114 年 國立中正大學會計與資訊科技學系碩士班會計組《中級會計學》

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第 1 題18 分

  1. (18%) High-sky Inc. is a retailer and wholesaler of brand-name household lighting fixtures. Presented below is operating information related to High-sky Inc. in 2025.
CostRetail
Beginning inventory$456,450$663,000
Purchases1,554,6502,482,000
Purchase returns(102,000)
Purchase discounts(30,600)
Gross sales (after employee discounts)2,397,000
Sales returns(165,750)
Markups204,000
Markup cancellations(68,000)
Markdowns(76,500)
Markdown cancellations34,000
Freight-in71,400
Employee discounts granted13,600
Loss from breakage (normal)7,650

【Requirements】 (1), 3%; (2), 6%; (3), 9%

(1) Compute the cost of goods available.
(2) Compute a cost-to-retail percentage (round to three decimals) under the following conditions: (a) Excluding markdowns but including markups; (b) Including both markdowns and markups.
(3) Assuming that High-sky Inc. uses the conventional retail inventory method, compute the cost of its ending inventory at December 31, 2025.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題評量《中級會計學》中存貨估價的重要方法——零售價法(Retail Inventory Method)。核心觀念與各項目處理準則如下:

  1. 可供銷售商品成本(Cost of Goods Available for Sale, CGAS):
    可供銷售商品成本=期初存貨成本+進貨成本+進貨費用(運費)−進貨退出與折讓−進貨折扣\text{可供銷售商品成本} = \text{期初存貨成本} + \text{進貨成本} + \text{進貨費用(運費)} - \text{進貨退出與折讓} - \text{進貨折扣}

  2. 成本率(Cost-to-Retail Percentage)的計算分類:

    • 傳統零售價法(Conventional / LCM Retail Method):又稱「成本與淨變現價值孰低零售價法」。目的在於估計「成本與淨變現價值(或市價)孰低」之期末存貨。
      • 分子:可供銷售商品成本(含期初存貨)。
      • 分母:可供銷售商品零售價(含期初存貨),計入淨加價(Net Markups),但排除淨減價(Net Markdowns)。
    • 平均成本零售價法(Average Cost Retail Method):
      • 分子:可供銷售商品成本。
      • 分母:可供銷售商品零售價,同時計入淨加價與淨減價。
  3. 期末存貨零售價之推算(Ending Inventory at Retail):
    期末存貨(零售價)=可供銷售商品總零售價(扣除淨減價後)−銷貨淨額−員工折扣−正常破損/損耗\text{期末存貨(零售價)} = \text{可供銷售商品總零售價(扣除淨減價後)} - \text{銷貨淨額} - \text{員工折扣} - \text{正常破損/損耗}

    • 員工折扣(Employee Discounts Granted):若銷貨收入是以員工折扣後的淨額列示,為還原商品自貨架移出之原零售價值,計算期末零售價時須將員工折扣自零售價總額中額外扣除(或視為銷貨之一部分)。
    • 正常損耗/破損(Normal Breakage/Loss):正常損耗已隱含於一般定價與成本率中,故不調整成本率,僅在零售價端自可供銷售商品中扣除,以反映實際在庫之期末零售價值。
    • 銷貨退回(Sales Returns):商品重新回到庫存,故銷貨額應扣除銷貨退回(銷貨折讓則不影響庫存商品數量,不予扣除)。
  4. 期末存貨成本(Ending Inventory at Cost):
    期末存貨成本=期末存貨(零售價)×適用之成本率\text{期末存貨成本} = \text{期末存貨(零售價)} \times \text{適用之成本率}


解題方法與完整推導

步驟一:整理可供銷售商品之「成本」與「零售價」明細表

項目成本(Cost)零售價(Retail)說明
期初存貨(Beginning Inventory)$456,450$663,000期初基本資料
進貨(Purchases)1,554,6501,554,6502,482,0002,482,000本期進貨
進貨退出(Purchase Returns)(102,000)(102,000)(136,000)(136,000)成本與零售價同步扣除
進貨折扣(Purchase Discounts)(30,600)(30,600)—僅減少進貨成本
進貨運費(Freight-in)71,40071,400—僅增加進貨成本
淨加價(Net Markups)
 加價(Markups)—204,000204,000定價調高
 加價取消(Markup cancellations)—(68,000)(68,000)淨加價為 $136,000
傳統法小計(Conventional Subtotal)$1,949,900$3,145,000計算傳統法成本率之基礎
淨減價(Net Markdowns)
 減價(Markdowns)—(76,500)(76,500)定價調低
 減價取消(Markdown cancellations)—34,00034,000淨減價為 $$(42,500)
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第 2 題12 分

  1. (12%) Peter Wang purchased the Leroy Vineyard at an estate auction in July 2024 for 2,650,000.Thepurchasewasriskybecausethegrowingseasonwascomingtoanend,thegrapesmustbeharvestedinthenextseveralweeks,andPeterhaslimitedexperienceincarryingoffagrapeharvest.Attheendofthefirstquarterofoperations,Peterisfeelingprettygoodabouthisearlyresults.Thefirstharvestwasasuccess;1,200bushelsofgrapeswereharvestedwithavalueof2,650,000. The purchase was risky because the growing season was coming to an end, the grapes must be harvested in the next several weeks, and Peter has limited experience in carrying off a grape harvest. At the end of the first quarter of operations, Peter is feeling pretty good about his early results. The first harvest was a success; 1,200 bushels of grapes were harvested with a value of 150,000 (based on current local commodity prices at the time of harvest). And, given the strong yield from area vineyards during this season, the net realizable value of Peter's vineyard has increased by 75,000attheendofthequarter.Afterstoringthegrapesforashortperiodoftime,Peterwasabletoselltheentireharvestfor75,000 at the end of the quarter. After storing the grapes for a short period of time, Peter was able to sell the entire harvest for 180,000.

【Requirements】 (1)-(4), each 3%.

(1) Prepare the journal entries for the Leroy biological asset (grape vines) for the first quarter of operations (the beginning carrying and net realizable value is $1,250,000).
(2) Prepare the journal entry for the grapes harvested during the first quarter.
(3) Prepare the journal entry to record the sale of the grapes harvested in the first quarter.
(4) Determine the total effect on income for the quarter related to the Leroy biological asset and agricultural produce.

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這一題的完整詳解

本題主要測試對農業活動(生物資產與農產品)的會計處理,包含資產的衡量、收成及出售的入帳。

核心觀念:

  1. 生物資產 (Biological Asset):指具有生命力的動物或植物。在農業活動中,生物資產(如葡萄藤)和農產品(如葡萄)的會計處理有所不同。
  2. 衡量 (Measurement):
    • 生物資產(葡萄藤)在初始認列及後續衡量時,應以公允價值減出售成本 (Fair Value Less Costs to Sell, FVLS) 衡量。
    • 農產品(收成的葡萄)在收成時,應以其收成時的公允價值減出售成本 (FVLS) 衡量,並轉入存貨。
  3. 公允價值變動 (Changes in Fair Value):
    • 生物資產公允價值的增加,認列於損益;公允價值的減少,則先沖銷重估增值,再認列於損益。
    • 農產品在收成前,其公允價值變動不認列於損益。收成後,則視為存貨,依存貨評價規定處理。
  4. 出售農產品:依一般存貨出售方式入帳。

解題過程:

假設:

  • 本期為 2024 年的第三季(七月至九月)。
  • 題目中提到「at the end of the first quarter of operations」,由於購入於七月,第一季是指七月、八月、九月。
  • 題目中提到的「net realizable value of Peter's vineyard has increased by $75,000」是指生物資產(葡萄藤)的公允價值減出售成本的增加。
  • 題目中提到的「value of $150,000 (based on current local commodity prices at the time of harvest)」是指收成時葡萄的公允價值減出售成本。

(1) Prepare the journal entries for the Leroy biological asset (grape vines) for the first quarter of operations (the beginning carrying and net realizable value is $1,250,000).

  • 期初(七月一日):生物資產(葡萄藤)的帳面金額為 $1,250,000。

  • 第一季結束(九月三十日):

    • 葡萄藤的公允價值減出售成本增加了 $75,000。
    • 這表示生物資產的帳面金額從 1,250,000增加到1,250,000 增加到 1,250,000 + 75,000=75,000 = 1,325,000。
    • 此增加認列為當期收益。

    分錄:
    借:生物資產 - 葡萄藤 (Biological Asset - Grape Vines) $75,000
    貸:生物資產公允價值變動 (Gain from change in Fair Value of Biological Asset)

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第 3 題20 分

  1. (20%) Assume that the following data relative to Money Company for 2025 is available:
Net IncomeChangeCumulative
Transactions in Ordinary Shares
Jan. 1, 2025, Beginning number900,000
Mar. 1, 2025, Purchase of treasury shares(84,000)816,000
June 1, 2025, Share split 2-11,632,000
Nov. 1, 2025, Issuance of shares66,0001,698,000
6% Cumulative Convertible Preference Shares
Sold at par, convertible into 200,000 ordinary shares (adjusted for split).€ 1,000,000
Share Options
Exercisable at the option price of €30 per share. Average market price in 2025, €40 (market price and option price adjusted for split).50,000 shares

【Requirements】 (1)&(2), each 10%. Please provide a brief calculation process.

(1) Compute basic earnings per share for 2025. (Round to the nearest penny.)
(2) Compute diluted earnings per share for 2025. (Round to the nearest penny.)

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本題主要測試基本每股盈餘 (Basic Earnings Per Share, BEPS) 與稀釋每股盈餘 (Diluted Earnings Per Share, DEPS) 的計算。

核心觀念:

  1. 基本每股盈餘 (BEPS):

    • 公式:BEPS = (股東淨利 - 累積特別股股利) / (加權平均流通在外普通股股數)
    • 累積特別股股利:僅在當期宣告發放時,才從股東淨利中扣除。若未宣告,則不扣除。題目中未提及宣告與否,通常假設未宣告則不扣除,但題目中的「6% Cumulative Convertible Preference Shares」表示其為累積型,若未宣告,則應累積待付。然而,在計算 BEPS 時,若未宣告,則不需扣除。這裡假設未宣告,故不扣除。
    • 加權平均流通在外普通股股數:需考慮股數變動的時間加權。股權分割 (Share split) 需追溯調整。
  2. 稀釋每股盈餘 (DEPS):

    • 公式:DEPS = (股東淨利 - 累積特別股股利 + 可轉換特別股的股利 + 可轉換公司債利息) / (加權平均流通在外普通股股數 + 潛在稀釋股數)
    • 潛在稀釋股數:來自可轉換特別股、可轉換公司債、認股權證 (Share Options) 等。
    • 可轉換特別股:假設轉換,計算其股利(需加回)及增加的普通股股數。
    • 認股權證 (Share Options):若其執行價低於平均市價,則假設執行,計算增加的普通股股數,並假設用認股權證的現金收入回購股票,減少流通在外股數。

解題過程:

數據整理與調整:

  • 股東淨利 (Net Income) = €2,870,000

  • 累積特別股股利:題目未提及宣告,假設未宣告,故 BEPS 計算時不扣除。

  • 普通股股數計算:

    • Jan. 1: 900,000 股
    • Mar. 1: 購買庫藏股 84,000 股。流通在外股數變為 900,000 - 84,000 = 816,000 股。
    • June 1: 2:1 股權分割。所有股數均 x 2。
      • 原 Jan. 1 股數 (900,000 x 2) = 1,800,000 股
      • 原 Mar. 1 庫藏股 (84,000 x 2) = 168,000 股
      • 分割後流通在外股數 = 1,800,000 - 168,000 = 1,632,000 股。
      • 注意: 題目中 June 1 後的 Cumulative 欄位顯示 1,632,000 股,這表示股權分割已經被反映在 Mar. 1 之後的庫藏股數上。也就是說,Mar. 1 購買庫藏股 84,000 股,是指分割前的股數。分割後,庫藏股數應為 84,000 * 2 = 168,000 股。
      • 實際流通在外股數 Mar. 1 後 = 900,000 - 84,000 = 816,000 股。
      • June 1 分割後,股數變為 816,000 * 2 = 1,632,000 股。
    • Nov. 1: 發行新股 66,000 股。
      • 流通在外股數變為 1,632,000 + 66,000 = 1,698,000 股。
      • 注意: 題目中 Nov. 1 後的 Cumulative 欄位顯示 1,698,000 股,這也是正確的。
  • 加權平均流通在外普通股股數 (Weighted-Average Ordinary Shares Outstanding) - BEPS 計算用

    • Jan. 1 to Mar. 1 (2 months): 900,000 股
    • Mar. 1 to June 1 (3 months): 816,000 股 (900,000 - 84,000)
    • June 1 to Nov. 1 (6 months): 1,632,000 股 (分割後)
    • Nov. 1 to Dec. 31 (2 months): 1,698,000 股 (分割後 + 新發行)

    加權平均股數計算 (未考慮分割的影響,先計算原始股數的加權平均,再統一調整):

    • Jan. 1 to Mar. 1 (2 months): 900,000 股 × (2/12) = 150,000 股
    • Mar. 1 to June 1 (3 months): 816,000 股 × (3/12) = 204,000 股
    • June 1 to Nov. 1 (6 months): 1,632,000 股 × (6/12) = 816,000 股
    • Nov. 1 to Dec. 31 (2 months): 1,698,000 股 × (2/12) = 339,600 股
    • 總加權平均股數 (未分割前) = 150,000 + 204,000 + 816,000 + 339,600 = 1,509,600 股

    考慮 2:1 股權分割的追溯調整:
    所有股數均應乘以 2。

    • Jan. 1 to Mar. 1 (2 months): 900,000 股 × 2 × (2/12) = 300,000 股
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第 4 題20 分

  1. (20%) The following information has been obtained for the Blue-color Company.
    a. Prior to 2023, taxable income and pretax financial income were identical.
    b. Pretax financial income is €1,900,000 in 2023 and €1,600,000 in 2024.
    c. On January 1, 2023, equipment costing €1,400,000 is purchased. It is to be depreciated on a straight-line basis over 5 years for tax purposes and over 7 years for financial reporting purposes. (Under applicable tax law, a half-year of tax depreciation is recorded in 2023 and 2028.)
    d. Interest of €85,000 was earned on tax-exempt governmental obligations in 2024.
    e. Included in 2024 pretax financial income is a gain on discontinued operations of €350,000, which is fully taxable.
    f. The tax rate is 30% for all periods.
    g. Taxable income is expected in all future years.

【Requirements】 (1), 6%; (2), 6%; (3), 8%. Please provide a brief calculation process.

(1) Compute taxable income and income taxes payable for 2024.
(2) Prepare the journal entry to record 2024 income tax expense, income taxes payable, and deferred taxes.
(3) Prepare the bottom portion of Blue-color's 2024 income statement, beginning with "Income before income taxes."

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查所得稅會計中:

  1. 當期所得稅:依課稅所得計算應付所得稅。
  2. 暫時性差異:財務報導帳面金額與課稅基礎之差額。
  3. 遞延所得稅資產/負債:
    • 課稅基礎大於帳面金額:可減除暫時性差異,認列遞延所得稅資產。
    • 帳面金額大於課稅基礎:應課稅暫時性差異,認列遞延所得稅負債。
  4. 停業部門損益之所得稅分攤:停業部門利益須單獨列示扣除相關所得稅後之淨額。

設備折舊資料如下:

  • 財務報導折舊:1,400,000÷7=€200,0001,400,000 \div 7 = €200,000/年
  • 稅務折舊:1,400,000÷5=€280,0001,400,000 \div 5 = €280,000/年
  • 2023 年因採半年折舊,稅務折舊為 €140,000
  • 2024 年稅務折舊為 €280,000

(1)2024 年課稅所得與應付所得稅

2024 年稅前財務所得為 €1,600,000。

調整項目

  1. 免稅政府公債利息

2024 年財務所得包含免稅利息 €85,000,計算課稅所得時應減除。

  1. 折舊差異

2024 年稅務折舊 €280,000,財務報導折舊 €200,000,稅務上多扣除:

€280,000−€200,000=€80,000€280,000-€200,000=€80,000

因此,課稅所得應再減除 €80,000。

  1. 停業部門利益

停業部門利益 €350,000 已包含於稅前財務所得,且完全課稅,因此不需調整。

課稅所得

課稅所得=€1,600,000−€85,000−€80,000=€1,435,000\text{課稅所得} =€1,600,000-€85,000-€80,000 =€1,435,000

應付所得稅

應付所得稅=€1,435,000×30%=€430,500\text{應付所得稅} =€1,435,000\times30\% =€430,500

(2)2024 年所得稅分錄

期末暫時性差異

截至2024年底:

財務報導帳面金額

設備累計財務折舊:

€200,000×2=€400,000€200,000\times2=€400,000

設備帳面金額:

€1,400,000−€400,000=€1,000,000€1,400,000-€400,000=€1,000,000

課稅基礎

2023 年稅務折舊 €140,000,加上2024年稅務折舊 €280,000:

€140,000+€280,000=€420,000€140,000+€280,000=€420,000

設備課稅基礎:

€1,400,000−€420,000=€980,000€1,400,000-€420,000=€980,000

因此:

應課稅暫時性差異=€1,000,000−€980,000=€20,000\text{應課稅暫時性差異} =€1,000,000-€980,000 =€20,000

遞延所得稅負債:

€20,000×30%=€6,000€20,000\times30\%=€6,000

2023年底原有遞延所得稅資產:

(€1,260,000−€1,200,000)×30%=€18,000(€1,260,000-€1,200,000)\times30\% =€18,000

2024 年由遞延所得稅資產 €18,000 轉為遞延所得稅負債 €6,000,遞延所得稅費用增加:

€18,000+€6,000=€24,000€18,000+€6,000=€24,000

2024 年所得稅費用

所得稅費用=當期所得稅費用+遞延所得稅費用\text{所得稅費用} =\text{當期所得稅費用}+\text{遞延所得稅費用} =€430,500+€24,000=€454,500=€430,500+€24,000 =€454,500

日記簿分錄

借:所得稅費用€454,500貸:應付所得稅€430,500貸:遞延所得稅負債€24,000\begin{aligned} \text{借:所得稅費用} &\quad €454,500\\ \text{貸:應付所得稅} &\quad €430,500\\ \text{貸:遞延所得稅負債} &\quad €24,000 \end{aligned}

貸方遞延所得稅負債 €24,000,代表沖銷原有遞延所得稅資產 €18,000,並建立期末遞延所得稅負債 €6,000。

(3)2024 年損益表下半部

2024 年稅前財務所得 €1,600,000,其中包含停業部門利益 €350,000,因此繼續營業部門稅前所得為:

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第 5 題30 分

  1. (30%) The qualitative characteristics that make accounting information useful for decision-making purposes are as follows.
CodeQualitative CharacteristicsCodeQualitative Characteristics
ARelevanceDComparability
BFaithful representationETimeliness
FVerifiabilityFUnderstandability

【Requirements】 each 3%.

Based on the following description, select the most appropriate quality characteristic of financial statements and fill in its code.

(1) Requires a high degree of consensus among individuals on a given measurement.
(2) Financial information includes all the information necessary for users to understand the described phenomena.
(3) The presence or absence of certain financial information can lead to different decisions made by investors and creditors.
(4) Materiality serves as a threshold specific to the enterprise.
(5) Financial information does not contain errors or omissions when describing economic phenomena, and the selection and application processes that generate this financial information are also free from errors.
(6) Financial information possesses either predictive value, confirmatory value, or both.
(7) Allow decision-makers to obtain timely information necessary for making decisions.
(8) Financial information should be clearly and concisely categorized, highlighting characteristics and expressions.
(9) Financial information should describe similar items in a way that makes them appear truly alike, while making different items appear distinctly different.
(10) Financial information can be compared with similar information from other related enterprises or with similar information from the same enterprise in previous periods or dates.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念
會計資訊之「品質特徵」依照《財務會計概念框架》分為兩大類:

  1. 相關性(Relevance) – 能提供決策者預測或驗證價值的資訊。
  2. 可靠表達(Faithful Representation) – 必須真實、完整且中立。

在此兩大類之下,FASB/IASB 進一步列出六項具體特徵:

  • 可比性(Comparability) → 代碼 D
  • 及時性(Timeliness)  → 代碼 E
  • 可驗證性(Verifiability) → 代碼 F(驗證)
  • 可理解性(Understandability) → 代碼 F(理解)※題目表格將兩者皆標為 F,此處依題意分別對應。
  • 相關性(Relevance)  → 代碼 A
  • 可靠表達(Faithful Representation) → 代碼 B

解題方法
本題為「配對」題,要求根據每一敘述的內涵選擇最符合的品質特徵代碼。解題步驟:

  1. 逐一閱讀敘述,辨識其描述的核心概念(如「共識」→ 可驗證性;「提供決策依據」→ 相關性等)。
  2. 依照上述六項特徵的定義,將敘述對應至最貼切的特徵。
  3. 依題目所列的代碼表寫下對應代碼。

選項分析(逐題說明)

題號敘述內容判斷關鍵詞對應品質特徵代碼
(1)「Requires a high degree of consensus among individuals on a given measurement.」需要多數會計人員在同一衡量上取得共識可驗證性 – 透過獨立觀察者或不同方法取得相同結果即具可驗證性。F
(2)「Financial information includes all the information necessary for users to understand the described phenomena.」使用者能「理解」所描述的經濟現象可理解性 – 資訊須以清晰、簡潔的方式呈現,使使用者易於把握。F(理解)
(3)「The presence or absence of certain financial information can lead to different decisions made by investors and creditors.」有/無資訊會改變決策相關性 – 只要資訊能影響使用者經濟決策,即具相關性。A
(4)「Materiality serves as a threshold specific to the enterprise.」「重要性」是 相關性 的內部門檻相關性(重要性屬於相關性的子概念)A
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