111 年 國立清華大學外國語文學系碩士班甲組《英國文學史》

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第 1 題30 分

I. Definition 30%
Please define the following terms and provide an example to explain and illustrate each term.
(5% Each: Definition 3%; Example 2%)

  1. Irony
  2. Heroic couplet
  3. Negative Capability
  4. Byronic Hero
  5. Shakespearean Sonnet
  6. Epiphany

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這一題的完整詳解

本題旨在測試考生對英國文學史中重要概念的理解與應用能力。共包含六個名詞解釋,每題佔 5%,其中定義佔 3%,舉例說明佔 2%。考生需精確定義並舉出恰當的文學例證。

  1. Irony (諷刺)

    • 定義: 諷刺是一種文學手法,指表達的意思與實際字面意思相反,或者實際發生的情況與預期相反,藉此產生幽默、諷刺或強調的效果。主要分為三種類型:語言諷刺(Verbal Irony)、情境諷刺(Situational Irony)和戲劇諷刺(Dramatic Irony)。
    • 舉例: 在莎士比亞的《羅密歐與朱麗葉》中,朱麗葉在知道羅密歐是殺死自己表哥的仇人後,仍然愛著他,但她卻以一種看似無辜的口吻說出:「我唯一的愛源自唯一的恨。」(My only love sprung from my only hate!)這是一種語言諷刺,因為她口中的「唯一」同時代表了愛與恨的根源,而她並沒有完全意識到這其中的矛盾與悲劇性。另一常見例子是,消防局發生火災,這就是一種情境諷刺。
  2. Heroic couplet (英雄式對句)

    • 定義: 英雄式對句是一種詩歌形式,由兩行押韻的抑揚格五音步詩(iambic pentameter)組成,通常獨立成一個完整的語意單元,表達一個完整的思想或論點。在 17 和 18 世紀的英國詩歌中非常流行,尤其常用於敘事詩和諷刺詩。
    • 舉例: 亞歷山大·蒲柏(Alexander Pope)的《奪髮記》(The Rape of the Lock)中充滿了英雄式對句,例如開頭的幾句:「Say first, what cause, for which the stars in spite / Now tumble from their spheres, or gods displease, / That mortal men should cause so great a fray.」(雖然這不是一個完整的對句,但其結構和音韻是典型的例子。更完整的例子如:「This Nymph, to the destruction of mankind, / Nourish'd two locks which graceful on each side / Her polished forehead lay.」)
  3. Negative Capability (負面能力)

    • 定義: 「負面能力」是約翰·濟慈(John Keats)在其寫給兄弟姊妹的信中提出的概念,指的是詩人能夠在不確定、懷疑和神秘感中,安於「存在於事物之中」,而不急於追求事實或理
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第 2 題20 分

II. Identification 20%
Please identify the author of each quotation and also the title of the work from which it is drawn.
(please provide the full name of the author 4% Each: 2% author; 2% the title of the work).

  1. We are not now that strength which in old days
    Moved earth and heaven, that which we are, we are
    One equal temper of heroic hearts,
    Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will
    To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.

  2. If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?

  3. And chiefly thou O Spirit, that dost prefer
    Before all temples th'upright heart and pure,
    Instruct me, for thou know'st: thou from the first
    Wast present, and with mighty wings outspread
    Dove-like sat'st brooding on the vast abyss
    And mad'st it pregnant: what in me is dark
    Illumine, what is low raise and support;

  4. If this be error and upon me proved,
    I never writ, nor no man ever loved.

  5. No! I am not Prince Hamlet, nor was meant to be;
    Am an attendant lord, one that will do
    To swell a progress, start a scene or two,
    Advise the prince; no doubt, an easy tool,
    Deferential, glad to be of use,
    Politic, cautious, and meticulous;

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這一題的完整詳解

本題要求考生辨識引文的作者及出處,是考察對英國文學經典作品的熟悉度。每則引文佔 4%,其中作者 2%、作品名 2%。

  1. 引文: "We are not now that strength which in old days / Moved earth and heaven, that which we are, we are / One equal temper of heroic hearts, / Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will / To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield."

    • 作者: Alfred Tennyson (阿爾弗雷德·丁尼生)
    • 作品: "Ulysses" (尤利西斯)
    • 詳解: 這段詩句出自丁尼生著名的詩作《尤利西斯》,描寫年邁的尤利西斯對過去冒險經歷的回憶,以及他即使年老仍渴望探索未知、挑戰極限的心情。詩句展現了英雄面對歲月與命運的無奈,但內心依然保有堅韌的意志。
  2. 引文: "If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?"

    • 作者: Percy Bysshe Shelley (珀西·比希·雪萊)
    • 作品: "Ode to the West Wind" (西風頌)
    • 詳解: 這句名言出自雪萊的《西風頌》的第五段。詩人將西風比喻為變革的力量,表達了即使在最艱難的時刻,對未來美好與希望(春天)的堅定信念。這句詩也常被用來象徵在逆境中對希望的期盼。
  3. 引文: "And chiefly thou O Spirit, that dost prefer / Before all temples th'upright heart and pure, / Instruct me, for thou know'st: thou from the first / Wast present, and with mighty wings outspread / Dove-like sat'st brooding on the vast abyss / And mad'st it pregnant: what in me is dark / Illumine, what is low raise and support;"

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第 3 題50 分

III. Essay Questions 50%
Please select two of the following essay questions and in response, write a well-organized, coherent essay. (25% Each)

  1. Please select one of the following authors and write a coherent essay that discusses in depth the style, the characteristic, the particular aesthetic school or movement, the concerns, the significance, the political-social impacts of his/her works.

    John Keats
    William Wordsworth
    John Milton
    Joseph Conrad
    Oscar Wilde
    Elizabeth Barrett Browning
    Doris Lessing
    Mary Shelley
    George Eliot
    Andrew Marvell
    Jane Austen
    D. H. Lawrence
    Christopher Marlowe

  2. The following is a quotation from Shakespeare's The Tempest Act II Scene I. It expounds a certain Utopian vision. Please translate such a vision into modern English and discuss whether you agree with it or not. In what ways do you agree or disagree with it? Do you think it is feasible? You may want to compare it with other works that also expound Utopian visions or perhaps ridicule human hubristic attempts at constructing a perfect state, such as Thomas More's Utopia, William Morris's News from Nowhere, Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, et cetera.

    In the commonwealth I would, by contraries,
    Execute all things; for no kind of traffic
    Would I admit; no name of magistrate;
    Letters should not be known; riches, poverty,
    And use of service, none; contract, succession,
    Bourn, bound of land, tilth, vineyard, none;
    No use of metal, corn, or wine, or oil;
    No occupation, all men idle, all;
    And women too, but innocent and pure;
    No sovereignty -
    All things in common nature should produce
    Without sweat or endeavor: treason, felony,
    Sword, pike, knife, gun, or need of any engine,
    Would I not have; but nature should bring forth,
    Of it own kind, all foison, all abundance,
    To feed my innocent people.

  3. Narrative is inherently related to time: the story time, the narrative time, the reading time, and the experience of time. Authors, especially novelists such as Laurence Sterne, Lewis Carroll, James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, Martin Amis, etc., have been experimenting with different presentation of time, manipulating, distorting, juxtaposing, shortening, or lengthening time, within their works. Please select from the category of "English Literature" any work you know in which time plays a central role in its aesthetic design (or even features as a character) and discuss the particular aesthetic effect of such time presentation.

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這一題的完整詳解

本大題要求考生從三題中選擇兩題作答,每題佔 25%,總計 50%。這部分旨在深入評估考生對英國文學的理解深度、分析能力、論述組織能力以及獨立思考能力。

第一題 1 (Essay Question 1)

  • 核心概念: 這題要求考生深入分析一位指定作家及其作品。考生需要選擇一位作家,並從風格、特色、所屬的美學流派或運動、關注的主題、作品的意義,以及政治社會影響等角度進行全面而深入的論述。這是一道經典的文學史分析題,考驗考生對文學史脈絡、作家風格及作品內涵的掌握程度。
  • 準備建議: 考生在準備時,應針對列表中的每一位作家,梳理其生平、創作時期、代表作、文學流派(如浪漫主義、維多利亞時期、現代主義等)、寫作風格(如意象運用、敘事手法、語言特色等)、主要關注的議題(如愛情、自然、社會不公、個人身份、政治等),以及其作品在文學史上的地位和影響。例如:
    • John Keats: 浪漫主義詩人,以其豐富的感官意象、對美的追求、對人生短暫與永恆的思考著稱,代表作如《夜鶯頌》、《希臘古甕頌》。
    • William Wordsworth: 英國浪漫主義詩歌的奠基人之一,強調詩歌應取材於日常生活,語言應貼近口語,並關注自然、情感與人類心靈的關係,代表作如《抒情歌謠集》、《序曲》。
    • John Milton: 17 世紀的偉大詩人,作品宏偉深邃,代表作《失樂園》探討了宗教、自由意志、善惡等宏大主題,其詩歌風格莊重典雅。
    • Jane Austen: 英國現實主義小說家,以其對英國鄉紳階層生活的細膩描寫、諷刺的筆調、對婚姻與社會階級的探討而聞名,代表作如《傲慢與偏見》、《艾瑪》。
    • D. H. Lawrence: 20 世紀現代主義作家,作品常探討人際關係、性、工業化對人性的壓迫等主題,風格充滿激情與象徵性,代表作如《兒子與情人》、《查泰萊夫人的情人》。
  • 作答重點: 選擇一位自己最熟悉、最有把握的作家。開篇點明所選作家及其所屬的文學時期或流派。接著,分段論述其風格特點,並結合具體作品進行闡釋。最後,總結其作品的意義和影響。論述需有條理,論點清晰,論據充分。

第一題 2 (Essay Question 2)

  • 核心概念: 這題是一道結合文本閱讀、翻譯、批判性思考與比較文學的綜合題。考生需要理解莎士比亞在《暴風雨》中描繪的烏托邦設想,將其翻譯成現代英語,並就其可行性、合理性進行個人論述,同時還需要與其他探討烏托邦或批評人類虛榮的文學作品進行比較。
  • 文本分析與翻譯:
    • 原文:
      "In the commonwealth I would, by contraries,
      Execute all things; for no kind of traffic
      Would I admit; no name of magistrate;
      Letters should not be known; riches, poverty,
      And use of service, none; contract, succession,
      Bourn, bound of land, tilth, vineyard, none;
      No use of metal, corn, or wine, or oil;
      No occupation, all men idle, all;
      And women too, but innocent and pure;
      No sovereignty -"
      "All things in common nature should produce
      Without sweat or endeavor: treason, felony,
      Sword, pike, knife, gun, or need of any engine,
      Would I not have; but nature should bring forth,
      Of it own kind, all foison, all abundance,
      To feed my innocent people."
    • 現代英語翻譯與闡釋: 這段描繪了一個反烏托邦(anti-utopian)或極端烏托邦的社會。在這個理想國度裡:
      • 一切將以「相反」的方式運作("by contraries")。
      • 禁止任何形式的商業交易("no kind of traffic")。
      • 沒有官員或執法者("no name of magistrate")。
      • 文字和知識可能不被重視或禁止("Letters should not be known")。
      • 沒有貧富差距("riches, poverty... none")。
      • 沒有僕役關係("use of service, none")。
      • 沒有契約、繼承等制度("contract, succession... none")。
      • 沒有私有土地的概念("Bourn, bound of land, tilth, vineyard, none")。
      • 不使用金屬、不生產糧食、酒或油("No use of metal, corn, or wine, or oil"),暗示對物質文明的極度簡化或依賴自然。
      • 所有人都無所事事,閒散度日("No occupation, all men idle, all")。
      • 女性也同樣純潔無暇("women too, but innocent and pure")。
      • 沒有統治權或權威("No sovereignty")。
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