114 年 國立中正大學會計與資訊科技學系碩士班會計組《成本與管理會計》

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第 1 題30 分

  1. X Inc. sells 400 units resulting in 8,000ofsalesrevenue,8,000 of sales revenue, 4,000 of variable costs, and $1,500 of fixed costs. Contribution margin per unit is: (Round the final answer to the nearest cent.)

A) 23.75B)23.75 B) 20.00
C) 10.00D)10.00 D) 6.25

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考驗對銷貨收入、變動成本、固定成本與貢獻毛益的基本定義與計算。

貢獻毛益 (Contribution Margin, CM) 的計算公式為:
銷貨收入 (Sales Revenue) - 變動成本 (Variable Costs) = 貢獻毛益 (Contribution Margin)

貢獻毛益每單位 (Contribution Margin per Unit, CM/unit) 的計算公式為:
總貢獻毛益 (Total Contribution Margin) / 銷售單位數 (Units Sold)
或
單位售價 (Selling Price per Unit) - 單位變動成本 (Variable Cost per Unit)

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第 2 題30 分

  1. Assume the following cost information for F Company:
    Selling price 190perunitVariablecosts190 per unit Variable costs 80 per unit
    Total fixed costs 95,000Taxrate35Whatisthenumberofunitsthatmustbesoldtoearnanafter−taxnetincomeof95,000 Tax rate 35% What is the number of units that must be sold to earn an after-tax net income of 30,000? (Do not round
    interim calculations and round the final answer to the nearest unit.)

A) 1,284 units
B) 1,137 units
C) 658 units
D) 1,329 units

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

  • 貢獻毛利:單位售價 – 單位變動成本 = 單位貢獻毛利。
  • 稅前營業利益:貢獻毛利×數量−固定成本貢獻毛利 \times 數量 - 固定成本。
  • 稅後淨利:稅前營業利益 ×(1−稅率)\times (1-\text{稅率})。
  • 保本/目標營業量:將目標稅後淨利代入上述公式,解出所需銷售單位數。

解題方法

  1. 計算單位貢獻毛利

CMu=190−80=110 美元/單位CM_{u}=190-80=110\ \text{美元/單位}

  1. 設置未知數
    設需銷售單位數為 QQ。

  2. 寫出稅前營業利益

EBIT=CMu×Q−95,000=110Q−95,000\text{EBIT}=CM_{u}\times Q-95,000=110Q-95,000

  1. 寫出稅後淨利(稅率 35%)

NIafter tax=EBIT×(1−0.35)=0.65 (110Q−95,000)\text{NI}_{\text{after tax}}= \text{EBIT}\times (1-0.35)=0.65\,(110Q-95,000)

  1. **令稅後淨利等於目標
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第 3 題30 分

  1. The E Company manufactures several different products. Unit costs associated with Product ORD105 are as follows:

Direct materials 54Directmanufacturinglabor8Variablemanufacturingoverhead11Fixedmanufacturingoverhead25Salescommissions(2Administrativesalaries12Total54 Direct manufacturing labor 8 Variable manufacturing overhead 11 Fixed manufacturing overhead 25 Sales commissions (2% of sales) 5 Administrative salaries 12 Total 115

What is the percentage of the total fixed costs per unit associated with Product ORD105 with respect to total cost?

A) 37%
B) 32%
C) 15%
D) 26%

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考驗對產品成本構成的理解,特別是固定成本在單位成本中的比例計算。

題目要求計算「總固定成本佔單位總成本的百分比」。
首先,我們需要識別題目中哪些成本是固定成本,哪些是變動成本。

成本項目分析:

  1. Direct materials (直接材料): 通常是變動成本。 ($54)
  2. Direct manufacturing labor (直接製造成本): 通常是變動成本。 ($8)
  3. Variable manufacturing overhead (變動製造成本): 明確標示為變動成本。 ($11)
  4. Fixed manufacturing overhead (固定製造成本): 明確標示為固定成本。 ($25)
  5. Sales commissions (銷售佣金) (2% of sales): 這是銷售費用,通常是變動成本,因為它與銷售額掛鉤。 ($5)
  6. Administrative salaries (管理薪資): 通常是固定成本,除非題目有特別說明。 ($12)
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第 4 題30 分

  1. M Corp manufactures expensive tables. Its varnishing department is fully automated and requires substantial inspection to keep the machines operating properly. An improperly varnished table is very expensive to correct. Inspection hours for the 5,400 tables varnished in September totaled 1,800 hours by 12 employees. Eight quarts of varnish were used, on average, for each table. The standard amount of varnish per table is nine quarts. The cost of inspection for September was equal to the budgeted amount of $40,200.

What is the inspection cost per unit? (Round the final answer to the nearest cent.)

A) 28.18B)28.18 B) 7.44
C) 8.44D)8.44 D) 21.13

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考驗成本分配與單位成本計算。題目給了總的檢查成本,並要求計算單位檢查成本。

核心觀念:
單位成本 = 總成本 / 單位產量

題目資訊:

  • 總檢查成本 (Total Inspection Cost) = $40,200 (這是本月度的總檢查成本)
  • 總生產單位數 (Total Units Produced) = 5,400 張桌子 (Tables)

計算單位檢查成本:
單位檢查成本 = 總檢查成本 / 總生產單位數
單位檢查成本 = $40,200 / 5,400 units

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第 5 題30 分

  1. Job-costing is likely to be used by:

A) oil refining companies
B) advertising agencies
C) mortgage payment processors
D) breakfast cereal producers

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考驗對成本會計方法的理解,特別是區分個別計價法 (Job Costing) 和標準化計價法 (Process Costing)。

個別計價法 (Job Costing) 的特點:

  • 適用於生產獨特、客製化或小批量的產品或服務。
  • 每個「工作 (job)」或「訂單 (order)」都是獨一無二的,成本會被個別追蹤和計算。
  • 例子:建築業、印刷業、客製化家具製造、諮詢服務、影視製作、律師事務所等。

標準化計價法 (Process Costing) 的特點:

  • 適用於生產大量同質性產品。
  • 產品在連續的生產流程中,經過多個部門或階段,成本會累積在每個部門。
  • 例子:石油精煉、化學品製造、食品飲料生產(如麵包、飲料)、紙張製造等。
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第 6 題30 分

  1. Facility-sustaining costs are the costs of activities:

A) undertaken to support individual products or services regardless of the number of units or batches in which the units are produced
B) related to a group of units of a product or services, rather than each individual unit of product or service
C) that managers cannot trace to individual products or services but that support the organization as a whole
D) performed on each individual unit of a product or service such as the cost of energy, machine depreciation, and repair

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考驗對成本分類的理解,特別是「設施維持成本」(Facility-sustaining Costs) 的定義。

成本分類的常見方式有:

  • 單位成本 (Unit-level costs):隨生產或銷售的單位數量變動而變動,例如直接材料、直接人工。
  • 批次成本 (Batch-level costs):隨生產或銷售的批次數量變動而變動,例如生產線設定成本、生產一批產品所需的特殊清潔。
  • 產品成本 (Product-level costs):支持特定產品線或產品的活動成本,例如產品設計、研發、特定機器的折舊。
  • 設施維持成本 (Facility-sustaining costs):支持整個組織運作的成本,無法追溯到特定的產品、批次或單位,例如總部租金、總經理薪資、公司整體保險。

分析選項:
A) undertaken to support individual products or services regardless of the number of units or batches in which the units are produced
- 這描述的是「產品成本」(Product-level costs)。例如,某產品線專用的設備折舊。

B) related to a group of units of a product or services, rather than each individual unit of prod

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第 7 題30 分

  1. W Company provides the following data for next year:

Month Budgeted Sales
January $129,000
February 112,000
March 134,000
April 147,000

The gross profit rate is 25% of sales. Inventory at the end of December is $23,600 and target ending
inventory levels are 10% of next month's sales, stated at cost.

What is the amount of purchases budgeted for February?

A) 30,150B)30,150 B) 84,000

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

  • 毛利率:毛利率 = 毛利 / 銷貨收入。題目給予毛利率 25%,即毛利 = 0.25 × 銷貨收入,成本 (Cost of Goods Sold, COGS) = 銷貨收入 – 毛利 = 0.75 × 銷貨收入。
  • 存貨目標:期末存貨以「下月銷貨成本」的 10% 為基準。期初存貨已給定,期末存貨=下月銷貨成本 × 10%。
  • 購貨預算:購貨 = 期末存貨 + 本期成本 – 期初存貨。此公式為「存貨循環」的基本關係式。

解題方法

  1. 計算各月的成本
    Costm=0.75×Salesm\text{Cost}_m = 0.75 \times \text{Sales}_m
    其中 mm 為月份。

  2. 求得 2 月的期初與期末存貨

    • 期初存貨 = 1 月的期末存貨。
    • 1 月期末存貨 = 2 月成本的 10%。
    • 2 月期末存貨 = 3 月成本的 10%。
  3. 套用購貨公式
    PurchasesFeb=EndingInvFeb⏟3 月成本×10%  +  CostFeb⏟0.75×112,000  −  BeginningInvFeb⏟2 月期初=1 月期末\text{Purchases}_{Feb}= \underbrace{\text{EndingInv}_{Feb}}_{\text{3 月成本}\times10\%} \;+\; \underbrace{\text{Cost}_{Feb}}_{0.75\times112,000} \;-\; \underbrace{\text{BeginningInv}_{Feb}}_{\text{2 月期初}= \text{1 月期末}}

    先算出相關成本與存貨金額:

    • 1 月成本
      CostJan=0.75×129,000=96,750\text{Cost}_{Jan}=0.75\times129,000 = 96,750

    • 2 月成本
      CostFeb=0.75×112,000=84,000\text{Cost}_{Feb}=0.75\times112,000 = 84,000

    • 3 月成本
      CostMar=0.75×134,000=100,500\text{Cost}_{Mar}=0.75\times134,000 = 100,500

    • 1 月期末存貨 (即 2 月期初)

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第 8 題30 分

  1. Three Bears Manufacturing produces an auto-quartz watch movement called OM362. Three Bears expects to sell 10,000 units of OM362 and to have an ending finished inventory of 3,000 units. Currently, it has a beginning finished inventory of 1,200 units. Each unit of OM362 requires two labor operations, one labor hour(s) of assembling and three labor hour(s) of polishing. The direct labor rate for assembling is 11perassemblinghourandthedirectlaborrateforpolishingis11 per assembling hour and the direct labor rate for polishing is 15.50 per polishing hour.

The expected number of hours of direct labor for OM362 is:

A) 8,200 hours of assembling; 24,600 hours of polishing
B) 11,800 hours of assembling; 35,400 hours of polishing
C) 24,600 hours of assembling; 8,200 hours of polishing
D) 35,400 hours of assembling; 11,800 hours of polishing

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考驗「生產預算」(Production Budget) 的計算,以及由此推導出的「直接人工時數預算」(Direct Labor Hours Budget)。

首先,我們需要計算預計生產的單位數量。
生產預算公式:
預計生產單位數 = 預計銷售單位數 + 預計期末製成品存貨 - 預計期初製成品存貨

題目給的資訊:

  • 預計銷售單位數 (Expected Sales Units) = 10,000 units
  • 預計期末製成品存貨 (Ending Finished Goods Inventory) = 3,000 units
  • 預計期初製成品存貨 (Beginning Finished Goods Inventory) = 1,200 units

計算預計生產單位數:
預計生產單位數 = 10,000 + 3,000 - 1,200 = 11,800 units

接下來,我們需要計算生產這些單位所需的直接人工時數。
每個單位 OM362 的生產要求:

  • 組裝 (Assembling): 1 小時/單位
  • 拋光 (Polishing): 3 小時/單位
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第 9 題30 分

  1. While calculating the costs of products and services, a standard costing system:

A) allocates overhead costs on the basis of the actual overhead-cost rates
B) uses standard costs to determine the cost of products
C) does not keep track of overhead cost
D) traces direct costs to output by multiplying the standard prices or rates by the actual quantities

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考驗對標準成本制度 (Standard Costing System) 的理解。

標準成本制度的核心概念是使用預先設定的「標準成本」(standard costs) 來衡量績效和計算產品成本,而不是使用實際成本。

分析選項:
A) allocates overhead costs on the basis of the actual overhead-cost rates
- 標準成本制度使用「標準」的作業費用分配率 (overhead allocation rates) 來分配間接費用,而不是實際的。這是標準成本與實際成本差異分析的一部分。

B) uses standard costs to determine the cost of products
- 這是標準成本制度的核心定義。產品的標準成本是根據預先確定的標準價格和標準數量計算出來的,用於存貨計價和成本控制。

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第 10 題30 分

  1. S Inc. produces and sells a decorative pillow for $97.50 per unit. In the first month of operation, 2,300 units were produced and 1,900 units were sold. Actual fixed costs are the same as the amount budgeted for the month. Other information for the month includes:

Variable manufacturing costs 22.00perunitVariablemarketingcosts22.00 per unit Variable marketing costs 7.00 per unit
Fixed manufacturing costs 16perunitAdministrativeexpenses,allfixed16 per unit Administrative expenses, all fixed 20.00 per unit

Ending inventories:
Direct materials -0-
WIP -0-
Finished goods 400 units

What is the contribution margin using variable costing?

A) 143,450B)143,450 B) 130,150
C) 171,950D)171,950 D) 134,650

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考驗變動成本法 (Variable Costing) 下的貢獻毛益 (Contribution Margin) 計算。

變動成本法下,產品成本僅包含變動製造成本 (Variable Manufacturing Costs)。期間成本 (Period Costs),包括變動銷售及行政費用 (Variable Selling and Administrative Expenses) 和所有固定成本(固定製造成本、固定管理費用),則在當期費用化。

貢獻毛益 (Contribution Margin, CM) 的計算公式為:
銷貨收入 (Sales Revenue) - 總變動成本 (Total Variable Costs) = 貢獻毛益

總變動成本包括:

  1. 變動製造成本 (Variable Manufacturing Costs)
  2. 變動銷售及行政費用 (Variable Selling and Administrative Expenses)

題目提供的資訊:

  • 售價 (Selling Price) = $97.50 per unit
  • 生產數量 (Units Produced) = 2,300 units
  • 銷售數量 (Units Sold) = 1,900 units
  • 變動製造成本 (Variable Manufacturing Costs) = $22.00 per unit
  • 變動行銷成本 (Variable Marketing Costs) = $7.00 per unit (這是變動銷售費用)
  • 固定製造成本 (Fixed Manufacturing Costs) = $16 per unit (按生產單位分配,但變動成本法下視為期間成本)
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第 1 題24 分

  1. The fixed costs of operating the maintenance facility of General Hospital are 4,500,000annually.Variablecostsareincurredattherateof4,500,000 annually. Variable costs are incurred at the rate of 30 per maintenance-hour. The facility averages 40,000 maintenance-hours a year. Budgeted and actual hours per user for 2020 are as follows:

Budgeted hours Actual hours
Building and grounds 10,000 12,000
Operating and emergency 8,000 8,000
Patient care 21,000 22,000
Administration 1,000 1,200
Total 40,000 43,200

Assume that budgeted maintenance-hours are used to calculate the allocation rates. (24 Points)

Required:
a. If a single-rate cost-allocation method is used, what amount of maintenance cost will be budgeted for each department? (4 Points)
b. If a single-rate cost-allocation method is used, what amount of maintenance cost will be allocated to each department based on actual usage? (4 Points)
c. If a dual-rate cost-allocation method is used, what amount of maintenance cost will be budgeted for each department? (8 Points)
d. If a dual-rate cost-allocation method is used, what amount of maintenance cost will be allocated to each department based on actual usage? Based on budgeted usage for fixed operating costs and actual usage for variable operating costs? (8 Points)

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考驗成本中心 (Cost Center) 的成本分攤 (Cost Allocation),涉及單一費率法 (Single-Rate Method) 和雙費率法 (Dual-Rate Method) 的應用。

基本資訊:

  • 總固定成本 (Total Fixed Costs) = $4,500,000
  • 單位變動成本 (Variable Cost per hour) = $30/hour
  • 平均總維護時數 (Average Total Maintenance Hours) = 40,000 hours
  • 預計總維護時數 (Budgeted Total Maintenance Hours) = 40,000 hours (題目假設平均時數等於預計時數來計算費率)
  • 實際總維護時數 (Actual Total Maintenance Hours) = 43,200 hours
  • 預計使用費率的基礎:預計維護時數 (budgeted maintenance-hours)

計算總預計變動成本:
總預計變動成本 = 平均總維護時數 * 單位變動成本
總預計變動成本 = 40,000 hours * 30/hour=30/hour = 1,200,000

計算總預計總成本:
總預計總成本 = 總固定成本 + 總預計變動成本
總預計總成本 = 4,500,000+4,500,000 + 1,200,000 = $5,700,000

計算預計單位變動成本費率:
預計單位變動成本費率 = $30/hour (題目直接給定)

計算預計單位總成本費率 (單一費率法):
預計單位總成本費率 = 總預計總成本 / 預計總維護時數
預計單位總成本費率 = 5,700,000/40,000hours=5,700,000 / 40,000 hours = 142.50/hour

計算預計單位固定成本費率 (雙費率法中的固定部分):
預計單位固定成本費率 = 總固定成本 / 預計總維護時數
預計單位固定成本費率 = 4,500,000/40,000hours=4,500,000 / 40,000 hours = 112.50/hour

計算實際單位變動成本費率:
實際單位變動成本費率 = $30/hour (題目直接給定)


a. 單一費率法:預計分配給各部門的維護成本
使用預計單位總成本費率 ($142.50/hour) 和各部門的「預計」使用時數。

  • Building and grounds:
    預計成本 = 10,000 hours * 142.50/hour=142.50/hour = 1,425,000
  • Operating and emergency:
    預計成本 = 8,000 hours * 142.50/hour=142.50/hour = 1,140,000
  • Patient care:
    預計成本 = 21,000 hours * 142.50/hour=142.50/hour = 2,992,500
  • Administration:
    預計成本 = 1,000 hours * 142.50/hour=142.50/hour = 142,500

驗算總和: 1,425,000+1,425,000 + 1,140,000 + 2,992,500+2,992,500 + 142,500 = $5,700,000 (等於總預計總成本)


b. 單一費率法:根據實際使用量分配給各部門的維護成本
使用預計單位總成本費率 ($142.50/hour) 和各部門的「實際」使用時數。
注意:題目要求使用「預計」費率,但根據「實際使用」分配。

  • Building and grounds:
    分配成本 = 12,000 hours * 142.50/hour=142.50/hour = 1,710,000
  • Operating and emergency:
    分配成本 = 8,000 hours * 142.50/hour=142.50/hour = 1,140,000
  • Patient care:
    分配成本 = 22,000 hours * 142.50/hour=142.50/hour = 3,135,000
  • Administration:
    分配成本 = 1,200 hours * 142.50/hour=142.50/hour = 171,000

驗算總和: 1,710,000+1,710,000 + 1,140,000 + 3,135,000+3,135,000 + 171,000 = 6,156,000∗這個總和(6,156,000 *這個總和 (6,156,000) 是 $142.50 * 43,200 (實際總時數),這表示單一費率法下,實際發生的總成本不一定等於預計發生的總成本,因為預計費率是基於預計總時數計算的。*


c. 雙費率法:預計分配給各部門的維護成本
雙費率法將固定成本和變動成本分開處理。

  • 固定成本費率 (Budgeted rate for fixed costs) = $112.50/hour (基於預計時數)
  • 變動成本費率 (Budgeted rate for variable costs) = $30.00/hour (基於預計時數)

分配給各部門的預計成本,是基於各部門的「預計」使用時數。

  • Building and grounds:
    預計固定成本 = 10,000 hours * 112.50/hour=112.50/hour = 1,125,000
    預計變動成本 = 10,000 hours * 30.00/hour=30.00/hour = 300,000
    總預計成本 = 1,125,000+1,125,000 + 300,000 = $1,425,000

  • Operating and emergency:
    預計固定成本 = 8,000 hours * 112.50/hour=112.50/hour = 900,000
    預計變動成本 = 8,000 hours * 30.00/hour=30.00/hour = 240,000
    總預計成本 = 900,000+900,000 + 240,000 = $1,140,000

  • Patient care:
    預計固定成本 = 21,000 hours * 112.50/hour=112.50/hour = 2,362,500
    預計變動成本 = 21,000 hours * 30.00/hour=30.00/hour = 630,000
    總預計成本 = 2,362,500+2,362,500 + 630,000 = $2,992,500

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第 2 題70 分

  1. Oregon Lumber processes timber into four products. During January, the joint costs of processing were $280,000. There was no inventory at the beginning of the month. Production and sales value information for the month is as follows:

Sales Value at
Board feet Split-off Point
Product
2 x 4's 6,000,000 $0.30 per board foot
2 x 6's 3,000,000 0.40 per board foot
4 x 4's 2,000,000 0.45 per board foot
Slabs 1,000,000 0.10 per board foot

Ending Inventory
500,000 bdft.
250,000 bdft.
100,000 bdft.
50,000 bdft.

Required:
Determine the value of each ending inventory if the sales value at split-off method is used for product costing. Round to 3 decimal places when necessary. (12 Points)

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考驗聯合成本分配 (Joint Cost Allocation) 的方法,特別是「銷售價值法」(Sales Value Method) 的應用,並據此計算期末存貨的價值。

核心概念:
聯合成本是指在生產過程中,兩種或多種產品共用同一生產流程而產生的成本,這些成本在「分割點」(split-off point) 之前發生,無法明確歸屬於任一單一產品。聯合成本的分配方法有多種,銷售價值法是一種常見方法。

銷售價值法:
聯合成本根據各產品在分割點的銷售價值佔總分割點銷售價值的比例來分配。

計算步驟:

  1. 計算各產品在分割點的總銷售價值 (Total Sales Value at Split-off Point for each product)。
    總銷售價值 = 生產數量 (Board feet) * 每單位分割點銷售價值 (Sales Value per board foot)

  2. 計算所有產品在分割點的總銷售價值 (Total Sales Value at Split-off Point for all products)。

  3. 計算各產品的聯合成本分配比例 (Allocation Percentage for each product)。
    比例 = 各產品的分割點總銷售價值 / 總分割點銷售價值

  4. 將總聯合成本按比例分配給各產品 (Allocate Joint Costs to each product)。
    分配的聯合成本 = 總聯合成本 * 各產品的分配比例

  5. 計算各產品的單位成本 (Unit Cost for each product)。
    單位成本 = 分配到的聯合成本 / 總生產數量 (Board feet)

  6. 計算各產品期末存貨的價值 (Value of Ending Inventory for each product)。
    期末存貨價值 = 期末存貨數量 (Ending Inventory) * 單位成本


已知資訊:

  • 總聯合成本 (Total Joint Costs) = $280,000
  • 期初存貨 (Beginning Inventory) = 0

產品資料:

ProductBoard feet (Production)Sales Value per bdft (Split-off)Total Sales Value at Split-offEnding Inventory (bdft)
2 x 4's6,000,000$0.30$1,800,000500,000
2 x 6's3,000,000$0.40$1,200,000250,000
4 x 4's2,000,000$0.45
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第 3 題24 分

  1. Aunt Ethel's Fancy Cookie Company manufactures and sells three flavors of cookies: Macaroon, Sugar, and Buttercream. The batch size for the cookies is limited to 1,000 cookies based on the size of the ovens and cookie molds owned by the company. Based on budgetary projections, the information listed below is available:

Projected sales in units Macaroon 500,000 Sugar 800,000 Buttercream 600,000

PER UNIT data:
Selling price Macaroon 0.80Sugar0.80 Sugar 0.75 Buttercream 0.60DirectmaterialsMacaroon0.60 Direct materials Macaroon 0.20 Sugar 0.15Buttercream0.15 Buttercream 0.14
Direct labor Macaroon 0.04Sugar0.04 Sugar 0.02 Buttercream $0.02

Hours per 1000-unit batch:
Direct labor hours Macaroon 2 Sugar 1 Buttercream 1
Oven hours Macaroon 1 Sugar 1 Buttercream 1
Packaging hours Macaroon 0.5 Sugar 0.5 Buttercream 0.5

Total overhead costs and activity levels for the year are estimated as follows:
Activity Overhead costs Activity levels
Direct labor 210,0002,400hoursOven210,000 2,400 hours Oven 150,000 1,900 oven hours
Packaging $360,000 950 packaging hours

Required:
Round to 2 decimal places when necessary (24 Points)
a. Determine the activity-cost-driver rate for packaging costs. (4 Points)
b. Using the ABC system, for the sugar cookie: (10 Points)

  1. compute the estimated overhead costs per thousand cookies.
  2. compute the estimated operating profit per thousand cookies.
    c. Using a traditional system (with direct labor hours as the overhead allocation base), for the sugar cookie: (10 Points)
  3. compute the estimated overhead costs per thousand cookies.
  4. compute the estimated operating profit per thousand cookies.

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考驗作業基礎成本法 (Activity-Based Costing, ABC) 與傳統成本法的應用與比較,並計算產品的單位成本及營運利潤。

基本資訊:

  • 產線:Macaroon, Sugar, Buttercream
  • 批次大小:1,000 cookies
  • 預計銷售量:Macaroon 500,000, Sugar 800,000, Buttercream 600,000
  • 單位資料 (PER UNIT data)
  • 活動成本與活動水準 (Total overhead costs and activity levels)

總活動成本:

  • Direct labor overhead: $210,000 (Activity level: 2,400 hours)
  • Oven overhead: $150,000 (Activity level: 1,900 oven hours)
  • Packaging overhead: $360,000 (Activity level: 950 packaging hours)
  • 總間接成本 = 210,000+210,000 + 150,000 + 360,000=360,000 = 720,000

a. 決定包裝成本的活動基礎成本動因費率 (Activity-Cost-Driver Rate for Packaging Costs)

活動基礎成本動因費率 = 總活動成本 / 活動水準
對於包裝成本 (Packaging Costs):
費率 = 360,000/950packaginghours費率=360,000 / 950 packaging hours 費率 = 378.9473... / packaging hour

四捨五入到兩位小數:$378.95 / packaging hour


b. 使用 ABC 系統,針對糖果餅乾 (Sugar Cookie):

1. 計算每千片糖果餅乾的預計間接成本 (Estimated Overhead Costs per Thousand Cookies)

首先,計算糖果餅乾的活動水準(以每千片為單位):

  • 預計銷售量 (Sugar): 800,000 units
  • 總批次數 (Total Batches) = 800,000 units / 1,000 units/batch = 800 batches
  • 糖果餅乾每千片需要:
    • 直接勞動時數 (Direct labor hours per 1000 cookies) = 1 hour
    • 烤箱時數 (Oven hours per 1000 cookies) = 1 hour
    • 包裝時數 (Packaging hours per 1000 cookies) = 0.5 hour

計算各活動的成本動因費率 (Activity Cost-Driver Rates):

  • Direct Labor Overhead Rate: 210,000/2,400hours=210,000 / 2,400 hours = 87.50 / direct labor hour
  • Oven Overhead Rate: 150,000/1,900ovenhours=150,000 / 1,900 oven hours = 78.9473... / oven hour ≈ $78.95 / oven hour
  • Packaging Overhead Rate: 360,000/950packaginghours=360,000 / 950 packaging hours = 378.9473... / packaging hour ≈ $378.95 / packaging hour

計算每千片糖果餅乾的間接成本:

  • Direct Labor Overhead: 1 hour/1000 cookies * 87.50/hour=87.50/hour = 87.50 / thousand cookies
  • Oven Overhead: 1 hour/1000 cookies * 78.95/hour=78.95/hour = 78.95 / thousand cookies
  • Packaging Overhead: 0.5 hour/1000 cookies * 378.95/hour=378.95/hour = 189.48 / thousand cookies

每千片糖果餅乾的總預計間接成本 (ABC)
= 87.50+87.50 + 78.95 + 189.48=189.48 = 355.93 / thousand cookies

2. 計算每千片糖果餅乾的預計營運利潤 (Estimated Operating Profit per Thousand Cookies)

首先,計算每千片糖果餅乾的相關收入和變動成本。

  • Sugar Cookie Selling Price per unit:
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第 4 題10 分

  1. Aspen Popular Company prepared the following absorption-costing income statement for the year ended May 31, 2020.

Sales (8,000 units) 160,000Costofgoodssold108,000Grossmargin160,000 Cost of goods sold 108,000 Gross margin 52,000
Selling and administrative expenses 18,000
Operating income $ 29,000

Additional information follows:
Selling and administrative expenses include 1.50ofvariablecostperunitsold.Therewasnobeginninginventory,and8,750unitswereproduced.Variablemanufacturingcostswere1.50 of variable cost per unit sold. There was no beginning inventory, and 8,750 units were produced. Variable manufacturing costs were 11 per unit. Actual fixed
costs were equal to budgeted fixed costs

Required:
If Aspen Popular Company prepares a variable-costing income statement for the same period. (10 Points)
a. What is the amount of contribution margin?
b. What is the amount of operational income?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

  • 吸收成本法 (Absorption Costing):製造成本=變動製造成本 + 固定製造間接費,固定製造間接費會分配至全部製造單位,未出售的單位會留在期末存貨中。
  • 變動成本法 (Variable Costing):只把變動製造成本列入存貨,全部固定製造間接費於當期全部列為期間費用。
  • 貢獻毛利 (Contribution Margin):

貢獻毛利=銷貨收入−變動製造成本−變動營業費用\text{貢獻毛利}=銷貨收入-\text{變動製造成本}-\text{變動營業費用}

  • 營業利益 (Operating Income) – 變動成本法:

營業利益=貢獻毛利−固定製造間接費−固定營業費用\text{營業利益}= \text{貢獻毛利}-\text{固定製造間接費}-\text{固定營業費用}

解題方法

  1. 計算變動製造成本
    • 變動製造成本/單位 = $11
    • 銷售量 = 8,000 單位

變動製造成本=8,000×11=$88,000\text{變動製造成本}=8{,}000 \times 11 = \$88{,}000

  1. 變動營業費用
    • 每售出單位之變動營業費用 = $1.50

變動營業費用=8,000×1.50=$12,000\text{變動營業費用}=8{,}000 \times 1.50 = \$12{,}000

  1. 貢獻毛利
貢獻毛利=銷貨收入−(變動製造成本+變動營業費用)=160,000−(88,000+12,000)=$60,000\text{貢獻毛利}= 銷貨收入 - (\text{變動製造成本}+\text{變動營業費用}) = 160{,}000 - (88{,}000+12{,}000)=\boxed{\$60{,}000}
  1. 求固定製造間接費總額
    • 吸收成本法下的銷貨成本(COGS) = $108,000
    • 其中已知變動製造成本 = $88,000

分配至已售單位的固定製造間接費=108,000−88,000=$20,000\text{分配至已售單位的固定製造間接費}=108{,}000-88{,}000= \$20{,}000

  • 每製造單位分配之固定製造間接費

單位固定費=20,0008,000=$2.5\text{單位固定費}= \frac{20{,}000}{8{,}000}= \$2.5

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