112 年 國立中正大學會計與資訊科技學系碩士班會計組《中級會計學》
第 1 題20 分
The following information pertains to B&F Company:
| December 31, 20X2 | December 31, 20X1 | |
|---|---|---|
| Cash | $ 450,000 | $ 275,000 |
| Accounts receivable (net) | 480,000 | 330,000 |
| Inventories | 780,000 | 605,000 |
| Plant assets (net) | 2,400,000 | 1,787,500 |
| Accounts payable | 330,000 | 220,000 |
| Taxes payable | 60,000 | 27,500 |
| Bonds payable | 420,000 | 385,000 |
| Share capital-preference, 10% $50 par | 600,000 | 550,000 |
| Share capital $10 par | 720,000 | 495,000 |
| Share premium-ordinary | 480,000 | 357,500 |
| Retained earnings | 1,200,000 | 962,500 |
| Net credit sales | 3,840,000 | |
| Cost of goods sold | 2,520,000 | |
| Operating expenses | 870,000 | |
| Net income | 450,000 |
Additional information: Depreciation included in cost of goods sold and operating expenses is $366,000. On June 1, 20X2, 225,000 ordinary shares were issued. The preference shares are cumulative. The preference dividends were not declared during 20X2.
【Requirements】 each, 4%
Compute the following: (Round a decimal number to two decimal places.)
(1) Accounts receivable turnover for 20X2
(2) Inventory turnover for 20X2
(3) Profit margin on sales for 20X2
(4) Return on ordinary share capital - equity for 20X2
(5) Book value per ordinary share at 12/31/20X2
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核心觀念
本題考查五項財務比率與每股帳面價值:
-
應收帳款週轉率
-
存貨週轉率
-
銷貨利益率
-
普通股權益報酬率
- 普通股每股帳面價值
累積特別股即使本期未宣告股利,當年度股利仍須自淨利中扣除,且列為普通股股東以外之權益請求。
解題方法與計算
(1)20X2 年應收帳款週轉率
平均應收帳款:
因此:
(2)20X2 年存貨週轉率
平均存貨:
因此:
(3)20X2 年銷貨利益率
題目所給淨利為 3,840,000:
(4)20X2 年普通股權益報酬率
① 計算特別股股利
特別股面額為 $600,000,股利率為 10%:
雖然本期未宣告,但因特別股具有累積性,仍須扣除 $60,000。
可供普通股股東享有之淨利:
第 2 題30 分
L&O Company purchased land for a manufacturing facility for $1,050,000. The company paid $75,000 to tear down an old building on the land. Salvage was sold for $11,500. Legal fees of $7,500 were paid for title investigation and making the purchase. Architect's fees were $50,500. Title insurance cost $5,500, and liability insurance during construction cost $23,500. Excavation cost $22,000. The contractor was paid $1,357,000. A one-time assessment made by the city for sidewalks was $8,500. L&O Company installed lighting and signage at a cost of $16,800.
【Requirements】 (1)&(2), each 4%; (3), 12%; (4), 10%
(1) Determine the cost of the land as it should be recorded on the books of L&O Company.
(2) Determine the cost of the new building as it should be recorded on the books of L&O Company.
(3) Assume that the related transactions of land were paid on January 1, 2021. L&O Company chooses to use revaluation accounting to account for the land. The land's fair value fluctuates as follows (all amounts of December 31): 2021, $1,235,000; 2022, $1,030,000; 2023, $1,095,000. Prepare the journal entries for each year-end from 2021 to 2023.
(4) Assume that the new building was completed on December 31. L&O Company uses the straight-line method of depreciation (10-year useful life and no residual value) and revaluation accounting for the building. The building's fair value at the end of 2022 is $1,242,000; and 2023 is $1,290,000. When the building is revalued, L&O Company eliminates the accumulated depreciation against the gross carrying amount of the newly-revalued asset. Prepare the journal entries for each year-end from 2022 to 2023.
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核心觀念
本題評量國際會計準則第 16 號《不動產、廠房及設備》(IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment)之兩大核心主題:
- 原始認列之成本衡量與分類:
- 土地(Land):包含使土地達可供使用狀態之一切合理必要支出(購買價款、舊建築物拆除淨成本、產權過戶法律費與保險費、政府課徵之永久性公共改良工程分攤費)。
- 建築物(Building):包含建造或取得建築物之必要支出(建築師設計費、建造期間責任保險費、建築地基之開挖費用、付給承包商之工程款)。
- 土地改良物(Land Improvements):具有限耐用年限之改良支出(如照明設備、招牌等),應獨立設帳並提列折舊,不得計入土地或建築物成本。
- 後續衡量之重估價模式(Revaluation Model):
- 非折舊性資產(土地):
- 重估增值先計入其他綜合損益(OCI-重估增值),累積於權益中。
- 重估減值先沖減該資產先前累積之重估增值(OCI),不足數認列為當期損益(重估損失)。
- 先前已認列損益之重估損失,若後續公允價值回升,應先在原認列損失限額內貸記當期損益(重估利益),剩餘部分再認列為 OCI-重估增值。
- 應折舊性資產(建築物)與累計折舊沖銷法(Elimination Approach):
- 重估日時,先將累計折舊與資產原始帳面金額相互沖銷,使資產帳面淨額調整至公允價值。
- 重估後依「新公允價值」與「剩餘耐用年限」重新計算未來各期折舊。
- 若前期曾認列重估損失(損益),後續價值回升時,轉回計入當期損益(重估利益)的上限為**「假設該資產在未經重估之情況下,按原歷史成本減除累計折舊後所應有之帳面金額」**;超過此上限之增值全數計入 OCI-重估增值。
- 非折舊性資產(土地):
解題方法與詳細計算
(1) 土地成本之決定(Cost of Land)
各項支出歸屬分析如下:
- 購地價款(Purchase price of land):$1,050,000(計入土地)
- 拆除舊屋淨成本(Demolition of old building net of salvage):
- 產權調查與過戶法律費(Legal fees for title investigation and purchase):$7,500(計入土地)
- 產權保險費(Title insurance):$5,500(計入土地)
- 市政府人行道特別徵收費(Assessment for sidewalks):$8,500
此為政府出資維護之永久性公共設施改良分攤款,無耐用年限限制,依規定應計入土地成本。
(2) 新建築物成本之決定(Cost of New Building)
各項支出歸屬分析如下:
- 建築師費用(Architect's fees):$50,500(計入建築物)
- 建造期間責任保險費(Liability insurance during construction):$23,500(計入建築物)
- 地基開挖費(Excavation cost):$22,000(為建築物基礎工程,計入建築物)
- 承包商建造工程款(Payment to contractor):$1,357,000(計入建築物)
- 照明與招牌設備(Lighting and signage,$16,800)耐用年限有限,應單獨認列為「土地改良物」,不屬於建築物成本。
(3) 土地重估價相關分錄(2021 年至 2023 年底)
2021 年底(2021/12/31)
- 原始成本=$1,124,500,公允價值=$1,235,000。
- 重估增值=$$$110,500(認列為 OCI)。
2022 年底(2022/12/31)
- 重估前帳面金額=$1,235,000,公允價值=$1,030,000。
- 重估減值總額=$$$205,000。
- 先沖減前期已認列之重估增值餘額 $110,500(OCI),不足之數 $94,500 認列為當期損益(重估損失)。
2023 年底(2023/12/31)
- 重估前帳面金額=$1,030,000,公允價值=$1,095,000。
- 重估增值總額=$$$65,000。
- 前期已認列重估損失為 $94,500,故本次回升金額 $65,000 全數於限額內認列為當期利益(重估利益)。
(4) 建築物折舊與重估價分錄(2022 年至 2023 年底)
2022 年底(2022/12/31)
- 提列 2022 年度折舊費用:
- 原始成本=$1,453,000,耐用年數 10 年,無殘值。
- 原始成本=$1,453,000,耐用年數 10 年,無殘值。
第 3 題20 分
The following are some questions about "Revenue Recognition".
【Requirements】 (1), 5%; (2), 8%; (3), 4%; (4), 3%
(1) Identify the five revenue recognition steps of IFRS 15.
(2) Indicate whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). If false, provide a brief explanation supporting your position.
a. If the performance obligation is not highly dependent on, or interrelated with, other promises in the contract, then each performance obligation should be accounted for separately.
b. When a company sells a bundle of goods at a discount, the discount should be allocated to the product that caused the discount and not to the entire bundle.
c. When a company sells a product but gives the buyer the right to return it, revenue should not be recognized until the sale is collected.
d. On January 15, 2022, B&V Company enters into a contract to build custom equipment for A&C Company. The contract specified a delivery date of March 1. The equipment was not delivered until March 31. The contract required full payment of $75,000 30 days after delivery. The revenue for this contract should be recorded on March 1, 2022.
(3) B&P Company sells prefabricated pools that cost $80,000 to customers for $256,000. The sales price includes an installation fee, which is valued at $27,000. The fair value of the pool is $273,000. The installation is considered a separate performance obligation and is expected to take 3 months to complete. What is the transaction price allocated to the pool and the installation?
(4) On January 1, 2020, D&T Inc. entered into a franchise agreement with a company allowing the company to do business under D&T's name. D&T had performed substantially all required services by January 1, 2020, and the franchisee paid the initial franchise fee of £1,680,000 in full on that date. The franchise agreement specifies that the franchisee must pay a continuing franchise fee of £87,000 annually, of which 30% must be spent on advertising by D&T. What entry should D&T make on January 1, 2020, to record receipt of the initial franchise fee and the continuing franchise fee for 2020?
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核心觀念
本題綜合 IFRS 15「客戶合約之收入」的五步驟模式、履約義務判定、交易價格分攤、退貨權,以及加盟合約收入認列。
(1)IFRS 15 收入認列五步驟
-
辨認與客戶之合約
合約須具商業實質,雙方權利與付款條件明確,且收取對價具有高度可能性。 -
辨認合約中的履約義務
判斷合約承諾的商品或服務是否為可區分的商品或服務。 -
決定交易價格
交易價格是企業因移轉商品或服務而預期有權取得的對價,須考慮變動對價、重大財務組成部分及非現金對價等因素。 -
將交易價格分攤至各履約義務
原則上依各履約義務的相對單獨售價分攤交易價格。 -
於履行履約義務時認列收入
當客戶取得商品或服務的控制時認列收入;控制可能在某一時點,亦可能隨時間逐步移轉。
(2)是非題與選項分析
a. 判斷:T
若一項商品或服務並未與合約中的其他承諾高度相互依賴或高度整合,通常表示該商品或服務在合約中具有可區分性,應作為單獨履約義務處理。
不過,完整判斷仍須同時考量:
- 客戶能否單獨受益,或與其他容易取得的資源一起受益。
- 該承諾是否能與合約中的其他承諾區分。
因此,本敘述的判斷方向正確。
b. 判斷:F
折扣原則上應依各履約義務的相對單獨售價比例分攤至整個商品組合,而非直接全部分配給造成折扣的某一項商品。
只有在企業具有可觀察證據,證明折扣明確只與某一項或某幾項履約義務有關時,才可將折扣全部分配給該特定履約義務。
c. 判斷:F
具有退貨權的銷售,並非等到收款時才認列收入。企業在移轉商品給客戶時,應依預期不會退回的商品金額認列收入,並同時認列:
- 退款負債:預期需退還客戶的金額。
- 退貨商品回收權資產:預期收回商品的權利,並依商品原帳面金額調整預期退貨成本。
因此,收款與否不是收入認列的判斷基準,控制移轉及退貨估計才是重點。
d. 判斷:F
合約約定的交貨日為 2022 年 3 月 1 日,但實際交貨日為 2022 年 3 月 31 日。若設備於交貨時才移轉控制,企業應於客戶取得設備控制時認列收入,即 3 月 31 日。
付款條件為交貨後 30 日支付,僅影響應收款項或合約資產的收取時點,不會使收入提前至 3 月 1 日認列。
因此,正確的收入認列日為 2022 年 3 月 31 日,金額為 US$75,000。
(3)交易價格分攤
核心觀念
交易價格應按照各履約義務的相對單獨售價分攤。
本題有兩項履約義務:
- 預製游泳池
- 安裝服務
題目提供:
- 合約總售價:US$256,000
- 游泳池單獨售價:US$273,000
- 安裝服務單獨售價:US$27,000
單獨售價總額為:
游泳池分攤金額
第 4 題30 分
The following are two independent situations about "Liabilities".
【Requirements】 (1), 12%; (2), 18%
(1) AIR Company sells an electronic toy for 470 per toy (200 labor). Assuming that actual warranty expenditures occur exactly as estimated, what journal entries would be made relative to the following facts?
a. Sale of machinery and warranty expenditures occur in 2021.
b. Warranty accrual on December 31, 2021.
c. Warranty expenditures occur in 2022.
(2) On June 1, 2021, T&A Co. issues 12% bonds with a face value of 638,780 to yield 10%. (Round to the nearest dollar.)
a. How much interest expense will be recognized in 2021?
b. What will the carrying value of the bonds be on the December 31, 2021 statement of financial position?
c. On October 1, 2022, T&A Co. buys back 315,000 (includes accrued interest). What entry should T&A make October 1, 2022, to record this transaction?
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本題主要測試負債的認列,包含保固負債的估計與認列,以及債券的發行、利息費用的計算、帳面價值的確定與債券買回的會計處理。
核心觀念: 保固負債、權責發生基礎、債券發行、有效利率法、債券買回。
(1) AIR Company - 保固負債 (Warranty Liabilities)
保固費用應在銷售商品時,依權責發生基礎認列。
- 總銷售數量 (2021): 700 toys
- 估計總保固成本 (每單位): 270 parts + $200 labor)
- 總估計保固成本: 700 toys * 329,000
- 預期 2021 年支出: 197,400
- 預期 2022 年支出: 131,600
a. 2021 年的銷售與保固支出
- 銷售日記帳分錄:
- 借:現金 (Cash) 或 應收帳款 (Accounts Receivable) 5,500,此處題目未明確說明,但通常是如此)
- 貸:銷貨收入 (Sales Revenue) $5,500
- 保固負債認列分錄 (權責發生):
- 借:保固費用 (Warranty Expense) $329,000 (總估計成本)
- 貸:保固負債 (Warranty Liability) $329,000
- 2021 年實際保固支出: $197,400
- 借:保固負債 (Warranty Liability) $197,400
- 貸:現金 (Cash) 或 存貨 (Inventory) $197,400
b. 2021 年 12 月 31 日的保固負債攤提
- 2021/12/31 的保固負債餘額:
- 期初認列:$329,000
- 期內支出:($197,400)
- 期末餘額:197,400 = $131,600
- 日記帳分錄: 無額外分錄,此餘額即為 12/31 的攤提 (accrual)。
c. 2022 年的保固支出
- 2022 年實際保固支出: $131,600 (與預期 2/5 的金額一致)
- 借:保固負債 (Warranty Liability) $131,600
- 貸:現金 (Cash) 或 存貨 (Inventory) $131,600
【答案】
- a. 2021 年的銷售與保固支出:
- 銷售分錄:借:現金/應收帳款 5,500 (假設售價)
- 保固認列分錄:借:保固費用 329,000
- 保固支出分錄:借:保固負債 197,400
- b. 2021 年 12 月 31 日的保固負債攤提:
- 保固負債期末餘額為 $131,600。
- c. 2022 年的保固支出:
- 借:保固負債 131,600
(2) T&A Co. - 債券發行與處理 (Bond Issuance and Accounting)
- 發行日期: 2021/06/01
- 面額: $600,000
- 票面利率: 12% (每年 36,000)
- 到期日: 2026/06/01 (5年期)
- 付息日: 每年 12/1 和 6/1
- 發行價格: $638,780
- 到期殖利率 (Yield): 10% (半年殖利率 5%)
- 溢價 (Premium): 600,000 = $38,780
a. 2021 年認列的利息費用
- 計算基礎: 有效利率法。
- 2021 年利息支付期間:
- 2021/06/01 (發行日) - 2021/12/01 (第一次付息日)
- 第一次付息期間 (2021/06/01 - 2021/12/01):
- 債券帳面價值 (發行日):$638,780
- 利息費用 = 帳面價值 * 半年殖利率
= 31,939 - 票面利息 = 面額 * 票面利率 / 2
= 36,000 - 溢價攤銷 = 票面利息 - 利息費用 = 31,939 = $4,061
- 2021 年認列的利息費用: $31,939
b. 2021 年 12 月 31 日的債券帳面價值
- 2021/12/31 的帳面價值: 第一次付息日後的帳面價值。
- 帳面價值 = 上期帳面價值 + 溢價攤銷
= 4,061 =
- 帳面價值 = 上期帳面價值 + 溢價攤銷