114 年 國立臺灣大學生化科技系碩士班《專業英文(I)》

第 Part A-(1) 題

Read the following story, summarize its central theme precisely, and provide at least 6 take-home messages.

[Topic of story and the source]

New Diet in 2025? Basic Nutrition Is the Best Place to Start

Learn how understanding basic nutrition can help you achieve a healthier and more enjoyable New Year’s resolution.

(https://www.discovermagazine.com/health/new-diet-in-2025-basic-nutrition-is-the-best-place-to-start, accessed 1/2025)

[Hint] You may include but not limited to:

  1. Basics of nutrition
  2. Balance between weight loss and wellness

The survey team polled 2,174 American adults about the diet they would start in 2025. The results showed that 40 percent would eat fewer calories, 26 percent said they would eat a low-carb diet, such as keto or Atkins, and 17 percent would try intermittent fasting, among other diets.

The surveyors noticed that only 8 percent of participants were starting the Mediterranean diet, and 7 percent were going to focus on a plant-based or vegan diet. Both of these diets are considered some of the best in terms of weight loss and wellness, primarily because they consist of fresh foods versus overly processed foods.

But overall, trying a new diet can be difficult, and there is so much information out there that the choice can feel overwhelming and can trigger negative emotional responses towards food.

“Counting calories can be time-consuming and create a negative relationship with food for some people. And low-carbohydrate diets come with a range of side effects,” said Roxanne Becker, MBChB, DipIBLM, with the Physicians Committee, a health advocacy group with 17,000 physician members, in a press release.

“Research has shown that plant-based diets are effective for weight loss without purposefully restricting or counting calories. This is because plants tend to be naturally lower in calorie density and higher in fiber, which promotes a feeling of fullness,” said Becker in the release.

Finding the right diet isn’t easy. It takes a lot of time and effort. And if the desired results aren’t happening fast enough, it’s easy to feel negative about the process. However, something that is crucial to remember is that changes to your health take time.

According to the Massachusetts General Hospital, if you’re looking to make changes to your diet, start with basic nutrition. Instead of jumping into crash or fad diets, which can be extremely restrictive, focus on a diet that’s well-balanced, sustainable, realistic, and something you can enjoy in the long term.

For some, a well-balanced diet can include Mediterranean and vegan diets, especially because they are full of whole foods, delicious recipes, and are sustainable.

“…While a plant-based diet is effective for weight loss, it also reduces the risk of obesity-related diseases like heart disease, hypertension, high cholesterol, and certain cancers, can save money, and is best for the environment,” Becker said in the release.

Finding the right diet is complicated. Certain diets may help you lose weight but could be negatively impacting your mental health. That’s why it’s important to remember that a healthy diet is more about a lifestyle change than a quick fix. It’s about finding balance and moving away from overly processed foods, and moving towards foods that are in the Mediterranean and plant-based diets. On top of a balanced diet, making sure you’re being active can assist in your health resolutions.

(This article is not offering medical advice and should be used for informational purposes only.)

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查閱讀理解、文章主旨統整與重點訊息擷取,核心不在背誦某一種流行減重法,而在理解「健康飲食」的完整概念:

  1. 基礎營養:飲食應提供適量熱量、蛋白質、脂質、碳水化合物、膳食纖維、維生素與礦物質。
  2. 均衡飲食:飲食內容多樣,比例適當,避免過度偏重或排除某一類營養素。
  3. 食物品質:以新鮮、天然、少加工的食物為主,減少高度加工食品。
  4. 能量密度:植物性食物通常能量密度較低,亦即相同重量所含熱量較少;同時富含纖維,較能增加飽足感。
  5. 減重與整體健康的平衡:體重下降不等於健康必然改善。飲食也應考量心血管疾病、血壓、膽固醇、癌症風險、心理健康、環境與長期可持續性。
  6. 生活型態改變:健康飲食不是短期速成方案,而是能長期維持並搭配身體活動的生活方式。

解題方法

本題要求兩項內容:

  • 精確概括文章的中心主旨。
  • 至少提出六項可實際帶走的重點訊息。

最適合採用「主旨—證據—結論」三層架構:

第一層:找出文章主旨

文章開頭先提供美國成年人對 2025 年飲食計畫的調查結果,接著比較不同飲食方式的普及率與可能問題,最後提出作者真正支持的方向。

因此,文章主旨不是「某一種飲食法一定最好」,而是:

面對眾多減重飲食法時,應以基礎營養為起點,選擇均衡、實際、可長期維持且有助於整體身心健康的飲食方式,而非追求快速但過度限制的流行飲食。

第二層:整理文章證據

文章使用下列資訊支持主旨:

  • 40% 的受訪者打算減少熱量攝取。
  • 26% 打算採用低碳水化合物飲食,例如 keto 或 Atkins。
  • 17% 打算嘗試間歇性斷食。
  • 只有 8% 選擇地中海飲食。
  • 只有 7% 選擇植物性或純素飲食。
  • 地中海飲食與植物性飲食以新鮮、完整食物為主,通常較少依賴高度加工食品。
  • 植物性食物通常纖維較高、能量密度較低,有助於產生飽足感。
  • 計算熱量可能使部分人與食物形成負面關係。
  • 低碳水化合物飲食可能伴隨副作用。
  • 健康變化需要時間,飲食計畫必須能長久執行。

第三層:提出延伸訊息

作答時不能只重述「要吃健康食物」,必須把文章內容轉化為具體原則,例如:

  • 不要把減重速度當成唯一成功標準。
  • 應重視心理健康與飲食關係。
  • 應選擇自己喜歡、做得到、能持續的飲食方式。
  • 均衡飲食之外,也要維持身體活動。

文章主旨

本文探討 2025 年美國成年人計畫採用的各種飲食方式,指出減少熱量、低碳飲食與間歇性斷食雖然受到重視,但過度限制、頻繁計算或追求快速效果,可能造成執行困難與負面心理影響。文章主張,改善飲食應從基礎營養出發,選擇以新鮮完整食物為主、均衡、符合個人生活、能長期維持並兼顧身心健康的飲食方式;地中海飲食與植物性飲食可作為合適例子,但真正重要的是建立持久的健康生活型態,而不是追求短期速效。

Take-home messages

1. 基礎營養應是改變飲食的起點

面對種類繁多的飲食法,最重要的不是立即選擇最流行的方案,而是先理解基本營養原則。健康飲食應包含多樣化食物,並提供身體所需的營養素與適量能量。

2. 減重不應凌駕於整體健康之上

某些飲食法能幫助體重下降,但若造成營養失衡、身體不適、過度焦慮或飲食罪惡感,就不一定是真正健康的選擇。評估飲食法時,應同時考量體重、疾病風險、心理狀態與生活品質。

3. 均衡、可持續與可享受比短期速效更重要

有效的飲食計畫必須符合個人的生活習慣、經濟條件與口味,並能長期執行。過度嚴格的 crash diet 或 fad diet 往往難以維持,也容易因無法達成而產生挫折感。

4. 應減少高度加工食品

文章強調地中海飲食與植物性飲食的優點之一,是以較多新鮮、完整食物取代過度加工食品。整體飲食方向可從增加蔬菜、水果、豆類、全穀類與其他天然食材開始,而非只專注於限制某一種營養素。

5. 植物性食物有助於增加飽足感

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第 Part A-(2) 題

Read the following story, summarize its central theme precisely, and provide at least 6 take-home messages.

[Topic of story and the source]

Health Benefits or Negative Impacts Still Uncertain for Most Supplements

Understand why there is still little scientific research behind dietary supplements and vitamins.

(https://www.discovermagazine.com/health/health-benefits-or-negative-impacts-still-uncertain-for-most-supplements, accessed 1/2025)

[Hint] You may include but not limited to:

  1. Are there health benefits from supplements?
  2. Can supplements cause harm?

Dietary supplements are any substances that you take in addition to your regular meals and snacks. They can be chemicals, extracts from plants or animal parts, minerals, acids, herbs, or vitamins.

Supplements are typically marketed to provide consumers all kinds of different benefits, whether it’s daily immune system boosts, an increase in milk production for pregnant mothers, or specific conditions.

Part of the issue for the dietary supplement industry is that companies have freedom of what to sell, as “the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not determine whether dietary supplements are effective before they are marketed,” according to the National Institutes of Health’s (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements.

Actual peer-reviewed studies on the purported effects of supplements are slow to follow the marketing. This is due to a lack of funding and time, and the difficulty in isolating any one activity as the cause of a positive health outcome — especially when consumers mix supplements to address their health issues.

As a result, the list of vitamins and supplements that actually have scientific evidence of any real benefit is surprisingly small, given the number of these products available. NIH’s Office of Dietary Supplements lists just a few positive effects from a handful of supplements.

Calcium and vitamin D can improve your bone health, for example, while folic acid can decrease the risk of birth defects. Omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil can help people with heart disease and a combination of vitamins C, E, zinc, copper, lutein, and zeaxanthin may slow down the vision loss of people with age-related macular degeneration.

NIH’s National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) notes that many vitamins and minerals are essential for our bodies, including vitamins A, C, D, E, K, and various types of vitamin B. Essential minerals include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride, magnesium, iron, zinc, iodine, sulfur, cobalt, copper, fluoride, manganese, and selenium. But it’s important to note that we get many of these vitamins and minerals through eating healthy food.

Whether taking these as supplements actually helps our bodies still needs more research. Nonetheless, in some cases, taking supplements doesn’t hurt. NCCIH notes that taking your daily dose of a multivitamin is unlikely to pose any risks for healthy people, though most studies have shown little or no effects from multivitamins on the risk of health problems.

Some research has revealed that even some of the most widely marketed supplements have little or no value. A Canadian study published in Current Nutrition Reports in 2013, for example, reported that echinacea had little or no evidence to shorten the symptoms of colds or the flu, despite marketing.

Even primrose oil appeared to have no value in treating eczema, though it may be useful for rheumatoid arthritis and breast pain, and more research is needed. Ginkgo doesn’t have much evidence of improving memory for Alzheimer’s patients, older adults or those suffering from dementia, and there is little evidence that ginseng does anything.

“[Ginseng] is among the most popular of herbs, and it is used for a variety of reasons, the most common of which are increased sense of well-being, stamina, and improved mental and physical performance,” the authors wrote in the study. “Overall, there is very little solid evidence that ginseng lives up to the many lofty claims of its efficacy.”

There are a number of potential ways that supplements can cause harm, directly and indirectly. Taking more minerals, vitamins or other supplements than your liver can handle can cause problems — and it doesn’t matter whether the ingredients are chemical or natural.

“Many dietary supplements (and some prescription drugs) come from natural sources, but ‘natural’ does not always mean ‘safe,’” according to the NCCIH. “For example, the kava plant is a member of the pepper family but taking kava supplements can cause liver disease.”

There are also some specific examples of negative effects from supplements. The Office of Dietary Supplements notes that vitamin K can reduce the ability of some blood thinners to prevent clotting, while St. John’s wort can reduce the effectiveness of medicines like birth control pills, antidepressants, and heart and anti-HIV medicines. Supplements that are antioxidants can reduce the effectiveness of some types of chemotherapy for cancer treatments.

Even daily multivitamins may have negative effects to certain consumers. According to the NCCIH, smokers or former smokers may want to avoid multivitamins with high levels of vitamin A, which some studies have linked to increased risk of lung cancer.

In fact, too much vitamin A can create headaches, liver damage, reduce bone strength, and even cause birth defects. Meanwhile, too much iron can induce nausea and may also cause liver and other organ damage.

More research is needed. Indirectly, reliance on supplements may have a negative effect on the motivation of consumers to engage in other healthy activities like exercising, healthy eating in general, or limiting intake of alcohol, tobacco, or other harmful substances.

One consumer study found evidence that “drug marketing undermines intentions to engage in health-protective behaviors.”

The authors found that essentially, some may believe that supplements can compensate for not going to the gym or drinking too much on the weekends. They also found that, paradoxically, some people who take a lot of supplements may also associate this supplement-taking behavior with their own poor health.

This perception “reduces self-efficacy and perceived ability to engage in complementary health-protective behaviors,” the authors wrote in the study.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題是「科學文章摘要與重點整理」題,核心在於判斷膳食補充品的:

  1. 定義與市場定位。
  2. 健康效益是否有可靠科學證據。
  3. 可能造成的直接與間接傷害。
  4. 食品、藥物、補充品之間的交互作用。
  5. 「天然」與「安全」不能畫上等號。
  6. 行銷宣稱與同儕審查研究之間的落差。

膳食補充品是指在日常飲食之外額外攝取的物質,例如維生素、礦物質、草藥、植物萃取物、動物成分、脂肪酸或其他化學物質。

本題沒有計算、定理或公式;評分重點在於能否準確掌握文章主旨,並以條理清楚的方式提出至少六項具體訊息。

解題方法

可採用「總—分」結構:

  1. 先用一至兩句話概括全文中心。
  2. 接著整理已獲證實的少數效益。
  3. 再說明多數產品證據不足。
  4. 分別討論直接傷害、藥物交互作用與間接傷害。
  5. 最後列出六項以上可帶走的重點。

摘要不能只列舉維生素名稱,也不能把「有些補充品有效」誤寫成「所有補充品都有益」。文章的核心立場是:補充品的效益與風險都必須依個別成分、劑量、使用者健康狀況及科學證據判斷。

文章中心主旨

本文指出,膳食補充品雖然被廣泛宣傳為能增強免疫力、改善體能或治療特定疾病,但目前只有少數補充品具有較明確的科學效益,多數產品仍缺乏充分且可靠的研究支持。補充品不僅可能因過量而造成毒性,也可能與處方藥產生交互作用;此外,過度依賴補充品,還可能降低人們運動、健康飲食及戒除有害物質的意願。因此,消費者不應把補充品視為健康生活的替代品,而應根據可靠證據與專業建議謹慎使用。

文章重點整理

一、補充品上市前不一定經過有效性審查

美國食品藥物管理局(FDA)不會在膳食補充品上市前,逐一確認其宣稱的療效。因此,產品可以先進入市場,相關的同儕審查研究往往之後才出現,甚至長期不足。

研究困難包括:

  • 研究經費與時間有限。
  • 難以分離某一種補充品是否為健康改善的真正原因。
  • 消費者經常同時服用多種產品。
  • 行銷宣稱的速度遠快於科學研究累積的速度。

二、少數補充品具有明確或較可信的效益

文章列出的例子包括:

  • 鈣與維生素 D 有助於骨骼健康。
  • 葉酸可降低胎兒出生缺陷的風險。
  • 魚油中的 omega-3 脂肪酸可能有助於心臟病患者。
  • 維生素 C、維生素 E、鋅、銅、葉黃素與玉米黃素的組合,可能延緩年齡相關黃斑部病變造成的視力惡化。

這些例子不能推論為所有補充品都有效,也不能推論高劑量一定能帶來更大的效益。

三、人體需要營養素,但不代表額外補充必然有益

維生素 A、C、D、E、K、B 群,以及鈣、鐵、鋅、鎂、碘等礦物質,都是人體重要的營養素。然而,許多營養素可由均衡飲食取得。

「人體需要某營養素」與「額外服用該營養素即可改善健康」是兩個不同命題。對營養不足者,補充可能有幫助;對營養充足者,額外補充的效果可能很小,甚至帶來風險。

四、多數熱門產品缺乏充分證據

文章舉出多項常見草藥或補充品的研究結果:

  • 紫錐花(echinacea)沒有充分證據能縮短感冒或流感症狀。
  • 月見草油(evening primrose oil)對濕疹的治療價值有限,但對類風濕性關節炎或乳房疼痛可能具有研究價值,仍需更多證據。
  • 銀杏(ginkgo)沒有足夠證據能改善阿茲海默症患者、老年人或失智者的記憶力。
  • 人參(ginseng)雖被宣稱能提升精神、耐力與身心表現,但整體而言缺乏足夠的實證支持。

因此,產品「廣受歡迎」或「經常被宣傳」不等於療效已獲證實。

五、補充品可能造成直接傷害

人體無法無限制地處理額外攝取的營養素。當攝取量超過身體,尤其是肝臟所能代謝或儲存的程度時,便可能造成毒性。

重要例子包括:

  • 高劑量維生素 A 可能造成頭痛、肝損傷、骨骼強度下降與胎兒出生缺陷。
  • 過量鐵可能導致噁心,也可能損害肝臟及其他器官。
  • 卡瓦(kava)雖然來自天然植物,仍可能造成肝病。
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📄 以下 8 題共用同一段題幹

Bacteria can be divided into four groups—psychrophiles, psychrotrophs, mesophiles, and thermophiles—according to their growth and reproduction environments or temperature. The minimal growth temperature refers to the lowest temperature at which bacterial reproduction occurs. The optimum growth temperature represents the temperature at which bacteria reproduce most efficiently, while the maximum growth temperature is the highest temperature at which bacterial growth can occur; beyond this point, reproduction ceases entirely. Tables 1 and 2 provide an overview of bacterial types with their respective growth temperature ranges (Table 1) and common examples of each group (Table 2).

Table 1. Classification of Bacteria

CategoriesMinimumOptimumMaximum
Psychrophiles<0<000–1515<24<24
Psychrotrophs00–5515153030
Mesophiles55–25252020–45453030–5050
Thermophiles2525–45455050–6060>80>80

Table 2. Cardinal Growth Points for Various Bacteria

Bacteria nameMinimumOptimumMaximum
Streptococcus pyogenes202038384141
Streptococcus pneumoniae242438384242
Clostridium perfringens151546465050
Escherichia coli111138384545
Listeria monocytogenes1134344545
Micrococcus cryophilus0014143030
Staphylococcus aureus111138384545
Anoxybacillus flavithermus303061617272
Bacillus flavothermus303059597272

第 1 題

Which of the following bacteria listed does not belong to the mesophiles?

(A) Streptococcus pneumoniae

(B) Staphylococcus aureus

(C) Listeria monocytogenes

(D) Clostridium perfringens

🖼️ 本題附圖:
第 1 題附圖

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查依細菌的最低生長溫度、最適生長溫度與最高生長溫度,判斷其所屬生長溫度類型。

中溫菌(mesophiles)的典型特徵為:

  • 最低生長溫度約為 55–25∘C25^\circ\mathrm{C}
  • 最適生長溫度約為 2020–45∘C45^\circ\mathrm{C}
  • 最高生長溫度約為 3030–50∘C50^\circ\mathrm{C}

解題方法

逐一將選項的溫度資料與中溫菌特徵比較。若細菌最低生長溫度很低,能在接近冰箱低溫的環境生長,則較符合低溫菌或兼性低溫菌(psychrotrophs),而非典型中溫菌。

選項分析

  • (A) Streptococcus pneumoniae
    最低生長溫度為 24∘C24^\circ\mathrm{C},最適溫度為 38∘C38^\circ\mathrm{C},最高溫度為 42∘C42^\circ\mathrm{C},整體符合中溫菌範圍,因此屬於中溫菌。

  • (B) Staphylococcus aureus
    最低生長溫度為 11∘C11^\circ\mathrm{C},最適溫度為 38∘C38^\circ\mathrm{C},最高溫度為 45∘C45^\circ\mathrm{C},主要生長溫度落在中溫菌範圍,因此屬於中溫菌。

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第 2 題

The most commonly occurring category of bacteria listed in Table 2 is:

(A) Psychrophile

(B) Psychrotroph

(C) Mesophile

(D) Thermophile

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第 2 題附圖

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查依細菌的生長溫度,判斷其所屬類別。主要比較細菌的最低生長溫度、最適生長溫度與最高生長溫度,其中以最適生長溫度最容易作為分類依據:

  • Psychrophile:最適溫度約為 00–15∘C15^\circ\mathrm{C}
  • Psychrotroph:最適溫度約為 15∘C15^\circ\mathrm{C},最高約 30∘C30^\circ\mathrm{C}
  • Mesophile:最適溫度約為 2020–45∘C45^\circ\mathrm{C}
  • Thermophile:最適溫度約為 5050–60∘C60^\circ\mathrm{C}

解題方法

逐一依照 Table 2 的最適生長溫度分類:

  • Streptococcus pyogenes:38∘C38^\circ\mathrm{C},屬於 Mesophile
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae:38∘C38^\circ\mathrm{C},屬於 Mesophile
  • Clostridium perfringens:46∘C46^\circ\mathrm{C},其生長條件仍落在中溫菌範圍,屬於 Mesophile
  • Escherichia coli:38∘C38^\circ\mathrm{C},屬於 Mesophile
  • Listeria monocytogenes:34∘C34^\circ\mathrm{C},屬於 Mesophile
  • Micrococcus cryophilus:最適溫度 14∘C14^\circ\mathrm{C}、最高溫度 30∘C30^\circ\mathrm{C},屬於 Psychrotroph
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第 3 題

The average human body temperature is 37∘C37^\circ\mathrm{C}. Based on Table 2, which of the following bacteria is most likely to grow optimally in the human body?

(A) Anoxybacillus flavithermus

(B) Clostridium perfringens

(C) Listeria monocytogenes

(D) Escherichia coli

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第 3 題附圖

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查細菌的最適生長溫度(optimum growth temperature)。最適生長溫度是指細菌繁殖效率最高的溫度。

人體平均體溫為 37∘C37^\circ\mathrm{C},因此應比較各選項細菌的最適生長溫度,找出最接近 37∘C37^\circ\mathrm{C} 者。

解題方法

由表 2:

  • Anoxybacillus flavithermus:最適溫度為 61∘C61^\circ\mathrm{C}
  • Clostridium perfringens:最適溫度為 46∘C46^\circ\mathrm{C}
  • Listeria monocytogenes:最適溫度為 34∘C34^\circ\mathrm{C}
  • Escherichia coli:最適溫度為 38∘C38^\circ\mathrm{C}

分別計算與人體體溫 37∘C37^\circ\mathrm{C} 的差距:

∣61−37∣=24|61-37|=24 ∣46−37∣=9|46-37|=9 ∣34−37∣=3|34-37|=3 ∣38−37∣=1|38-37|=1
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第 4 題

Microbiologists have discovered a new bacterium that reproduces most efficiently at 55∘C55^\circ\mathrm{C} and stops growing at temperatures exceeding 65∘C65^\circ\mathrm{C}. This bacterium is most likely classified as a:

(A) Psychrophile

(B) Psychrotroph

(C) Mesotroph

(D) Thermophile

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第 4 題附圖

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查細菌依生長溫度所作的分類:

  • 嗜冷菌(psychrophile):最適生長溫度約為 00–15∘C15^\circ\mathrm{C}。
  • 嗜冷兼性菌(psychrotroph):最適生長溫度約為 15∘C15^\circ\mathrm{C}。
  • 嗜中溫菌(mesophile):最適生長溫度約為 2020–45∘C45^\circ\mathrm{C}。
  • 嗜熱菌(thermophile):最適生長溫度約為 5050–60∘C60^\circ\mathrm{C}。

題目指出該細菌在 55∘C55^\circ\mathrm{C} 時繁殖效率最高,因此其最適生長溫度落在嗜熱菌的範圍內;且超過 65∘C65^\circ\mathrm{C} 後停止生長,也符合高溫型細菌的特徵。

解題方法

判斷細菌分類時,優先比較題目給出的「最適生長溫度」與各類群的範圍:

Topt=55∘CT_{\mathrm{opt}}=55^\circ\mathrm{C}

55∘C55^\circ\mathrm{C} 位於嗜熱菌的最適生長溫度範圍 5050–60∘C60^\circ\mathrm{C} 內,因此判定為 Thermophile。

選項分析

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第 5 題

Which of the following bacteria is a psychrotroph?

(A) Listeria monocytogenes

(B) Escherichia coli

(C) Anoxybacillus flavithermus

(D) Micrococcus cryophilus

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第 5 題附圖

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查依細菌生長溫度判斷其分類。Psychrotrophs(嗜冷兼性菌)的典型生長溫度為:

  • 最低生長溫度:約 00–5∘C5^\circ\text{C}
  • 最適生長溫度:約 15∘C15^\circ\text{C}
  • 最高生長溫度:約 30∘C30^\circ\text{C}

解題方法

逐一比較各選項在表 2 的最低、最適與最高生長溫度,與 Psychrotrophs 的範圍是否相符。

Micrococcus cryophilus 的生長溫度為:

最低 0∘C,最適 14∘C,最高 30∘C\text{最低 }0^\circ\text{C},\quad \text{最適 }14^\circ\text{C},\quad \text{最高 }30^\circ\text{C}

其最適溫度接近 15∘C15^\circ\text{C},最高生長溫度為 30∘C30^\circ\text{C},符合嗜冷兼性菌的特徵。

選項分析

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第 6 題

The type of bacteria mentioned in Table 2 that does not align precisely with any of the categories outlined in Table 1 is:

(A) Clostridium perfringens

(B) Listeria monocytogenes

(C) Micrococcus cryophilus

(D) Streptococcus pneumoniae

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第 6 題附圖

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查依細菌的最低生長溫度、最適生長溫度與最高生長溫度,將其歸類為嗜冷菌、嗜冷適溫菌、中溫菌或嗜熱菌。判斷時,應將 Table 2 的三個溫度,逐一與 Table 1 的範圍比較。

解題方法

逐項檢查三個溫度是否同時落在某一類別的範圍內:

  • Streptococcus pneumoniae:最低 24∘C24^\circ\mathrm{C}、最適 38∘C38^\circ\mathrm{C}、最高 42∘C42^\circ\mathrm{C},皆符合中溫菌範圍。
  • Clostridium perfringens:最低 15∘C15^\circ\mathrm{C}與最高 50∘C50^\circ\mathrm{C}可落在中溫菌範圍,但最適溫度 46∘C46^\circ\mathrm{C}超過中溫菌的 45∘C45^\circ\mathrm{C}上限。
  • Listeria monocytogenes:最低溫度為 1∘C1^\circ\mathrm{C},低於中溫菌的最低範圍 5∘C5^\circ\mathrm{C};其最適溫度 34∘C34^\circ\mathrm{C}又不符合嗜冷適溫菌的 15∘C15^\circ\mathrm{C}。
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第 7 題

Based on the provided information, at what temperature does Listeria monocytogenes cease reproduction?

(A) >1∘C>1^\circ\mathrm{C}, but <34∘C<34^\circ\mathrm{C}

(B) >10∘C>10^\circ\mathrm{C}, but <34∘C<34^\circ\mathrm{C}

(C) >1∘C>1^\circ\mathrm{C}, but <45∘C<45^\circ\mathrm{C}

(D) >34∘C>34^\circ\mathrm{C}, but <45∘C<45^\circ\mathrm{C}

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第 7 題附圖

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

題目考查細菌生長的三個溫度界線:

  • 最低生長溫度(minimum):低於此溫度,無法繁殖。
  • 最適生長溫度(optimum):繁殖效率最高的溫度。
  • 最高生長溫度(maximum):細菌仍能生長的最高溫度;超過此溫度後,繁殖完全停止。

由 Table 2 可知,Listeria monocytogenes 的生長溫度資料為:

Minimum=1∘C,Optimum=34∘C,Maximum=45∘C\text{Minimum}=1^\circ\mathrm{C},\quad \text{Optimum}=34^\circ\mathrm{C},\quad \text{Maximum}=45^\circ\mathrm{C}

解題方法

題幹明確指出,超過最高生長溫度後,細菌的繁殖會完全停止。因此:

T>45∘CT>45^\circ\mathrm{C}

所以,Listeria monocytogenes 應在高於 45∘C45^\circ\mathrm{C} 時停止繁殖。

選項分析

  • (A) >1∘C>1^\circ\mathrm{C},但 <34∘C<34^\circ\mathrm{C}
    這是高於最低生長溫度、低於最適溫度的範圍,細菌仍可繁殖,只是繁殖效率尚未達到最高,因此錯誤。
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第 8 題

According to the information in Table 2, which type of bacteria has the narrowest growth temperature range?

(A) Listeria monocytogenes

(B) Streptococcus pneumoniae

(C) Streptococcus pyogenes

(D) Micrococcus cryophilus

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第 8 題附圖

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

生長溫度範圍是由「最大生長溫度」減去「最小生長溫度」:

生長溫度範圍=Maximum−Minimum\text{生長溫度範圍}=\text{Maximum}-\text{Minimum}

差值越小,代表細菌能生長的溫度範圍越窄。

解題方法

依據 Table 2 計算各選項的生長溫度範圍:

  • Listeria monocytogenes:
45−1=44∘C45-1=44^\circ\text{C}
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae:
42−24=18∘C42-24=18^\circ\text{C}
  • Streptococcus pyogenes:
41−20=21∘C41-20=21^\circ\text{C}
  • Micrococcus cryophilus:
30−0=30∘C30-0=30^\circ\text{C}

其中最小的差值是 18∘C18^\circ\text{C},因此生長溫度範圍最窄的是 Streptococcus pneumoniae。

選項分析

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📄 以下 3 題共用同一段題幹

Genomes across the tree of life are organized and constantly reshaped by active processes within the cell. Structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) protein complexes are important, owing to their major role in chromosome organization. The three major members of the SMC family in eukaryotes are cohesin, condensin, and SMC5/6. All three are capable of manipulating DNA via an ATP-dependent process called DNA loop extrusion, where loops are created and enlarged stepwise by ATP-binding events to the SMC complex. Condensin mainly extrudes DNA loops during mitosis to compact sister chromatids and facilitate chromosome segregation. Cohesin organizes interphase chromosomes by looping DNA between convergently oriented CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) proteins, giving rise to topologically associated domains in population-average chromosome-conformation-capture as well as imaging experiments, which contributes to transcriptional regulation as well as genome integrity. SMC5/6 has poorly understood functions in chromosome segregation and genome maintenance.

The composition and architecture of the three SMC complexes are highly similar. Two SMC subunits dimerize at their hinge domain and are connected via coiled-coil arms to their heads. The heads harbor ATP-binding domains related to those of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, which dimerize upon ATP binding to catalyze its hydrolysis. A flexible kleisin subunit bridges the SMC ATPase heads and provides binding sites for two HAWK (HEAT protein associated with a kleisin) proteins in cohesin and condensin or KITE (kleisin-interacting tandem winged-helix element) proteins in SMC5/6.

Despite the overall highly conserved architecture of eukaryotic SMCs and their common ability to extrude DNA loops, they appear to significantly differ in their loop extrusion directionality. Here, we use the following terminology to describe the directionality: asymmetric loop extruders incorporate DNA only from one side at a time into the loop, whereas symmetric extruders reel in DNA from both sides simultaneously into the loop. Unidirectional extruders undergo subsequent phases of asymmetric extrusion (possibly interrupted by pauses) that always occur in the same direction, whereas bidirectional extruders exhibit phases of asymmetric extrusion but, here, the side from which DNA is incorporated into the loop switches direction over time. Yeast condensin is an asymmetric and unidirectional extruder, that is, it reels DNA into the loop strictly from one side, whereas human cohesin was reported to reel DNA from both sides into the loop and thus was considered to be a symmetric DNA loop extruder. Dimeric yeast SMC5/6 similarly was reported to be a symmetric extruder. Given the structural similarity of these complexes, the reason for these differences is unclear. This variability undermines whether the loop extrusion mechanism is shared among all SMC complexes.

第 9 題

Which of the following SMC protein complexes is primarily involved in compacting sister chromatids during mitosis?

(A) Cohesin

(B) Condensin

(C) SMC5/6

(D) HAWK

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查三種真核生物 SMC 蛋白質複合體的主要功能:

  • Cohesin:主要維持姐妹染色分體之間的連結,並在間期協助染色體形成 DNA 環與拓撲關聯域。
  • Condensin:主要在有絲分裂期間將姐妹染色分體壓縮、緊密排列,促進染色體分離。
  • SMC5/6:參與染色體分離與基因組維持,但具體功能尚未完全了解。
  • HAWK:是 cohesin 與 condensin 的輔助蛋白,負責和 kleisin 結合,並非主要負責染色體壓縮的 SMC 複合體。

題幹明確指出:

Condensin mainly extrudes DNA loops during mitosis to compact sister chromatids and facilitate chromosome segregation.

意思是:Condensin 主要在有絲分裂期間擠出 DNA 環,使姐妹染色分體壓縮,並協助染色體分離。

解題方法

先抓題目中的功能關鍵字:

  • 「compacting sister chromatids」:壓縮姐妹染色分體
  • 「during mitosis」:發生於有絲分裂期間

再回到題幹尋找與這兩項描述完全相符的 SMC 複合體。題幹直接將「有絲分裂時壓縮姐妹染色分體」與 condensin 連結,因此答案不需要依賴額外推論。

選項分析

(A) Cohesin

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第 10 題

What is the primary function of cohesin during interphase?

(A) Facilitating chromosome segregation

(B) Compacting sister chromatids

(C) Organizing chromosomes by looping DNA between CTCF proteins

(D) Performing ATP hydrolysis

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查三種真核生物 SMC 蛋白質複合體的功能分工,特別是 cohesin 在細胞間期(interphase)的主要作用。

根據題幹:

  • Condensin:在有絲分裂期間擠出 DNA 環,使姊妹染色單體(sister chromatids)緊密壓縮,協助染色體分離。
  • Cohesin:在細胞間期透過 DNA 環化組織染色體,尤其是將 DNA 拉繞於方向相反的 CTCF 蛋白之間,形成拓撲相關區域(topologically associated domains, TADs),並參與轉錄調控與基因組完整性維持。
  • SMC5/6:與染色體分離及基因組維持有關,但具體功能仍未完全了解。

因此,本題的關鍵是辨認 cohesin 在 interphase 的功能。

解題方法

直接對照題幹中描述 cohesin 的句子:

Cohesin organizes interphase chromosomes by looping DNA between convergently oriented CTCF proteins.

其意義是:cohesin 在細胞間期,藉由將 DNA 在相向排列的 CTCF 蛋白之間形成環狀結構,來組織染色體。

所以正確選項必須同時符合兩個條件:

  1. 發生於細胞間期;
  2. 透過 DNA looping 組織染色體。

符合者為 (C)。

選項分析

(A) Facilitating chromosome segregation

錯誤。協助染色體分離主要是 condensin 在有絲分裂期間的功能。題幹指出 condensin 會壓縮姊妹染色單體,促進染色體分離;這不是 cohesin 在 interphase 的主要功能。

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第 11 題

What distinguishes asymmetric loop extruders from symmetric ones in the context of DNA loop extrusion directionality?

(A) Asymmetric extruders reel in DNA from both sides simultaneously

(B) Symmetric extruders incorporate DNA from one side only

(C) Asymmetric extruders incorporate DNA from one side at a time

(D) Symmetric extruders can only participate in ATP hydrolysis

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查 DNA loop extrusion(DNA 迴圈擠出)中,asymmetric extruder(非對稱迴圈擠出因子)與 symmetric extruder(對稱迴圈擠出因子)的方向性定義。

題幹明確指出:

  • Asymmetric extruder:一次只從 DNA 的一側將 DNA 納入迴圈。
  • Symmetric extruder:同時從 DNA 的兩側將 DNA 拉入迴圈。

關鍵對照如下:

類型DNA 納入迴圈的方式
Asymmetric一次從一側納入
Symmetric同時從兩側納入

因此,只要抓住「asymmetric=one side at a time」即可判斷答案。

解題方法

本題屬於文章細節與定義理解題。解題時直接定位題幹對兩種 extruders 的定義:

asymmetric extruders incorporate DNA only from one side at a time

意思是「非對稱迴圈擠出因子一次只從一側納入 DNA」。

題目詢問非對稱迴圈擠出因子與對稱迴圈擠出因子的區別,符合原文定義的選項即為正確答案。

選項分析

(A) Asymmetric extruders reel in DNA from both sides simultaneously

錯誤。此敘述是 symmetric extruders 的特徵。非對稱迴圈擠出因子一次只從 DNA 的一側納入 DNA,不是同時從兩側拉入。

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