112 年 國立臺灣大學農業化學系碩士班丙組《專業英文(F)》

第 1 題3 分

Please translate the following paragraphs into Chinese (英翻中).
(1) Radioactive decay in rocks: Measurements performed on rock containing radioactive elements can reveal the age of the rock.

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考驗對科學術語及基礎科學概念的理解與翻譯能力。題目要求將關於放射性衰變與岩石定年的英文敘述翻譯成中文。

解題思路:

  1. 理解關鍵詞:Radioactive decay (放射性衰變), rocks (岩石), measurements (測量), radioactive elements (放射性元素), reveal (揭示), age of the rock (岩石的年齡).
  2. 將英文句子結構轉換為中文習慣的表達方式。
  3. 確保翻譯準確且符合科學用語的習慣。
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第 2 題5 分

Please translate the following paragraphs into Chinese (英翻中).
(2) Dormancy: Quiescent, resting state assumed by vegetative cells, especially those unable to develop specialized resting stages. In the dormant state, energy expenditure counteracts macromolecular damage.

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考驗對植物學或細胞生物學術語的理解與翻譯能力。題目要求將關於細胞休眠狀態的英文敘述翻譯成中文。

解題思路:

  1. 理解關鍵詞:Dormancy (休眠), Quiescent (靜止的), resting state (靜止狀態), vegetative cells (營養細胞), unable to develop specialized resting stages (無法發展出特殊休眠階段), energy expenditure (能量消耗), counteracts (抵銷/對抗), macromolecular damage (大分子損傷).
  2. 將英文句子結構轉換為中文習慣的表達方式。
  3. 確保翻譯準確且符合科學用語的習慣。
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第 3 題5 分

Please translate the following paragraphs into Chinese (英翻中).
(3) Environmental microbiology: The study of microorganisms that inhabit the Earth and their roles in carrying out processes in both natural and human-made systems; emphasis is on interfaces between environmental sciences and microbial diversity.

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考驗對微生物學及環境科學術語的理解與翻譯能力。題目要求將關於環境微生物學的英文定義翻譯成中文。

解題思路:

  1. 理解關鍵詞:Environmental microbiology (環境微生物學), microorganisms (微生物), inhabit (棲息), Earth (地球), roles (角色), carrying out processes (執行過程), natural systems (自然系統), human-made systems (人造系統), emphasis (強調), interfaces (介面), environmental sciences (環境科學), microbial diversity (微生物多樣性).
  2. 將英文句子結構轉換為中文習慣的表達方式。
  3. 確保翻譯準確且符合科學用語的習慣。
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第 4 題5 分

Please translate the following paragraphs into Chinese (英翻中).
(4) Aquatic chemistry: Fundamental reactions of aqueous inorganic and organic chemistry and their quantification based on thermodynamics, equilibrium, and kinetics.

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考驗對水質化學及化學原理的理解與翻譯能力。題目要求將關於水質化學的英文定義翻譯成中文。

解題思路:

  1. 理解關鍵詞:Aquatic chemistry (水質化學), Fundamental reactions (基本反應), aqueous (水性的/水溶液的), inorganic chemistry (無機化學), organic chemistry (有機化學), quantification (量化), thermodynamics (熱力學), equilibrium (平衡), kinetics (動力學).
  2. 將英文句子結構轉換為中文習慣的表達方式。
  3. 確保翻譯準確且符合科學用語的習慣。
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第 5 題5 分

Please translate the following paragraphs into Chinese (英翻中).
(5) Metabolome: the metabolite pool of cells, tissues, or an organism; determined by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry; mapped onto the proteome, transcriptome, and genome of an organism.

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考驗對生物化學及分子生物學術語的理解與翻譯能力。題目要求將關於代謝體學的英文定義翻譯成中文。

解題思路:

  1. 理解關鍵詞:Metabolome (代謝體), metabolite pool (代謝物庫), cells (細胞), tissues (組織), organism (生物體), determined by (由...決定/測定), liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (液體層析/質譜法), mapped onto (映射到/對應到), proteome (蛋白質體), transcriptome (轉錄體), genome (基因體).
  2. 將英文句子結構轉換為中文習慣的表達方式。
  3. 確保翻譯準確且符合科學用語的習慣。
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第 6 題5 分

Please translate the following paragraphs into Chinese (英翻中).
(6) Abiotic reactions: These include all of the reactions not encompassed by biotic reactions. Included are inorganic, organic, photolytic, surface-catalzyed, sorptive, and transport.

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考驗對化學反應分類及術語的理解與翻譯能力。題目要求將關於非生物反應的英文定義翻譯成中文。

解題思路:

  1. 理解關鍵詞:Abiotic reactions (非生物反應), encompassed by (包含於), biotic reactions (生物反應), inorganic (無機的), organic (有機的), photolytic (光解的), surface-catalyzed (表面催化的), sorptive (吸附的), transport (運輸).
  2. 將英文句子結構轉換為中文習慣的表達方式。
  3. 確保翻譯準確且符合科學用語的習慣。
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第 7 題5 分

Please translate the following paragraphs into Chinese (英翻中).
(7) Bioremediation: A managed or spontaneous process in which biological, especially microbiological, catalysis acts on pollutant compounds, thereby remedying or eliminating environmental contamination.

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考驗對環境工程及微生物學術語的理解與翻譯能力。題目要求將關於生物修復的英文定義翻譯成中文。

解題思路:

  1. 理解關鍵詞:Bioremediation (生物修復), managed (管理的), spontaneous (自發的), process (過程), biological (生物的), microbiological (微生物的), catalysis (催化), pollutant compounds (污染物), remedying (補救), eliminating (消除), environmental contamination (環境污染).
  2. 將英文句子結構轉換為中文習慣的表達方式。
  3. 確保翻譯準確且符合科學用語的習慣。
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第 8 題6 分

Please translate the following paragraphs into Chinese (英翻中).
(8) 2011, the United States used more than 6.8 billion barrels of oil for heating, generation of electricity and transportation. Other sources of energy are coal, natural gas and nuclear energy. Large amounts of waste, including solvents, acids, bases and metals, are also produced by the paper, transportation, electronics, defense, and metals industries.

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考驗對能源、工業及環境議題相關詞彙的理解與翻譯能力。題目要求將關於 2011 年美國能源使用及廢棄物產生的英文敘述翻譯成中文。

解題思路:

  1. 理解關鍵詞:United States (美國), billion barrels of oil (十億桶石油), heating (供暖), generation of electricity (發電), transportation (運輸), sources of energy (能源來源), coal (煤炭), natural gas (天然氣), nuclear energy (核能), large amounts of waste (大量廢棄物), solvents (溶劑), acids (酸), bases (鹼), metals (金屬), produced by (由...生產), paper industry (造紙業), transportation industry (運輸業), electronics industry (電子業), defense industry (國防業), metals industry (金屬工業).
  2. 將英文句子結構轉換為中文習慣的表達方式。
  3. 確保翻譯準確且符合科學用語的習慣。
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第 9 題6 分

Please translate the following paragraphs into Chinese (英翻中).
(9) Mineralization: Conversion of an organic molecule into its inorganic constituents. Mineralization occurs when an organic compound is altered by central catabolic cellular mechanisms. The responsible organism(s) typically benefit from mineralization and reactions - thus, microbial growth is expected, and a substantial portion (~50%) of the carbon in the original organic molecule is usually incorporated into biomass.

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考驗對生物化學及微生物學術語的理解與翻譯能力。題目要求將關於礦化作用的英文定義翻譯成中文。

解題思路:

  1. 理解關鍵詞:Mineralization (礦化作用), Conversion (轉化), organic molecule (有機分子), inorganic constituents (無機成分), occurs (發生), organic compound (有機化合物), altered by (被改變), central catabolic cellular mechanisms (中央分解代謝細胞機制), responsible organism(s) (負責的生物體), typically benefit from (通常受益於), reactions (反應), microbial growth (微生物生長), expected (預期), substantial portion (相當大的部分), carbon (碳), original organic molecule (原始有機分子), incorporated into biomass (併入生物質).
  2. 將英文句子結構轉換為中文習慣的表達方式。
  3. 確保翻譯準確且符合科學用語的習慣。

翻譯過程:
"Mineralization:" -> 「礦化作用:」
"Conversion of an organic molecule into its inorganic constituents." -> 「將有機分子轉化為其無機成分。」

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第 10 題5 分

Please translate the following paragraphs into Chinese (英翻中).
(10) The copper-containing enzymes have diverse metabolic roles with one common characteristic: all involve reactions that consume oxygen or oxygen radicals. For example, copper-containing enzymes catalyze the oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron.

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考驗對酶學及生物無機化學術語的理解與翻譯能力。題目要求將關於含銅酶的英文敘述翻譯成中文。

解題思路:

  1. 理解關鍵詞:Copper-containing enzymes (含銅酶), diverse metabolic roles (多樣的代謝角色), common characteristic (共同特徵), consume oxygen (消耗氧氣), oxygen radicals (氧自由基), catalyze (催化), oxidation (氧化), ferrous iron (亞鐵離子), ferric iron (鐵離子).
  2. 將英文句子結構轉換為中文習慣的表達方式。
  3. 確保翻譯準確且符合科學用語的習慣。

翻譯過程:
"The copper-containing enzymes" -> 「含銅酶」

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第 11 題20 分

Please translate the following paragraphs into Chinese (英翻中).
(11) Betalains (甜菜鹼) are nitrogenous, water-soluble, red-violet and yellow pigments that form one of the major pigment classes providing striking colors to plant organs, alongside chlorophylls, anthocyanins (and other flavonoids), and carotenoids. In addition to their attractive colors, betalains were also found to have strong antioxidant activity. They have thus been widely studied with respect to their potential health-promoting properties, including anticancer, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic activities, as was previously reviewed. Their reported nutritional values have led to commercialization of a variety of betalain-based products in the dietary supplements industry, while their stability in a wide range of pH has made them a pigment of choice for the food industry, where they are widely used as natural food colorants. To date, structures of approximately 75 betalains have been unambiguously identified from 17 different plant families; however, many more compounds have been detected to which structures have only been putatively assigned. The number of reported betalains is also continuously increasing due to the introduction of new analytical technologies and development of better methodologies in liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. (Adapted from Molecular Plant 2018, 11, 7-22)

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這一題的完整詳解

此題要求翻譯一篇關於甜菜鹼(Betalains)的科學段落,內容涵蓋其化學性質、生物功能、應用及研究現況。此題配分較高,需仔細處理專業術語及長句結構。

解題思路:

  1. 逐句理解與翻譯:將長句拆解,逐一翻譯關鍵詞和短語。
  2. 專業術語翻譯:確保生化、植物學、藥學等領域的術語翻譯準確。
  3. 句構調整:將英文的長句、從句結構調整為符合中文閱讀習慣的表達方式,保持語意連貫。
  4. 注意引述來源:翻譯時需保留引述來源資訊。

翻譯步驟與詳解:

  • Betalains (甜菜鹼):這是主題,已知中文為「甜菜鹼」。
  • are nitrogenous, water-soluble, red-violet and yellow pigments:
    • nitrogenous: 含氮的
    • water-soluble: 水溶性的
    • red-violet and yellow pigments: 紅紫色和黃色色素
    • 翻譯:是含氮、水溶性的紅紫色和黃色色素,
  • that form one of the major pigment classes providing striking colors to plant organs, alongside chlorophylls, anthocyanins (and other flavonoids), and carotenoids.:
    • form one of the major pigment classes: 構成主要的色素類別之一
    • providing striking colors to plant organs: 為植物器官提供鮮豔的色彩
    • alongside: 與...並列/一同
    • chlorophylls: 葉綠素
    • anthocyanins (and other flavonoids): 花青素(及其他類黃酮)
    • carotenoids: 類胡蘿蔔素
    • 翻譯:構成主要的色素類別之一,與葉綠素、花青素(及其他類黃酮)和類胡蘿蔔素一同為植物器官提供鮮豔的色彩。
  • In addition to their attractive colors, betalains were also found to have strong antioxidant activity.:
    • In addition to: 除了...之外
    • attractive colors: 吸引人的顏色
    • were also found to have: 也被發現具有
    • strong antioxidant activity: 強大的抗氧化活性
    • 翻譯:除了其吸引人的顏色外,甜菜鹼也被發現具有強大的抗氧化活性。
  • They have thus been widely studied with respect to their potential health-promoting properties, including anticancer, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic activities, as was previously reviewed.:
    • They have thus been widely studied: 因此,它們已被廣泛研究
    • with respect to: 關於/就...而言
    • potential health-promoting properties: 潛在的促進健康特性
    • including: 包括
    • anticancer: 抗癌
    • hypolipidemic: 降血脂的
    • hepatoprotective: 肝臟保護的
    • anti-inflammatory: 抗發炎的
    • antidiabetic activities: 抗糖尿病活性
    • as was previously reviewed: 如先前文獻回顧所示
    • 翻譯:因此,關於其潛在的促進健康特性,包括抗癌、降血脂、肝臟保護、抗發炎和抗糖尿病活性,它們已被廣泛研究,正如先前文獻回顧所示。
  • Their reported nutritional values have led to commercialization of a variety of betalain-based products in the dietary supplements industry, while their stability in a wide range of pH has made them a pigment of choice for the food industry, where they are widely used as natural food colorants.:
    • Their reported nutritional values: 其報告的營養價值
    • have led to commercialization: 已促成商業化
    • a variety of betalain-based products: 各種基於甜菜鹼的產品
    • in the dietary supplements industry: 在膳食補充品行業
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第 12 題15 分

Please translate the following paragraphs into Chinese (英翻中).
(12) In recent years, non-biodegradable petroleum plastics have caused serious problems such as marine microplastic pollution. To solve these problems, biodegradable plastics that can be degraded into water and carbon dioxide by the action of microorganisms are desired. Several types of biodegradable plastics have been developed. Most biodegradable plastics contain ester bonds as a hydrolyzable linkage in their backbones. Among biodegradable plastics, poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA), poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] (P(3HB)) and its copolymers, poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL), poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), poly(butylene succinate/adipate) (PBSA), and poly(butylene terephthalate/adipate) (PBAT) have been widely investigated and developed in industry. In particular, PLLA has been subjected to extensive fundamental and applied research. (Adapted from Biomacromolecules 2020, 21, 3301-3307)

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這一題的完整詳解

此題要求翻譯一篇關於可生物降解塑膠的科學段落,內容涵蓋其問題、需求、結構特徵及具體種類。此題配分較高,需仔細處理專業術語及長句結構。

解題思路:

  1. 逐句理解與翻譯:將長句拆解,逐一翻譯關鍵詞和短語。
  2. 專業術語翻譯:確保高分子化學、環境科學等領域的術語翻譯準確,特別是各種塑膠的化學名稱。
  3. 句構調整:將英文的長句、從句結構調整為符合中文閱讀習慣的表達方式,保持語意連貫。
  4. 注意引述來源:翻譯時需保留引述來源資訊。

翻譯步驟與詳解:

  • In recent years, non-biodegradable petroleum plastics have caused serious problems such as marine microplastic pollution.:
    • non-biodegradable petroleum plastics: 非生物降解的石油基塑膠
    • caused serious problems: 造成了嚴重的問題
    • marine microplastic pollution: 海洋微塑膠污染
    • 翻譯:近年來,非生物降解的石油基塑膠已造成嚴重的問題,例如海洋微塑膠污染。
  • To solve these problems, biodegradable plastics that can be degraded into water and carbon dioxide by the action of microorganisms are desired.:
    • To solve these problems: 為了解決這些問題
    • biodegradable plastics: 可生物降解塑膠
    • that can be degraded into water and carbon dioxide: 能夠被降解為水和二氧化碳
    • by the action of microorganisms: 透過微生物的作用
    • are desired: 是所期望的/是需要的
    • 翻譯:為了解決這些問題,人們期望能開發出可生物降解的塑膠,這些塑膠能透過微生物的作用被降解為水和二氧化碳。
  • Several types of biodegradable plastics have been developed.:
    • Several types: 幾種類型
    • have been developed: 已經被開發出來
    • 翻譯:已經開發了幾種類型的可生物降解塑膠。
  • Most biodegradable plastics contain ester bonds as a hydrolyzable linkage in their backbones.:
    • Most biodegradable plastics: 大多數可生物降解塑膠
    • contain ester bonds: 含有酯鍵
    • as a hydrolyzable linkage: 作為一個可水解的連結
    • in their backbones: 在其骨架中
    • 翻譯:大多數可生物降解塑膠在其骨架中含有酯鍵作為可水解的連結。
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