109 年 國立政治大學臺灣史研究所《歷史文獻解讀》

請評述以下宣言等的背景、內容、歷史意義。

臺灣民眾黨成立大會宣言、綱領、政策(1927年7月10日)

(一)宣言
臺灣政治改革上,政治結社的必要性係我同志年來的主張。我等曩日參加臺灣民黨之組織其理由在此。該黨不幸被認為民族主義的團體,而遭禁止,實屬遺憾。但是臺灣的社會必須有政治結社之原因,今日依然存在,是故非再組織新結社不可,乃係當然的歸結。此即我等計劃創立本黨之原因。本黨的目的在於提高臺灣人民之政治的地位,安固其經濟的基礎,改善其社會的生活,是皆已表示在綱領政策之中,不但未含有任何以民族的關爭為目的之要素,且深感在此小天地兄弟鬩牆,殊非所以增進我等幸福之途徑。但是如有阻礙我等政治地位之向上,威脅我經濟的生活,阻止我社會之進步,則我等不辭以合法的手段與之周旋到底。
本黨係應時勢之要求而創立者,是故必須與社會之進步,時勢之要求,民眾之希望同其步驟而進化固不待言。本黨歷盡苦難今茲始見成立,望與我等同其見解者奮發參加。
一九二七年七月十日臺灣民眾黨

(二)綱領
本黨以確立民本政治,建設合理的經濟組織及改除社會制度之缺陷為綱領。

(三)政策
甲、政治
一、要求州市街庄自治機關之民選及附與議決權,選舉法應採普通選舉制。
二、期實現集會、結社、出版之自由,要求在島內即時准許臺灣人發刊報紙雜誌。
三、要求學制之改革。
1、實施義務教育。
2、公學校教授用語,日臺語併用。
3、公學夜以漢文為必修科。
4、日臺人教育機會均等。
四、要求廢除保甲制度。
五、要求改善警察制度。
六、要求改善司法制度及實施陪審制度。
七、要求實施行政裁判法。
八、要求廢除中國旅行券制度。

乙、經濟
一、要求改革稅制,節約浪費。
二、要求改革臺灣金融制度,儘速設立工農金融機關。
三、擁護生產者之權利,廢除一切搾取機關及制度。
四、改革農會及水利組合。
五、改革專賣(公賣)制度。

丙、社會
一、援助農民運動、勞工運動、及社會團體之發展。
二、確認男女平等之原則,援助女權運動,反對販賣人口。
一九二七年七月十日

以下是選舉中華民國總統相關的規定(妙)。請以(1)當代台灣史、(2)與中國大陸關係的觀點來個別評述增修第十二條的意義。

中華民國憲法
第二十七條(已停止適用)
國民大會之職權如左:
一、選舉總統、副總統。
二、罷免總統、副總統。

總統副總統選舉罷免法(民國36年3月25日制定,已廢止)
第四條
總統之選舉程序如左:
一、國民大會代表一百人以上,得於大會決定之期限內,連署提出總統候選人。但每一代表僅得提名或連署一次。
三、國民大會代表,應就選舉票上所列之各候選人中,以無記名投票法圈選一名為總統,以得代表總額過半數之票數者為當選。

總統、副總統由中華民國自由地區人民選舉之,自中華民國八十五年第九任總統、副總統選舉實施。

總統副總統選舉罷免法(民國84年7月20日制定)
第三條
總統、副總統選舉,以中華民國自由地區為選舉區。

憲法第二次增修(民國81年5月27日增訂)
第十二條

請解讀並評述台灣史上的意義。

Statement Issued by the President [Harry S. Truman]
June 27, 1950

In Korea the Government forces, which were armed to prevent border raids and to preserve internal security, were attacked by invading forces from North Korea. The Security Council of the United Nations called upon the invading troops to cease hostilities and to withdraw to the 38th parallel. This they have not done, but on the contrary have pressed the attack. The Security Council called upon all members of the United Nations to render every assistance to the United Nations in the execution of this resolution. In these circumstances I have ordered United States air and sea forces to give the Korean Government troops cover and support.

The attack upon Korea makes it plain beyond all doubt that communism has passed beyond the use of subversion to conquer independent nations and will now use armed invasion and war. It has defied the orders of the Security Council of the United Nations issued to preserve international peace and security. In these circumstances the occupation of Formosa by Communist forces would be a direct threat to the security of the Pacific area and to United States forces performing their lawful and necessary functions in that area.

Accordingly I have ordered the 7th Fleet to prevent any attack on Formosa. As a corollary of this action I am calling upon the Chinese Government on Formosa to cease all air and sea operations against the mainland. The 7th Fleet will see that this is done. The determination of the future status of Formosa must await the restoration of security in the Pacific, a peace settlement with Japan, or consideration by the United Nations.

I have also directed that United States Forces in the Philippines be strengthened and that military assistance to the Philippine Government be accelerated.

I have similarly directed acceleration in the furnishing of military assistance to the forces of France and the Associated States in Indochina and the dispatch of a military mission to provide dose working relations with those forces.

I know that all members of the United Nations will consider carefully the consequences of this latest aggression in Korea in defiance of the Charter of the United Nations. A return to the rule of force in international affairs would have far-reaching effects. The United States will continue to uphold the rule of law.

I have instructed Ambassador Austin, as the representative of the United States to the Security Council, to report these steps to the Council.

Public Law 96-8 96th Congress, January 1, 1979
SECTION 1. This Act may be cited as the "Taiwan Relations Act”.

Section. 2.
a. The President- having terminated governmental relations between the United States and the governing authorities on Taiwan recognized by the United States as the Republic of China prior to January 1, 1979, the Congress finds that the enactment of this Act is necessary-

1. to help maintain peace, security, and stability in the Western Pacific; and
2. to promote the foreign policy of the United States by authorizing the continuation of commercial, cultural, and other relations between the people of the United States and the people on Taiwan.

b. It is the policy of the United States-

1. to preserve and promote extensive, close, and friendly commercial, cultural, and other relations between the people of the United States and the people on Taiwan, as well as the people on the China mainland and all other peoples of the Western Pacific area;
2. to declare that peace and stability in the area are in the political, security, and economic interests of the United States, and are matters of international concern;
3. to make clear that the United States decision to establish diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China rests upon the expectation that the future of Taiwan will be determined by peaceful means;
4. to consider any effort to determine the future of Taiwan by other than peaceful means, including by boycotts or embargoes, a threat to the peace and security of the Western Pacific area and of grave concern to the United States;
5. to provide Taiwan with arms of a defensive character; and
6. to maintain the capacity of the United States to resist any resort to force or other forms of coercion that would jeopardize the security, or the social or economic system, of the people on Taiwan.

c. Nothing contained in this Act shall contravene the interest of the United States in human rights, especially with respect to the human rights of all the approximately eighteen million inhabitants of Taiwan. The preservation and enhancement of the human rights of all the people on Taiwan are hereby reaffirmed as objectives of the United States.

Section. 3.
a. In furtherance of the policy set forth in section 2 of this Act, the United States will make available to Taiwan such defense articles and defense services in such quantity as may be necessary to enable Taiwan to maintain a sufficient self-defense capability.
b. The President and the Congress shall determine the nature and quantity of such defense articles and services based solely upon their judgment of the needs of Taiwan, in accordance with procedures established by law. Such determination of Taiwan's defense needs shall include review by United States military authorities in connection with recommendations to the President and the Congress.
c. The President is directed to inform the Congress promptly of any threat to the security or the social or economic system of the people on Taiwan and any danger to the interests of the United States arising therefrom. The President and the Congress shall determine, in accordance with constitutional processes, appropriate action by the United States in response to any such danger.

請解讀並評述台灣史上的意義。

Public Law 96-8 96th Congress, January 1, 1979
SECTION 1. This Act may be cited as the "Taiwan Relations Act”.

Section. 2.
a. The President- having terminated governmental relations between the United States and the governing authorities on Taiwan recognized by the United States as the Republic of China prior to January 1, 1979, the Congress finds that the enactment of this Act is necessary-

1. to help maintain peace, security, and stability in the Western Pacific; and
2. to promote the foreign policy of the United States by authorizing the continuation of commercial, cultural, and other relations between the people of the United States and the people on Taiwan.

b. It is the policy of the United States-

1. to preserve and promote extensive, close, and friendly commercial, cultural, and other relations between the people of the United States and the people on Taiwan, as well as the people on the China mainland and all other peoples of the Western Pacific area;
2. to declare that peace and stability in the area are in the political, security, and economic interests of the United States, and are matters of international concern;
3. to make clear that the United States decision to establish diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China rests upon the expectation that the future of Taiwan will be determined by peaceful means;
4. to consider any effort to determine the future of Taiwan by other than peaceful means, including by boycotts or embargoes, a threat to the peace and security of the Western Pacific area and of grave concern to the United States;
5. to provide Taiwan with arms of a defensive character; and
6. to maintain the capacity of the United States to resist any resort to force or other forms of coercion that would jeopardize the security, or the social or economic system, of the people on Taiwan.

c. Nothing contained in this Act shall contravene the interest of the United States in human rights, especially with respect to the human rights of all the approximately eighteen million inhabitants of Taiwan. The preservation and enhancement of the human rights of all the people on Taiwan are hereby reaffirmed as objectives of the United States.

Section. 3.
a. In furtherance of the policy set forth in section 2 of this Act, the United States will make available to Taiwan such defense articles and defense services in such quantity as may be necessary to enable Taiwan to maintain a sufficient self-defense capability.
b. The President and the Congress shall determine the nature and quantity of such defense articles and services based solely upon their judgment of the needs of Taiwan, in accordance with procedures established by law. Such determination of Taiwan's defense needs shall include review by United States military authorities in connection with recommendations to the President and the Congress.
c. The President is directed to inform the Congress promptly of any threat to the security or the social or economic system of the people on Taiwan and any danger to the interests of the United States arising therefrom. The President and the Congress shall determine, in accordance with constitutional processes, appropriate action by the United States in response to any such danger.