
| 選項 | 判斷 | 理由 |
|---|---|---|
| (a) Portfolio variance is the weighted average covariance of each stock with the portfolio. | 正確 | 投資組合變異數可寫成 ,其中 為投資組合報酬。此為「每檔股票與投資組合的共變異數的加權平均」。 |
第 3 題
- Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is the most popular theory of expected stock returns in modern finance. It establishes the relationship between risk and expected return.
(i) Consider two stocks in a CAPM world: stock A and stock B. Assume the risk-free rate is 3%. Suppose stock A has an expected return of 18% with a beta of 1.3, and stock B has an expected return of 12% with a beta of 0.6. Which of the following investment strategy would you choose?
(8)
(a) Long stock A and short stock B
(b) Short stock A and long stock B
(c) Both are fairly priced. A long-short strategy has zero NPV.
(d) Not enough information.
(ii) Which of the following regarding the implementation of CAPM is incorrect? (9)
(a) In practice, the market portfolio is typically proxied by a broad stock index that requires periodic rebalancing.
(b) Beta can be estimated by an OLS regression of monthly (or weekly) excess return on market excess return.
(c) The risk-free rate is typically measured by government treasury yields.
(d) CAPM estimation is sensitive to outliers. One way is to use industry return to substitute for outliers.
(e) All of the above are correct.
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核心觀念
- CAPM 公式:
其中 為無風險利率, 為資產 的系統性風險係數, 為市場投資組合的期待報酬。 - 公平定價:若資產的實際期待報酬 與 CAPM 所算出的必然報酬相同,則該資產在 CAPM 世界中是 公平定價,投資者無法藉由長/短倉位獲得正的 NPV。
- 相對定價:當兩檔股票的 、 不同時,可先假設其中一檔價格正確,推出市場報酬率 ,再檢驗另一檔是否高於或低於其 CAPM 必要報酬,以判斷「買」或「賣」。
- Beta 估計:常用 OLS 迴歸 取得 。
- 實務實作錯誤:CAPM 本身對極端值 (outlier) 敏感,但「以產業報酬代替極端值」並非常見或有效的處理方式。
(i) 投資策略選擇
解題方法
- 先以任一股票假設已被 CAPM 正確定價,求出隱含的市場期待報酬 。
- 使用相同的 計算另一檔股票的 CAPM 必要報酬 。
- 比較實際期待報酬 與 的大小:
- 若 ,股票 被低估,應 長倉。
- 若 ,股票 被高估,應 短倉。
計算步驟
- 假設 A 為公平定價
用此 計算 B 的 CAPM 必要報酬:
實際 → B 被低估 → 長 B。
- 假設 B 為公平定價
第 4 題
- Consider a call option that expires in one month. The firm of the underlying stock is about to pay a $0.1 dividend per share, and no dividend next month. What is the maximum strike price where it could be possible that early exercise of the option is optimal. Assume the interest rate is 3% (APR with monthly compounding).
(10)
(Round your answer to the nearest dollar.)
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核心觀念
- 美式認購權的提前行使條件:對於會發放現金股利的標的股票,美式認購權在除息日前可能因股利的現金流而值得提前行使。
- 提前行使的決策比較:
其中 為即將發放的股利, 為月利率, 為剩餘到期時間(1 個月)。
- 提前行使成立的條件
由於持有價值必然大於或等於除息後的內在價值 ,最嚴苛的情況(即持有價值最低)可近似為只考慮利息收益與股利現金流的差額。
- 簡化條件:
這條件說明:若持有期間能從未來的行權金額 所得到的利息收益不超過即將獲得的現金股利,則提前行使可能是最優的。
解題方法
- 計算月利率(以 APR 3%、月複利):
- 代入提前行使不等式
第 11 題
- You are negotiating to make a 7-year loan of 3,000 at the end of Year 1, 7,000 at the end of Year 3, plus a fixed but currently unspecified cash flow, Z, at the end of each year from Year 4 through Year 7. Morris is essentially riskless, so you are confident the payments will be made. You regard 6% as an appropriate rate of return on a low risk but illiquid 7-year loan. What cash flow must the investment provide at the end of each of the final 4 years, that is, what is Z?
(11)
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此題考驗對時間價值概念的應用,特別是年金(annuity)和淨現值(NPV)的計算。要求解出一個固定現金流Z,使得整個貸款的現值等於貸款的初始金額。
核心概念:
貸款的價值等於所有未來現金流的現值總和。
貸款的現值應等於初始貸款金額。
年金的現值公式:,其中 C 為每期現金流,r 為折現率,n 為期數。
題目資訊:
- 貸款金額 (現值) = $20,000
- 貸款期限 = 7 年
- 折現率 (要求報酬率) =
- 已知的現金流:
- Year 1: $3,000
- Year 2: $4,100
- Year 3: $7,000
- 未知的固定現金流 Z,從 Year 4 到 Year 7 (共 4 年)。
解題步驟:
- 計算已知現金流的現值。
- 計算年金 Z 的現值。
- 將所有現金流的現值加總,使其等於貸款金額。
- 解出 Z。
步驟 1:計算已知現金流的現值 (PV_known)
PV_known =
PV_known =
PV_known
PV_known
步驟 2:計算年金 Z 的現值 (PV_Z)
現金流 Z 是從第 4 年到第 7 年,共 4 期。這是一個普通年金。
但是,這個年金的現值需要從第 3 年年底折現到第 0 年。
首先,計算這個 4 年期年金在第 3 年年底的終值 (FV_Z_at_Year3):
FV_Z_at_Year3 =
FV_Z_at_Year3 =
FV_Z_at_Year3 =
FV_Z_at_Year3 =
FV_Z_at_Year3 =
然後,將這個在第 3 年年底的價值折現到第 0 年:
PV_Z =
第 12 題
- NTU Inc. is planning its operations for next year, and the CEO wants you to forecast the firm's additional funds needed (AFN). The CEO observes that assets, accounts payable, and accruals vary directly with sales, and that assets are at full capacity. Data for use in your forecast are shown below. What is the AFN for the coming year?
(12)
| Last year's sales = S0 | Sales growth rate = g | |
|---|---|---|
| Last year's accounts payable | $100,000 | |
| Last year's notes payable | $35,000 | |
| Last year's total assets = | $205,000 | |
| Last year's profit margin = | 22.0% | |
| Target payout ratio = | 12.0% |
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此題考驗對額外資金需求 (AFN) 公式及其各項組成部分的理解與計算。AFN 是指企業為了支持預期銷售增長而需要籌集的外部資金總額。
AFN 公式:
AFN =
其中:
= 淨資產的預期增加額 (預計需要多少額外資產)
= 自發性負債的預期增加額 (如應付帳款、應付費用等)
= 股東權益的預期增加額 (來自保留盈餘)
更詳細的 AFN 公式:
AFN =
其中:
= 上一年度的總資產
= 上一年度的銷售額
= 銷售額的預期增長額 ()
= 上一年度的自發性負債 (與銷售額成比例變化的負債,例如應付帳款)
= 上一年度的股東權益
= 銷售增長率
= 股利支付率
題目提供的數據:
- (Last year's sales) = $300,000
- (Sales growth rate) = 36% = 0.36
- (Last year's total assets) = $205,000
- Profit Margin (淨利潤率) = 22.0% = 0.22
- Target Payout Ratio (股利支付率) = 12.0% = 0.12
- (自發性負債) = Last year's accounts payable + Last year's notes payable
- Last year's accounts payable = $100,000
- Last year's notes payable = $35,000
- = 35,000 = $135,000
計算步驟:
-
計算銷售額的預期增長額 ():
-
計算預計的總資產增加額 ():
由於資產與銷售額成比例變動,且資產處於滿負荷狀態,因此:
(約為 73,800) -
計算預計的自發性負債增加額 ():
自發性負債與銷售額成比例變動:
-
計算預計的股東權益增加額 ():
股東權益的增加主要來自於保留盈餘。
首先,計算上年度的淨利潤:
Net Income =
然後,計算股利支付總額:
Dividends = Net Income Payout Ratio =
計算保留盈餘:
Retained Earnings = Net Income - Dividends =
股東權益的增加額 是指保留盈餘,因為題目假設資產處於滿負荷,暗示沒有額外的股權發行。
(這是保留盈餘占銷售額的比例乘以銷售額增長)
或者,更直接地, 是本期增加的保留盈餘。
$\Delta E = \text{Retained Earnings} = 58,080
第 13 題
- A firm is considering Projects X and Y, whose cash flows are shown below. These projects are mutually exclusive, equally risky, and not repeatable. The CEO wants to use the IRR criterion, while the CFO favors the NPV method. You were hired to advise the firm on the best procedure. If the wrong decision criterion is used, how much potential value would the firm lose?
(13)
WACC: 6.00%
| Year | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CFx | -$2,000 | $715 | $715 | $715 | $715 |
| CFy | -$850 | $330 | $330 | $330 | $330 |
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此題考驗對淨現值(NPV)與內部報酬率(IRR)兩種資本預算決策方法的理解,以及在專案互斥(mutually exclusive)的情況下,如何判斷何種方法更適合,以及錯誤決策可能造成的價值損失。
核心概念:
- NPV (Net Present Value):專案所有未來現金流的現值減去初始投資。NPV > 0 表示專案應被接受。NPV 是決策的絕對價值指標。
- IRR (Internal Rate of Return):使專案 NPV 等於零的折現率。IRR > WACC (加權平均資金成本) 表示專案應被接受。IRR 是相對報酬率指標。
- 互斥專案 (Mutually Exclusive Projects):只能選擇其中一個專案,不能同時接受。
- 決策準則衝突: 當兩個互斥專案的 NPV 和 IRR 結果不一致時,應以 NPV 作為決策依據,因為 NPV 直接衡量專案對公司價值的貢獻。
題目資訊:
- WACC (加權平均資金成本) =
- 專案 X 的現金流:
- Year 0: -$2,000
- Year 1-4: $715 (永續年金,因為現金流相同且專案不可重複,這裡假設是4年期年金,因為數據只給到第4年。但題目描述永續年金的感覺,不過由於數據只到第4年,我們就按4年計算。)
- 專案 Y 的現金流:
- Year 0: -$850
- Year 1-4: $330 (同上,按4年計算)
- 專案互斥,風險相同。
解題步驟:
-
計算專案 X 的 NPV (NPV_X)
NPV_X =
NPV_X =
NPV_X =
NPV_X =
NPV_X =
NPV_X =
NPV_X = -
計算專案 Y 的 NPV (NPV_Y)
NPV_Y =
NPV_Y =
NPV_Y =
NPV_Y =
NPV_Y = -
根據 NPV 準則決策:
NPV_X =
NPV_Y =
由於 NPV_X > NPV_Y,且 NPV_X > 0,NPV_Y > 0,NPV 準則建議選擇專案 X,因為它能為公司帶來更高的價值。 -
計算專案 X 的 IRR (IRR_X)
IRR 是使 NPV 等於零的折現率。
第 14 題
- Your subscription to NTU Daily is about to expire. You plan to subscribe to the magazine for the rest of your life, and you can renew it by paying 8,000, also payable immediately. Assuming that you can earn 5.5% on your funds and that the annual renewal rate will remain constant, how many years must you live at least to make the lifetime subscription the better buy? (Round the value up to the nearest integer)
(14)
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核心觀念
本題考「年金現值」與「年金先付」的概念。
- 終身訂閱:現在立即支付
\$8,000。 - 年度續訂:現在立即支付第一年的
\$500,之後每年年初支付一次。 - 因為兩種方案的付款時間不同,必須將未來的年度續訂費折算成現在價值,再與
\$8,000比較。
年度續訂屬於「先付年金」(annuity due),其現值為:
其中:
- 為使用年數
解題方法
當年度續訂費的現值大於或等於終身訂閱費現值 \$8,000 時,終身訂閱較划算。因此令兩者現值相等,求出臨界年數:
先整理常數:
由於 ,也可直接利用先付年金的等比級數形式:
兩邊除以 :
第 15 題
- Michael and Josh are brothers who were both born on the same day, and both turned 25 today. Their grandfather began putting 3,000 payments until a 46th and final payment is made on Michael's 65th birthday. The grandfather set things up this way because he wants Michael to work, not be a "trust fund baby," but he also wants to ensure that Michael is provided for in his old age.
Until now, the grandfather has been disappointed with Josh, hence has not given him anything. However, they recently reconciled, and the grandfather decided to make an equivalent provision for Josh. He will make the first payment to a trust for Josh today, and he has instructed his trustee to make 40 additional equal annual payments until Josh turns 65, when the 41st and final payment will be made. If both trusts earn an annual return of 6.5%, how much must the grandfather put into Josh's trust today and each subsequent year to enable him to have the same retirement nest egg as Michael after the last payment is made on their 65th birthday? (15)
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核心觀念
本題測驗財務管理中「貨幣時間價值(Time Value of Money, TVM)」的核心應用——等額年金終值(Future Value of Ordinary Annuity, ) 與 時間軸現金流匹配。
主要公式與定義如下:
- 普通年金終值公式(FV of Ordinary Annuity):
若每期期末(或各期均等時點)存入固定金額 ,共存入 期,年化報酬率為 ,最後一期存入當下的帳戶累積總額(終值 )為: 其中 為年金終值因子(Future Value Interest Factor for Annuity)。 - 現金流期數判定原則:
頭尾皆包含的等距付款,總期數 。
解題方法
第一步:釐清兩人的現金流量與付款期數
-
Michael 的信託基金:
- 起始付款時點:20 歲生日()。
- 截至今天(25 歲生日,):已存入 6 期款項(20、21、22、23、24、25 歲,共 6 筆)。
- 後續付款:未來還將存入 40 筆,直到 65 歲生日()存入最後一筆(第 46 筆)。
- 總存入期數: 期。
- 每期存入金額:$3,000。
- 年報酬率:。
-
Josh 的信託基金:
- 起始付款時點:今天(25 歲生日,)存入第 1 筆。
- 後續付款:未來再存入 40 筆,直到 65 歲生日()存入最後一筆(第 41 筆)。
- 總存入期數: 期。
- 每期存入金額:設為 。
- 年報酬率:。
第二步:計算 Michael 於 65 歲生日時的累積退休總額()
由於最後一筆付款剛好在 65 歲生日當天,這 46 筆每期 $3,000 的款項可視為以 65 歲為結算點的普通年金:
計算複利因子:
代入得:
第 16 題
- Jason Company is considering a new salsa whose data are shown below. The equipment to be used would be depreciated by the straight-line method over its 3-year life and would have a zero salvage value, and no change in net operating working capital would be required. Revenues and other operating costs are expected to be constant over the project's 3-year life. However, this project would compete with other Jason products and would reduce their pre-tax annual cash flows. What is the project's NPV?
__(16)
WACC: 12.0%
Pre-tax cash flow reduction for other products (cannibalization)
Investment cost (depreciable basis)
Straight-line depreciation rate
Annual sales revenues
Annual operating costs (excl. depreciation)
Tax rate
-80,000
33.333%
25,000
40.0%
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此題考驗對資本預算決策中淨現值(NPV)的計算,特別是包含設備投資、直線法折舊、稅盾效果以及營業現金流的項目。
核心概念:
NPV =
其中 是第 t 期現金流, 是折現率 (WACC),T 是專案年限。
現金流的計算需要考慮:
-
營業現金流 (Operating Cash Flow, OCF):
OCF = (Sales - Operating Costs - Depreciation) (1 - Tax Rate) + Depreciation
或者
OCF = (Sales - Operating Costs) (1 - Tax Rate) + Depreciation Tax Rate
或者
OCF = EBIT (1 - Tax Rate) + Depreciation
其中 EBIT = Sales - Operating Costs - Depreciation。 -
初始投資現金流 (Year 0):通常是設備的購買成本。
題目資訊:
- WACC =
- 專案年限 = 3 年 (因為設備折舊年限為 3 年,且假設其他現金流也持續 3 年)
- 設備投資成本 (折舊基礎) = $80,000
- 折舊方法:直線法
- 設備殘值 = $0
- 營運資金變動 = $0
- 營業現金流:
- 年銷售收入 = $67,500
- 年營運成本 (不含折舊) = $25,000
- 稅前現金流減少 (其他產品的侵蝕) = $5,500 (這是負現金流,表示減少了其他產品的收入,所以應計入現金流計算)
- 稅率 =
解題步驟:
-
計算年折舊額 (Depreciation)
折舊基礎 = 80,000 / 3 = $26,666.67 (保留小數點後兩位) -
計算每年的營業現金流 (OCF)
由於題目說「Revenues and other operating costs are expected to be constant over the project's 3-year life」,且「this project would compete with other Jason products and would reduce their pre-tax annual cash flows」,我們可以將「Pre-tax cash flow reduction for other products」視為對項目本身的稅前影響。
這個項目對公司整體稅前現金流的影響是:- 來自新專案的現金流:Sales - Operating Costs - Depreciation
- 減少的現金流:-$5,500 (這是稅前的減少額)
讓我們將所有稅前影響加總:
稅前利潤 (EBT) = (Annual sales revenues + Pre-tax cash flow reduction) - Annual operating costs (excl. depreciation) - Depreciation
EBT = (25,000 -
第 17 題
- Bob Enterprise, which is debt-free and finances only with equity from retained earnings, is considering 7 equal sized capital budgeting projects. Its CFO hired you to assist in deciding whether none, some, or all of the projects should be accepted. You have the following information: risk-free rate = 4.50%; market return = 12%; and beta = 0.91. The company adds or subtracts a specified risk factor to the corporate WACC when it evaluates projects that have above- or below-average risk. Data on the 7 projects are shown below. If these are the only projects under consideration, how large should the capital budget be?
(17)
| Project | Risk Factor | Expected Return | Cost (Millions) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Very low | -2.00% | $30.0 |
| 2 | Low | -1.00% | $30.0 |
| 3 | Average | 0.00% | $10.10% |
| 4 | High | 1.00% | $10.40% |
| 5 | Very high | 2.00% | $10.80% |
| 6 | Very high | 3.00% | $10.90% |
| 7 | Very high | 3.00% | $13.00% |
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核心觀念
- 資金成本 (WACC):公司全額以留存盈餘(權益)融資,故其資金成本即為權益成本。
- :無風險利率
- :市場報酬率
- :公司股價β值
-
風險調整的資金成本:對於「高於平均風險」與「低於平均風險」的專案,公司會在基礎 WACC 上加減一個固定的風險因子。題目只給予風險等級(Very low、Low、Average、High、Very high),因此必須把這些等級對應到具體的加減值。題目中「Expected Return」的數字恰好為各等級的 相對於基礎 WACC 的調整幅度,因此可直接作為專案的 IRR 與風險因子之差。
-
淨現值(NPV)判斷:
- 若專案的 預期報酬率 (IRR) > 調整後的資金成本 → NPV > 0,接受。
- 若等於或低於調整後的資金成本 → NPV ≤ 0,不接受。
解題方法
- 計算公司基礎資金成本 (CAPM)
四捨五入為 11.33 %。
-
將風險等級與「Expected Return」對應
- Very low →
- Low →
- Average →
- High →
- Very high → (題目中第 6、7 項的 3.00 % 代表 在 Very high 基礎上再額外 +1 %,視為同一等級的上限)
這些百分比即為 專案的 IRR 與基礎 WACC 的差額:
- 計算每個專案的調整後資金成本
其中 Risk Factor 與 Expected Return 的符號相同,只是反映在「要求報酬率」上。
具體如下(單位:%):
| 專案 | Risk Factor | 調整後資金成本 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Very low (-2) | |
| 2 | Low (-1) |
第 18 題
- Using the average historical excess returns for both Albert Company and the market portfolio, your estimate of Albert's beta is closest to:
(18)
| Year | Risk-free return | Market return | Albert Company return |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2007 | 3.00% | 7.00% | 7.20% |
| 2008 | 1.50% | -39.50% | -30.60% |
| 2009 | 1.00% | 28.90% | 12.40% |
| Average | -1.20% | -3.67% |
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核心觀念
- Beta(β):衡量個別資產與市場組合報酬變動的相對波動性。
- 估計 β 時常使用 回歸法:將資產的超額報酬(資產報酬 – 無風險報酬)對市場的超額報酬(市場報酬 – 無風險報酬)做最小平方法回歸,斜率即為 β。
- 若僅有少量觀測值且要求「使用平均歷史超額報酬」估計,則可直接利用 協方差除以變異數 的公式:
其中 為 Albert 公司的報酬, 為市場組合報酬, 為無風險報酬, 為觀測期數 (此題為 3 年)。
解題方法
- 計算每年的 超額報酬(資產與市場的報酬減去同年的無風險報酬)。
- 用上述公式計算 分子(協方差的簡化版)與 分母(市場超額報酬的變異數)。
- 除以得到 β,最後四捨五入至最接近的選項。
步驟詳列
| 年度 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2007 | 3.00% | 7.00% | 7.20% | ||
| 2008 | 1.50% | -39.50% | -30.60% | ||
| 2009 | 1.00% | 28.90% | 12.40% |
接著求和:
第 19 題
- Jack Inc. has a 6-year, 8% annual coupon bond with a 1,000 par value. Both bonds currently have a yield to maturity of 9%. Which of the following statements are correct if the market yield increases to 10%?
(19)
A. Both bonds would decrease in value by 4.42%.
B. The Eva bond will increase in value by 42.25.
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核心觀念
- 債券價格公式:
其中 為每期票息、 為票面價值、 為每期到期殖利率、 為期數。 - 殖利率變動對價格的影響:殖利率上升時,折現因子變大,債券價格下降;下降時則相反。
- 年付與半年度付的換算:若給的是「名目年利率」,則每期殖利率 ,每期票息 ( 為年票息率)。
解題方法
- 先分別以原始殖利率 計算兩張債券的市場價格 。
- 再以新殖利率 計算新價格 。
- 以 絕對變動 () 與 相對變動 () 判斷題目所給的金額或百分比是否正確。
1. Jack Inc.(年付)
- 票面 ,年票息率 ,每年票息 。
- 到期年限 。
(a) 以 計算
(b) 以 計算
(c) 變動
2. Eva Inc.(半年度付)
- 票面 ,年票息率 ,每半年票息 。
- 期限 年 → 期數 。
(a) 以名目 (半年殖利率 )計算