108 年 國立中山大學海洋事務研究所《專業英文》

A. 以下三題為測驗一般英文閱讀能力,題目文字來自外國報章媒體,請將各題之英文原文翻譯為中文,並務求精準。每題10分,本組共30分。

1. While Beijing still sees Taiwan as part of China's sovereign territory despite the island's breakaway from the mainland at the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949, Taiwan considers itself a sovereign state with its own democratic political system. Taiwan has never formally declared independence from mainland China, but relations have come under pressure since the election of Taiwanese president Tsai Ing-wen in 2016. Tsai's Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) does not accept the 1992 Consensus — a diplomatic agreement made between Taiwan and China acknowledging the existence of "one China."

On Tuesday, Tsai declared that Beijing "must respect the insistence of 23 million people for freedom and democracy" and "must use peaceful and equal terms to handle our differences," AFP reports. Merely a day later, Xi described his vision for unification via a "one country, two systems" approach to "safeguard the interests and well-being of Taiwanese compatriots." Over the past year, Beijing has ramped up efforts to isolate Taiwan, through pressuring international companies and airlines to list the territory as part of mainland China. Taiwan also has very few diplomatic allies with a series of defections to China taking place in 2018, and it is not granted membership or access to international organizations such as the United Nations or the World Health Organization. (Time, "Xi Jinping Says Taiwan's Unification With China Is 'Inevitable'", By Suyin Haynes, January 2, 2019)

3. Nearly two weeks into the federal government's partial shutdown, approximately 380,000 federal government employees are temporarily out of work, and hundreds of thousands of critical workers in Border Patrol and the Transportation Security Administration are starting the new year without a paycheck.

But government workers aren't the only Americans feeling the effects of the shutdown, which Democratic leaders are hoping to resolve when they gain control of the House on Thursday.

Here's how the shutdown is impacting people throughout the country:
Tourism

More than a third of Americans were expected to travel during the December holiday season, according to an American Automobile Association report. For those who were hoping (or are still planning to) to visit national parks, the experience will probably be far different than expected. (U.S. News & World Report, “Here's How the Government Shutdown Might Affect You", by Casey Leins, January 2, 2019)

B. 以下三題為測驗專業英文閱讀能力,題目文字來自聯合國文件,請將各題之英文原文翻譯為中文,並務求精準。每題15分,本組共45分。

1. It is now well understood that oceans and coastal systems are particularly affected by two key drivers linked to climate change and related changes in the atmosphere: ocean warming and ocean acidification. Human-induced warming of the atmosphere and oceans is unequivocal. In fact, most of the heat excess caused by increases in atmospheric greenhouse gases is absorbed by oceans. Their large mass and high heat capacity allow them to store huge amounts of energy. Oceans are estimated to have absorbed about 93 per cent of the combined extra heat stored by warmed air, sea, land and melted ice between 1971 and 2010.

Although all ocean basins have warmed during the past decades, the increase in heat content is not uniform across basins. Warming is also not uniform throughout the water column, with the strongest warming found closest to the surface. Oceans are expected to continue to warm during the twenty-first century, with the strongest warming being projected for the surface in tropical and northern hemisphere subtropical regions. (UN General Assembly, A/72/70, p. 4)

2. At the core of sustainable development are the strong interlinkages between sustained and inclusive economic growth, social development and environmental protection. The effective functioning of each individual dimension depends on the effective functioning of the other two. If one or the other dimensions are pursued separately, and the other dimension is not taken into account, this could lead to an ultimate loss in all three dimensions because of the inextricable linkages between them.1 Successful sustainable development therefore requires integrated approaches that ensure sustained and inclusive economic growth, social development and environmental protection, or so-called "triple wins".

In the outcome document of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 20 to 22 June 2012, entitled "The future we want", States acknowledged that, since 1992, there had been areas of insufficient progress and setbacks in the integration of the three dimensions of sustainable development, aggravated by multiple financial, economic, food and energy crises, which had threatened the ability of all countries, in particular developing countries, to achieve sustainable development. They also acknowledged the need to further mainstream sustainable development at all levels, integrating economic, social and environmental aspects and recognizing their interlinkages, so as to achieve sustainable development in all its dimensions. (UN General Assembly, A/70/74, p. 3)

3. The oceans play a crucial role in everyday life, as the lungs of the planet and the greatest producers of oxygen. They help to regulate the global climate and are the ultimate source of the water that sustains all life on Earth, from coral reefs to snow-covered mountains, from tropical rainforests to mighty rivers, and even deserts. The oceans act as a major sink of carbon dioxide, significantly reducing greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere and thereby benefiting all humankind.

As emphasized in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, in particular in Sustainable Development Goal 14, the conservation and sustainable use of the oceans and seas and their resources is critical to sustainable development, including in regard to poverty eradication, sustained economic growth, food security and the creation of sustainable livelihoods and decent work. (UN General Assembly, A/73/368, p. 2.)

C. 以下為測驗專業英文寫作能力。本題25分。

Please write a short essay of at least 400 words to present your perception on the terms of "marine affairs" and "marine policy" and to state the vision of your study and career if you could be accepted by the Graduate Institute of Marine Affairs.