109 年 國立中山大學海洋事務研究所《專業英文》

In the exclusive economic zone, the coastal State has:
(a) sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring and exploiting, conserving and managing the natural resources, whether living or non-living, of the waters superjacent to the seabed and of the seabed and its subsoil, and with regard to other activities for the economic exploitation and exploration of the zone, such as the production of energy from the water, currents and winds;
(b) jurisdiction as provided for in the relevant provisions of this Convention with regard to: (i) the establishment and use of artificial islands, installations and structures; (ii) marine scientific research; (iii) the protection and preservation of the marine environment;
(c) other rights and duties provided for in this Convention.

請問依照上述聯合國海洋法公約之規定,沿海國享有以下何者主權權利?
(A) 海洋科學研究之主權權利
(B) 人工島嶼、設施或結構的建造和使用之主權權利
(C) 探勘、開發、養護、管理海床上覆水域、和海床及其底土之自然資源之主權權利
(D) 以上都是

Passage is innocent so long as it is not prejudicial to the peace, good order or security of the coastal
State. Such passage shall take place in conformity with this Convention and with other rules of
international law.

Passage of a foreign ship shall be considered to be prejudicial to the peace, good order or security of the
coastal State if in the territorial sea it engages in any of the following activities: (a) any threat or
use of force against the sovereignty, territorial integrity or political independence of the coastal State,
or in any other manner in violation of the principles of international law embodied in the Charter of
the United Nations; (b) any exercise or practice with weapons of any kind; (c) any act aimed at
collecting information to the prejudice of the defence or security of the coastal State; (d) any act of
propaganda aimed at affecting the defence or security of the coastal State; (e) the launching, landing
or taking on board of any aircraft; (f) the launching, landing or taking on board of any military
device; (g) the loading or unloading of any commodity, currency or person contrary to the customs,
fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations of the coastal State; (h) any act of wilful and
serious pollution contrary to this Convention; (i) any fishing activities; (j) the carrying out of research
or survey activities; (k) any act aimed at interfering with any systems of communication or any other
facilities or installations of the coastal State; (l) any other activity not having a direct bearing on
passage.

請問依照題目聯合國海洋法公約對無害通過的定義,下列對無害通過的介紹何者為正確?
(A) 只要不涉及任何犯罪活動的通過,就是無害通過
(B) 只要不損害沿海國的和平、良好秩序或安全,就是無害通過
(C) 無害通過僅針對商船,不包含軍艦
(D) 無害通過只涉及與沿海國同國籍的船隻

An "island" is a naturally formed area of land, surrounded by water, which is above water at high
tide. Except as provided for in paragraph 3, the territorial sea, the contiguous zone, the exclusive
economic zone and the continental shelf of an island are determined in accordance with the
provisions of this Convention applicable to other land territory. Rocks which cannot sustain human
habitation or economic life of their own shall have no exclusive economic zone or continental shelf.

問題:請依照上述聯合國海洋法公約的規定,完整說明島嶼和岩礁的特色。

The official term for pirate fishing is IUU fishing: Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated. IUU fishing
is a global phenomenon, found in coastal and deep-sea waters. It exhausted fish stocks and weakens
measures taken to protect and restore resources. The poachers are also killing tens of thousands of
marine animals as bycatch and destroying delicate habitats through their unregulated use of
damaging, and sometimes illegal, fishing practices. IUU fishing is unfair competition for those who
are operating legally and threatens the survival of coastal populations. Worth between US$10 -23.5
billion per year, it presents a major loss of income to coastal countries and communities. This is
especially the case for some of the world's poorest countries, which depend on fishing for food,
livelihoods and revenues.

問題:請從這段文字完整描述 pirate fishing 產生的問題。

Ecosystem based adaptation is emerging as a viable option for Governments to increase resilience to the impacts of climate change. It promotes ecosystem health, allowing local populations to benefit from the environmental services provided, such as the provision of clean water, improved habitat for fish supplies and, more notably, protection from extreme weather and sea level events. Healthy ecosystems can also serve as carbon sinks (碳匯) and thus provide the added benefit of mitigating local greenhouse gases. Marine protected areas are an important tool in this context. (15%)

The impacts of ocean warming on individual species and ecosystems are having a cumulative effect
on marine biodiversity, leading to global homogenization as vulnerable species become extinct and
alien species become established across the world's oceans. (10%)

Increasing human populations have resulted in increased human impact on ecosystems. Human
activities have resulted in an increased extinction rate of species which has caused a major decrease
in biological diversity of plants and animals in our environment. These impacts include increased
pressure from fisheries including reef degradation and overfishing as well as pressure from the
tourism industry which has increased over the past few years. (10%)

The most notable effects of climate change and related changes in the atmosphere on the oceans are
ocean warming, ocean acidification and consequent impacts, such as changes in ecosystems and
biodiversity loss, sea level rise, extreme weather events and the loss of polar ice. In addition to other
anthropogenic impacts, such as land-based pollution, unsustainable fishing practices and coastal
development, there are serious cumulative effects, which are diverse, widespread and profound, not
only affecting the ecology of the oceans, but also producing significant socioeconomic consequences
for all States. (15%)

Activities in the oceans and seas are governed by a large number of binding instruments, adopted at
the global and regional levels within the overall legal framework set out in the Convention. In
addition, there are other instruments providing policy guidance and commitments, including the 2030
Agenda and annual resolutions of the General Assembly on oceans and the law of the sea and on
sustainable fisheries. (10%)