111 年 國立臺灣大學農業化學系碩士班丙組《專業英文（F）》

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Terpenoids are the largest and most structurally diverse family of natural products with over 80,000 known members. They are ubiquitous among all domains of life, are essential constituents of both primary and secondary metabolism, and have a wide range of biological activities. In nature, terpenoids play important ecological roles in membrane stability, photosynthesis, communication among species, and chemical defense mechanisms. In medicine, terpenoids have been developed into some of the most successful and important clinically used pharmaceuticals with taxol and artemisinin representing the gold standards of natural product drug development. The chemodiversity of terpenoid natural products arises through an array of biosynthetic mechanisms including prenyltransfers, regio- and stereoselective cyclizations, attachments to a variety of other chemical scaffolds, and additional tailoring reactions. All terpenoids are constructed from a series of allylic diphosphates that are used as substrates for cyclization reactions or as prenyl donors to alkylate a multitude of chemical scaffolds (i.e., prenylation). These two central biosynthetic steps, cyclization and prenylation, are catalyzed by terpene synthases (TSs) and prenyltransferases (PTs), respectively. (Adapted from ACS Catalysis, 2021)

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ADP-ribosylation (ADPr) is a reversible post-translational modification of proteins, which controls major cellular and biological processes, including DNA damage repair, cell proliferation and differentiation, metabolism, stress and immune responses. In order to maintain the cellular homeostasis, diverse ADP-ribosyl transferases and hydrolases are involved in the fine-tuning of ADPr systems. The control of ADPr network is vital, and dysregulation of enzymes involved in the regulation of ADPr signalling has been linked to a number of inherited and acquired human diseases, such as several neurological disorders and in cancer. Conversely, the therapeutic manipulation of ADPr has been shown to ameliorate several disorders in both human and animal models. These include cardiovascular, inflammatory, autoimmune and neurological disorders. Herein, we summarize the recent findings in the field of ADPr, which support the impact of this modification in human pathophysiology and highlight the curative potential of targeting ADPr for translational and molecular medicine. (Adapted from Open Biology, 2019)

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Plants acquire a large number of mineral nutrients from the soil through the rhizosphere, the interface of the root and soil. To manage nutrient bio-availability and cope with environmental metal stresses, plants secrete numerous metabolites from roots into the rhizosphere to change the pH or to form metal-metabolite complexes. The secreted metabolites are a complex mixture of inorganic ions (i.e., H+, HCO3¯), gaseous molecules (i.e., CO2, H2) and mainly carbon-based compounds. They are divided into two groups: low-molecular-weight compounds including amino acids, organic acids, phenolics and sugar and high-molecular-weight compounds including mucilage and proteins. Under low-nutrient conditions, plants release certain metabolites to increase nutrient availability by directly binding to mineral nutrients or by changing the rhizosphere pH. In heavy-metal-polluted environments, root exudation can be enhanced by non-essential metal stress to increase external detoxification. (Adapted from Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 2017).