113 年 國立清華大學計量財務金融研究所財務金融組《財務管理》

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第 1 題

  1. Which of the following statements is Wrong?
    (A) The sum of all future discounted free cash flows model is the value of the firm, enterprise value.
    (B) The free cash flow (FCF) is that the firm has available to pay both equity and debt holders.
    (C) The NPV of any individual project represents its contribution to the firm's enterprise value.
    (D) To evaluate stock price, we may add all the future discounted dividends, with the rate based on the weighted average cost of capital of both debt and equity.
    (E) The dividend yield is the percentage return the investor expects to earn from the dividend paid by the stock.

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這一題的完整詳解

本題主要在測試學生對於股價評價模型、自由現金流(FCF)概念以及淨現值(NPV)意義的理解。

(A) 這是正確的。未來所有預期自由現金流經過折現後加總,即為企業的總價值(Enterprise Value)。
(B) 這是自由現金流(FCF)的定義,即公司在支付所有營運費用和稅後,可供股東和債權人分配的現金流。
(C) 這是正確的。任何獨立專案的淨現值(NPV)代表該專案能為公司總價值帶來的貢獻。

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第 2 題

  1. Which of the following statements is True?
    (A) Non-deliverable forward contracts (NDF) usually be settled by actual delivery.
    (B) To hedge currency receivables, corporations can purchase currency futures or currency call options.
    (C) To hedge project bidding with foreign currency to lock in the dollar cost of potential expenses, it is better to use currency futures rather options.
    (D) Financial institutions can attempt to benefit from expected depreciation of a currency by purchasing (borrowing) that currency.
    (E) A straddle is appropriate when there will be a small move in a currency but does not know which of the following.

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這一題的完整詳解

本題旨在測試學生對外匯避險工具與策略的理解。

(A) 這是錯誤的。NDF (Non-deliverable forward) 是指合約雙方約定的匯率與到期日,但交割時並非實際交付外幣,而是以約定的匯率與到期時的市場匯率之間的差額進行現金結算。
(B) 這是正確的。若公司預期收到外幣(即擁有外幣資產,currency receivables),則應避免外幣貶值。購買外幣的期貨(futures)或認購期權(call options)可以鎖定未來賣出外幣時的匯率,或在匯率有利時行使期權,從而規避匯率風險。
(C) 這是錯誤的。若要鎖定未來潛在支出的美元成本(即預期需要支付外幣),應避免外幣升值。

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第 3 題

  1. Which of the following statements is True?
    (A) A country with fixed exchange rate system is more insulated from inflation or unemployment of other countries.
    (B) A country with a freely floating system is can adversely affect the country initially with high inflation or high unemployment.
    (C) Interest Rates of Pegged Currencies must be aligned with rates of the currency to which it is tied.
    (D) The European Monetary Policy prevents any individual EU country from solving local economic problems with its own unique monetary policy.
    (E) A weak currency may reduce inflation and lead to higher inflation.

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這一題的完整詳解

本題主要測試學生對不同匯率制度下,國家經濟受國際影響的程度,以及貨幣政策的相關知識。

(A) 這是錯誤的。固定匯率制度下,國家貨幣價值與另一國貨幣或一籃子貨幣掛鉤。當掛鉤國家的貨幣政策或經濟狀況發生變化時,會直接影響該國的利率和貨幣供應,使其更容易受到國際經濟波動的影響,而非更為絕緣。
(B) 這是正確的。在自由浮動匯率制度下,匯率會根據市場供需自由變動。如果一國面臨高通貨膨脹或高失業率,其貨幣可能會貶值,這會導致進口商品價格上漲,進一步加劇通貨膨脹,並可能影響其出口競爭力,對經濟造成不利影響。
(C) 這是錯誤的。

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第 4 題

  1. Assume that Sunny Corporation would generate the following free cash flows over the next five years:
Year12345
CFC($million)3375354674

After five years, the free cash flows would grow at 4% per year. Assume that the weighted average cost of capital is 6.8%; the required rate of stockholder is 10%; the required rate of bondholder is 5.5%. Sunny Co. has 16 million shares outstanding, 43millionexcesscash,anddebtof43 million excess cash, and debt of 414 million. What is its share price?

(A) 38.8(B)38.8 (B) 36.1
(C) 236.1(D)236.1 (D) 111.1
(E) $113.8

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

  • 自由現金流 (FCF):公司在投資與營運所需資金後可自由配置的現金。
  • 永續成長模型:在預測期末的自由現金流以固定成長率 gg 永續成長,終值(Terminal Value)計算式
    TV5=FCF5(1+g)WACC−gTV_5 = \frac{FCF_5 (1+g)}{WACC-g}
  • 企業價值 (Enterprise Value, EV):所有未來自由現金流的折現值總和。
  • 股東價值:
    Equity Value=EV−Debt+Excess Cash\text{Equity Value}=EV-\text{Debt}+ \text{Excess Cash}
  • 每股價格:
    P0=Equity Value流通股數P_0=\frac{\text{Equity Value}}{\text{流通股數}}

解題方法

  1. 折現因子:
    以 加權平均資本成本 (WACC = 6.8% ) 為折現率,r=0.068r=0.068。
    dt=(1+r)td_t=(1+r)^t

    計算前五年的折現因子

d1=1.068=1.068d2=1.0682=1.1406d3=1.0683=1.2182d4=1.0684=1.3010d5=1.0685=1.3895\begin{aligned} d_1 &=1.068=1.068\\ d_2 &=1.068^2=1.1406\\ d_3 &=1.068^3=1.2182\\ d_4 &=1.068^4=1.3010\\ d_5 &=1.068^5=1.3895 \end{aligned}
  1. 各期自由現金流的現在價值
PV1=331.068=30.89PV2=751.1406=65.78PV3=351.2182=28.73PV4=461.3010=35.36PV5=741.3895=53.27\begin{aligned} PV_1 &=\frac{33}{1.068}=30.89\\ PV_2 &=\frac{75}{1.1406}=65.78\\ PV_3 &=\frac{35}{1.2182}=28.73\\ PV_4 &=\frac{46}{1.3010}=35.36\\ PV_5 &=\frac{74}{1.3895}=53.27 \end{aligned}
  1. 永續終值(第 5 年後每年以 4% 成長)
TV5=FCF5(1+g)WACC−g=74×1.040.068−0.04=76.960.028=2,748.57  (百萬)TV_5=\frac{FCF_5(1+g)}{WACC-g} =\frac{74\times1.04}{0.068-0.04} =\frac{76.96}{0.028}=2,748.57\;(\text{百萬})

折現回現在

PVTV=2,748.571.3895=1,978.5  (百萬)PV_{TV}= \frac{2,748.57}{1.3895}=1,978.5\;(\text{百萬})

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第 5 題

  1. The Timber Mill has total assets of 992,800,currentliabilitiesof992,800, current liabilities of 49,700, dividends paid of 12,000,netsalesof12,000, net sales of 68,400, and net income of $55,400. Assume that all costs, assets, and current liabilities change spontaneously with sales. The firm's market rate of growth for profit, a firm growth rate of 5 percent for next year, will be what the amount of external financing needed to support this level of growth? Assume the firm is currently operating at full capacity.

(A) 3,400(B)3,400 (B) 13,490
(C) 17,520(D)17,520 (D) 1,585
(E) $10,582

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

  1. 外部融資需求 (External Financing Needed, EFN):在營運資金隨銷售成長且公司已滿營運容量的情況下,EFN = 資產增加額 – 自發負債增加額 – 留存盈餘。
  2. 自發負債:本題將流動負債視為隨銷售自動變動的負債。
  3. 留存盈餘:本期淨利減除紅利所得,若預計盈餘與紅利皆按同一成長率變動,則留存盈餘的預計值亦隨之變化。
  4. 比例假設:
    • 資產/銷售、流動負債/銷售之比例保持不變。
    • 紅利支付率 (Payout Ratio) 維持不變。

解題方法

步驟計算式數值
1. 計算銷售成長額ΔS=5%×Net Sales\Delta S = 5\% \times \text{Net Sales}0.05×68,400=3,4200.05 \times 68,400 = 3,420
2. 求資產與流動負債的銷售比例TAS0,  CLS0\dfrac{TA}{S_0},\; \dfrac{CL}{S_0}TA/S0=992,80068,400=14.52TA/S_0 = \dfrac{992,800}{68,400}=14.52<br>CL/S0=49,70068,400=0.727CL/S_0 = \dfrac{49,700}{68,400}=0.727
3. 估計資產與流動負債的增量ΔTA=(TA/S0)×ΔS\Delta TA = (TA/S_0)\times \Delta S<br>ΔCL=(CL/S0)×ΔS\Delta CL = (CL/S_0)\times \Delta SΔTA=14.52×3,420=49,658.4\Delta TA = 14.52 \times 3,420 = 49,658.4<br>ΔCL=0.727×3,420=2,487.5\Delta CL = 0.727 \times 3,420 = 2,487.5
4. 計算紅利支付率p=DivNIp = \dfrac{Div}{NI}p=12,00055,400=0.2166p = \dfrac{12,000}{55,400}=0.2166
5. 預測下一期淨利與紅利NI1=NI0(1+g)NI_1 = NI_0(1+g)<br>Div1=p×NI1Div_1 = p \times NI_1NI1=55,400×1.05=58,170NI_1 = 55,400 \times 1.05 = 58,170<br>Div1=0.2166×58,170≈12,600Div_1 = 0.2166 \times 58,170 \approx 12,600
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第 6 題

  1. You are evaluating an income generating property. Net rent is received at the end of each year. The first year's rent is expected to be $8,500, and rent is expected to increase 6% each year. What is the present value of the estimated income stream over the first 8 years if the discount rate is 12%?

(A) 52,425(B)52,425 (B) 52,029
(C) 50,472(D)50,472 (D) 34,092
(E) $34,706

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

  • 本題屬於 永續年金(成長年金)的現值 計算。
  • 重要公式:

PV=C1  1−(1+g1+r)nr−gPV = C_1\;\frac{1-\left(\dfrac{1+g}{1+r}\right)^{n}}{r-g}

其中
C1C_1 為第 1 年末的現金流,gg 為年增率,rr 為貼現率,nn 為期間數。

  • 公式的推導來自等比級數的求和,因為每年的租金皆為上一年租金乘上 (1+g)(1+g),而貼現則是乘上 (1+r)−t(1+r)^{-t}。

解題方法

  1. 先將題目數值代入公式。
C1=8 500g=6%=0.06r=12%=0.12n=8\begin{aligned} C_1 &= 8\,500 \\ g &= 6\% = 0.06 \\ r &= 12\% = 0.12 \\ n &= 8 \end{aligned}
  1. 計算成長與貼現的比率

1+g1+r=1.061.12=5356=0.946428571  (簡化為分數 53/56)\frac{1+g}{1+r}= \frac{1.06}{1.12}= \frac{53}{56}=0.946428571\;( \text{簡化為分數 }53/56 )

  1. 計算 (5356)8\left(\frac{53}{56}\right)^{8}

(5356)8≈0.6437\left(\frac{53}{56}\right)^{8}\approx 0.6437

  1. 套用公式
PV=8 500  1−0.64370.12−0.06=8 500  0.35630.06=8 500×5.9383≈50 475\begin{aligned} PV &= 8\,500\;\frac{1-0.6437}{0.12-0.06} \\ &= 8\,500\;\frac{0.3563}{0.06} \\ &= 8\,500 \times 5.9383 \\ &\approx 50\,475 \end{aligned}
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第 7 題

  1. You consider a $5,000, 5-year loan at 9% interest. The loan agreement requires the firm to pay principal each year plus interest, for that year. Suppose you have the right to pay loan, principal and interest, off early, before the end of year 5. If you want to pay all the loan clearly in the end of year three, how much should you pay in the end of year 3?

(A) 1,179(B)1,179 (B) 3,253
(C) 1,285(D)1,285 (D) 3,547
(E) $4,539

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

  • 本題屬於等額本息貸款(annuity loan)之提前清償問題。
  • 重要公式
    1. 每年等額付款
      A=P⋅i1−(1+i)−nA=\frac{P\cdot i}{1-(1+i)^{-n}}
      其中 PP 為本金,ii 為年利率,nn 為期數。
    2. 第 tt 期末的未償餘額(Outstanding Balance)
      Bt=P(1+i)t−A(1+i)t−1iB_t=P(1+i)^{t}-A\frac{(1+i)^{t}-1}{i}
    3. 提前清償金額
      若在第 tt 年末付款之前清償,需付當年應計利息 + 剩餘本金:
      清償金=Bt−1(1+i)\text{清償金}=B_{t-1}(1+i)

解題方法

  1. 計算每年等額付款 AA
P=5,000,i=0.09,n=5(1+i)−n=(1.09)−5=0.649754A=5,000×0.091−0.649754=4500.350246≈1,285 (元)\begin{aligned} P &= 5{,}000,\qquad i=0.09,\qquad n=5\\ (1+i)^{-n}&=(1.09)^{-5}=0.649754\\ A&=\frac{5{,}000\times0.09}{1-0.649754} =\frac{450}{0.350246} \approx 1{,}285\ (\text{元}) \end{aligned}
  1. 求第 2 期末(即第 3 年初)的未償餘額 B2B_2
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第 8 題

  1. Alex planned to purchase a property for $ 16,000,000, and just paid 25 percent down in cash. He would like finance the balance for 30 years at 3.5 percent, compounded monthly. Which of the following would be the closest in amount of each monthly mortgage payment?

(A) 38,978(B)38,978 (B) 53,885
(C) 57,290(D)57,290 (D) 71,595
(E) $71,840

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這一題的完整詳解

本題考查房貸(Mortgage)的月付金計算。

首先,我們需要計算需要貸款的金額。
房屋總價 = 16,000,00016,000,000
頭期款比例 = 25%25\%
頭期款金額 = 16,000,000×0.25=4,000,00016,000,000 \times 0.25 = 4,000,000
貸款金額 (Principal, P) = 房屋總價 - 頭期款金額 = 16,000,000−4,000,000=12,000,00016,000,000 - 4,000,000 = 12,000,000

接下來,我們需要計算月付金。
貸款金額 (P) = 12,000,00012,000,000
年利率 = 3.5%3.5\%
月利率 (r) = 年利率 / 12 = 0.035/12≈0.002916670.035 / 12 \approx 0.00291667
貸款年期 = 3030 年
總月數 (n) = 貸款年期 × 12 = 30×12=36030 \times 12 = 360 個月

我們使用房貸月付金的公式:
M=P×r(1+r)n(1+r)n−1M = P \times \frac{r(1+r)^n}{(1+r)^n - 1}

將數值代入公式:
M=12,000,000×0.00291667(1+0.00291667)360(1+0.00291667)360−1M = 12,000,000 \times \frac{0.00291667(1+0.00291667)^{360}}{(1+0.00291667)^{360} - 1}
M=12,000,000×0.00291667(1.00291667)360(1.00291667)360−1M = 12,000,000 \times \frac{0.00291667(1.00291667)^{360}}{(1.00291667)^{360} - 1}

首先計算 (1.00291667)360(1.00291667)^{360}:
(1.00291667)360≈2.85637(1.00291667)^{360} \approx 2.85637

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第 9 題

  1. Solar Auto has planned to invest in a new product. The required investment on January 1 of this year is 115million.Thecompanywilldepreciatetheinvestmenttozerowiththestraight−linemethodoverfouryears.Thecompanyhasnoresalevalueaftercompletionoftheproject.Thetaxrateofthecompanyis21percent.Thepriceoftheproductwillbe115 million. The company will depreciate the investment to zero with the straight-line method over four years. The company has no resale value after completion of the project. The tax rate of the company is 21 percent. The price of the product will be 415 per unit, in real terms, and will not change over the life of the project. Labor costs for Year 1 will be 16perhour,inrealterms,andwillincreaseat2percentperyearinrealterms.Energycostswillbe16 per hour, in real terms, and will increase at 2 percent per year in real terms. Energy costs will be 4 per physical unit, in real terms, and will increase at 3 percent per year in real terms. The inflation rate is 5 percent per year. Revenues would be received and costs would be paid at year-end. Refer to the following table your financial projection:
Year 1Year 2Year 3Year 4
Physical production, in units150,000165,000180,000155,000
Labor input, in hours1,120,0001,200,0001,360,0001,280,000
Energy input, physical units210,000225,000255,000240,000

The real discount rate for the project is 4 percent. Which of the following is the closest in value of the NPV of this project?

(A) 21,173,323(B)21,173,323 (B) 33,495,585
(C) 35,849,921(D)35,849,921 (D) 36,398,975
(E) $39,423,154

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

  1. 現金流折現:題目給予實質貼現率 (real discount rate) 4%,因此所有現金流可直接以實質價格處理,免除通膨調整。
  2. 稅後營運現金流:

Cash Flowt=[(Revenuet−Operating Costt)−Depreciation]×(1−T)+Depreciation\text{Cash Flow}_t = \big[(\text{Revenue}_t-\text{Operating Cost}_t)-\text{Depreciation}\big]\times (1-T)+\text{Depreciation}

其中 T=21%T=21\% 為所得稅率,折舊為 non‑cash,需在稅後盈餘後加回。
3. 直線折舊:

Annual Depreciation=115M4=28.75M\text{Annual Depreciation}= \frac{115\text{M}}{4}=28.75\text{M}

  1. 成本的實質成長:
    • 勞工成本每年以 2% 成長。
    • 能源成本每年以 3% 成長。
      產品單價在實質上固定 $415。

解題步驟

年度產量 (units)勞工時數 (hrs)能源單位
1150,0001,120,000210,000
2165,0001,200,000225,000
3180,0001,360,000255,000
4155,0001,280,000240,000
  1. 計算每年營收

Rt=Unitst×415R_t = \text{Units}_t \times 415

  1. 計算每年營運成本
Labor Costt=Hourst×16(1.02)t−1Energy Costt=Energyt×4(1.03)t−1Operating Costt=Labor Costt+Energy Costt\begin{aligned} \text{Labor Cost}_t &= \text{Hours}_t \times 16(1.02)^{t-1}\\ \text{Energy Cost}_t &= \text{Energy}_t \times 4(1.03)^{t-1}\\ \text{Operating Cost}_t &= \text{Labor Cost}_t+\text{Energy Cost}_t \end{aligned}
  1. 求稅前利潤 (EBIT)

EBITt=Rt−Operating Costt−Depreciation\text{EBIT}_t = R_t-\text{Operating Cost}_t-\text{Depreciation}

  1. 計算稅後盈餘並加回折舊

CFt=[EBITt×(1−T)]+Depreciation\text{CF}_t=\big[\text{EBIT}_t \times (1-T)\big]+\text{Depreciation}

  1. 折現
PVt=CFt(1.04)t,NPV=−115M+∑t=14PVt\text{PV}_t=\frac{\text{CF}_t}{(1.04)^t},\qquad \text{NPV}= -115\text{M}+\sum_{t=1}^{4}\text{PV}_t

逐年計算結果

| 年度 | Revenue ($) | Labor Cost ($) | Energy Cost ($) | Operating Cost ($) | EBIT 前折舊 ($) | 稅後盈餘 ($) | 現金流 CF$_t

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第 10 題

  1. Vika Enterprises considers a new project that would require 325,000forfixedassets,325,000 for fixed assets, 160,000 for inventory, and 45,000foraccountsreceivable.Short−termdebtisexpectedtoincreaseby45,000 for accounts receivable. Short-term debt is expected to increase by 90,000. The project has a life of 5 years. The fixed assets would be depreciated straight-line to a zero book value over the life of the project. At the end of the project, the fixed assets can be sold for 25 percent of their original cost and the net working capital would return to its original level. The project is expected to generate annual sales of 554,000withcostsof554,000 with costs of 430,000. The tax rate is 21 percent and the required rate of return is 15 percent. What is the net present value of this project?

(A) −8,691(B)-8,691 (B) 73,238
(C) 81,047(D)81,047 (D) 32,518
(E) $23,222

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

  • 投資案的淨現值(NPV)=所有未來現金流量折現後的總和減去期初投資。
  • 營運現金流 = (稅後營業利益) + 折舊。
  • 折舊為非現金費用,須在稅後營業利益中加回。
  • 終值現金流 包含資產殘值的稅後成交價以及營運資金(NWC)的恢復。
  • 折舊採直線法:Dep=初始固定資產使用年限\text{Dep}= \dfrac{\text{初始固定資產}}{\text{使用年限}}。
  • 稅金計算:稅額=稅率×稅前盈利 \text{稅額}= \text{稅率}\times \text{稅前盈利}。
  • 折現係數:(1+r)−t(1+r)^{-t},rr 為要求報酬率。

解題方法

  1. 計算期初現金流
固定資產=325,000存貨=160,000應收帳款=45,000營運資金增加=160,000+45,000−90,000=115,000期初投資=325,000+115,000=440,000CF0=−440,000\begin{aligned} \text{固定資產} &= 325{,}000 \\ \text{存貨} &= 160{,}000 \\ \text{應收帳款} &= 45{,}000 \\ \text{營運資金增加} &= 160{,}000+45{,}000-90{,}000 = 115{,}000 \\ \text{期初投資} &= 325{,}000 + 115{,}000 = 440{,}000 \\ \text{CF}_0 &= -440{,}000 \end{aligned}
  1. 折舊

Dep=325,0005=65,000  元/年\text{Dep}= \frac{325{,}000}{5}=65{,}000 \;\text{元/年}

  1. 每年的營運現金流
EBIT=銷售−營運成本−Dep=554,000−430,000−65,000=59,000稅金=0.21×59,000=12,390稅後營業利益=59,000−12,390=46,610營運現金流=46,610+65,000=111,610(每年)\begin{aligned} \text{EBIT} &= \text{銷售} - \text{營運成本} - \text{Dep} \\ &= 554{,}000 - 430{,}000 - 65{,}000 = 59{,}000 \\ \text{稅金} &= 0.21 \times 59{,}000 = 12{,}390 \\ \text{稅後營業利益} &= 59{,}000 - 12{,}390 = 46{,}610 \\ \text{營運現金流} &= 46{,}610 + 65{,}000 = 111{,}610 \quad (\text{每年}) \end{aligned}
  1. 終值現金流(第5年)

    • 資產殘值 (25% 原值):

售價=0.25×325,000=81,250\text{售價}=0.25\times325{,}000=81{,}250

  • 稅後殘值:
稅金=0.21×81,250=17,062.5稅後售價=81,250−17,062.5=64,187.5\text{稅金}=0.21\times81{,}250=17{,}062.5 \\ \text{稅後售價}=81{,}250-17{,}062.5=64{,}187.5
  • 營運資金回收:115,000115{,}000(期末恢復至原水平)
  • 第5 年總現金流:
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第 11 題

  1. A bond that pays 55semiannuallycoupon.Theeffectivesemiannualinterestrateis555 semiannually coupon. The effective semiannual interest rate is 5%. The face value is 1,000 and the bond matures in 3 years. Which of the following is the closest in value of the annual current yield of the bond?

(A) 10.3%
(B) 10.4%
(C) 10.5%
(D) 10.6%
(E) 10.7%

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查債券價格、現值計算,以及「當期殖利率(current yield)」的定義。

當期殖利率只比較債券每年收到的票息與目前債券價格:

Current Yield=Annual CouponBond Price\text{Current Yield} = \frac{\text{Annual Coupon}}{\text{Bond Price}}

題目給定每半年票息為 55,因此年票息為:

Annual Coupon=55×2=110\text{Annual Coupon}=55\times 2=110

債券目前價格則須將未來六期的票息與到期償還的面額,以每半年 5% 的有效利率折現。


解題方法

債券剩餘期間為 3 年,每半年付息一次,因此總期數為:

n=3×2=6n=3\times 2=6

每期利率為 5%,面額為 1,000。債券價格為票息現值加上面額現值:

P=55[1−(1.05)−60.05]+1,000(1.05)6P = 55\left[\frac{1-(1.05)^{-6}}{0.05}\right] + \frac{1,000}{(1.05)^6}

先計算折現因子:

(1.05)6≈1.3401(1.05)^6\approx 1.3401

因此:

(1.05)−6≈0.7462(1.05)^{-6}\approx 0.7462

票息現值:

55[1−0.74620.05]≈55(5.0757)≈279.1655\left[\frac{1-0.7462}{0.05}\right] \approx 55(5.0757) \approx 279.16

面額現值:

1,0001.3401≈746.22\frac{1,000}{1.3401} \approx 746.22

債券價格約為:

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第 12 題

  1. Assume a project with free cash flows in one year of 90,000inaweakeconomyor90,000 in a weak economy or 117,000 in a strong economy, with each outcome being equally likely. The initial investment required for the project is 80,000,andtheproject′scostofcapitalis1580,000, and the project's cost of capital is 15% and the risk-free interest rate is 8%. Suppose that you borrow only 45,000 at financing the project. According to MM proposition II, what is the firm's equity cost of capital?

(A) 17%
(B) 20%
(C) 22%
(D) 25%
(E) 27%

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

  • MM 命題 II(Modigliani‑Miller 命題 II):在沒有公司所得稅且資本市場完備的假設下,公司的股權成本與負債比例呈線性關係

rE=rA+(rA−rD)DEr_E = r_A + (r_A - r_D)\frac{D}{E}

其中 rEr_E 為股權成本,rAr_A 為資產(或無槓桿)成本,rDr_D 為負債成本,D/ED/E 為負債與股權的市場價值比。

  • 本題資訊
    • 初始投資 I0=80,000I_0 = 80{,}000
    • 借款金額 D=45,000D = 45{,}000 → 股權投入 E=I0−D=35,000E = I_0 - D = 35{,}000
    • 專案的無槓桿 required return(成本資本)rA=15%r_A = 15\%
    • 借款的利率(視為負債成本)rD=8%r_D = 8\%

解題方法

  1. 計算負債與股權的比率

DE=45,00035,000=1.2857\frac{D}{E}= \frac{45{,}000}{35{,}000}=1.2857

  1. 套用 MM 命題 II
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第 13 題

  1. Ray has 1,000.TheexpectedreturnandstandarddeviationofGardeCo.returnsare141,000. The expected return and standard deviation of Garde Co. returns are 14% and 20%, respectively. Suppose that Ray borrows 200 at the risk-free rate, and invests $1,200 in Garde Co. What would be the expected return and standard deviation of return of this investment?

(A) 10.3% and 24%
(B) 14.8% and 24%
(C) 15.4% and 20%
(D) 14.6% and 20%
(E) None of the above

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查現代投資組合理論中**資本配置線(Capital Allocation Line, CAL)與槓桿投資組合(Leveraged Portfolio)**的期望報酬率與風險(標準差)計算。

  1. 投資權重(Portfolio Weights):
    投資人以自有資金 W0W_0 為基準,借入資金融資買入風險性資產時,投資權重之和恆為 1:
    wG=風險性資產投資金額W0w_G = \frac{\text{風險性資產投資金額}}{W_0}
    wf=無風險借款金額W0=−借入金額W0w_f = \frac{\text{無風險借款金額}}{W_0} = -\frac{\text{借入金額}}{W_0}
    wG+wf=1w_G + w_f = 1

  2. 投資組合之標準差(Portfolio Risk):
    由於無風險資產的報酬率為常數,其變異數與共變異數皆為零(σf=0\sigma_f = 0 且 Cov(RG,Rf)=0\text{Cov}(R_G, R_f) = 0),故槓桿投資組合的標準差完全由風險性資產決定:
    σp=wG2σG2=∣wG∣⋅σG\sigma_p = \sqrt{w_G^2 \sigma_G^2} = |w_G| \cdot \sigma_G

  3. 投資組合之期望報酬率(Portfolio Expected Return):
    E(Rp)=wGE(RG)+wfRf=wGE(RG)−∣wf∣RfE(R_p) = w_G E(R_G) + w_f R_f = w_G E(R_G) - |w_f| R_f


解題方法

步驟一:計算投資組合權重

Ray 的自有資金為 $1,000,以無風險利率借入 $200,合計將 $1,200 全部投入 Garde Co.:

  • 風險性資產權重:
    wG=$1,200$1,000=1.2 (即 120%)w_G = \frac{\$1,200}{\$1,000} = 1.2 \text{ (即 } 120\% \text{)}
  • 無風險資產(借款)權重:
    wf=−$200$1,000=−0.2 (即 −20%)w_f = \frac{-\$200}{\$1,000} = -0.2 \text{ (即 } -20\% \text{)}

步驟二:計算投資組合之標準差 σp\sigma_p

已知 Garde Co. 的標準差 σG=20%\sigma_G = 20\%:

σp=∣wG∣⋅σG=1.2×20%=24%\sigma_p = |w_G| \cdot \sigma_G = 1.2 \times 20\% = 24\%
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第 14 題

  1. The Wooper Co. has expected earnings before interest and taxes of 17,700,anunleveredcostofcapitalof13.4percent,anddebtwithbothabookandfacevalueof17,700, an unlevered cost of capital of 13.4 percent, and debt with both a book and face value of 25,000. The debt has an annual 6.2 percent coupon. If the tax rate is 21 percent, what is the value of the firm?

(A) 109,601(B)109,601 (B) 132,090
(C) 114,194(D)114,194 (D) 105,607
(E) $145,403

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

  • 公司價值的兩大構成:無槓桿公司價值 VUV_U 與稅盾 (tax shield) 的現值。
  • 無槓桿價值:VU=稅後營業利益 (EBIT(1-T))rUV_U=\dfrac{\text{稅後營業利益 (EBIT(1-T))}}{r_U},其中 rUr_U 為無槓桿資本成本。
  • 稅盾的現值:若債務為永久固定金額且票面利率=市場利率,稅盾可視為永續年金,PVshield=Tc⋅利息rDPV_{\text{shield}}=\dfrac{T_c\cdot \text{利息}}{r_D},rDr_D 為債務成本(此例即 6.2%)。

解題方法

  1. 計算稅後營業利益

EBITafter tax=17,700×(1−0.21)=17,700×0.79=13,983\text{EBIT}_{\text{after\ tax}} = 17{,}700 \times (1-0.21)=17{,}700 \times 0.79 = 13{,}983

  1. 求無槓桿公司價值 VUV_U

VU=13,9830.134=104,343.28V_U = \frac{13{,}983}{0.134}=104{,}343.28

  1. 計算每年債務利息

Interest=25,000×0.062=1,550\text{Interest}=25{,}000 \times 0.062 = 1{,}550

  1. 求稅盾的年金金額

Tax shield per year=Tc×Interest=0.21×1,550=325.5\text{Tax shield per year}=T_c \times \text{Interest}=0.21 \times 1{,}550 = 325.5

  1. 稅盾的現值(永續年金)

PVshield=325.50.062=5,250PV_{\text{shield}} = \frac{325.5}{0.062}=5{,}250

  1. 加總得到整體公司價值

VL=VU+PVshield=104,343.28+5,250=109,593.28V_L = V_U + PV_{\text{shield}} = 104{,}343.28 + 5{,}250 = 109{,}593.28

四捨五入至最接近的選項,即 109,601109{,}601。


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第 15 題

  1. Assume a machine that costs 280,000wouldbedepreciatedusingthestraight−linemethodbyaleasingfirmoveraperiodof4years.Boththebookvalueandthemarketvaluewouldbezeroattheendofthe4years.Boththelesseeandthelesseehaveataxrateof21percent.TheNPVoftheleaserelativetothepurchasetothelessor,iftheapplicablepretaxcostofborrowingis7percentandtheleasepaymentsaresetat280,000 would be depreciated using the straight-line method by a leasing firm over a period of 4 years. Both the book value and the market value would be zero at the end of the 4 years. Both the lessee and the lessee have a tax rate of 21 percent. The NPV of the lease relative to the purchase to the lessor, if the applicable pretax cost of borrowing is 7 percent and the lease payments are set at 102,100 annually for 4 years?

(A) 76,882(B)76,882 (B) 282,526
(C) 114,331(D)114,331 (D) 65,834
(E) $54,016

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

  1. 租賃與購買的現金流比較:對出租人(lessor)而言,購買機器的成本須一次付清;若改為租賃,會收到租金,同時仍可因折舊取得稅盾。
  2. 直線折舊:年折舊額=原始成本使用年限\text{年折舊額}= \dfrac{\text{原始成本}}{\text{使用年限}}。
  3. 稅盾:稅前支出(折舊、利息)可抵減當期稅額,稅盾=支出×稅率。
  4. 現金流的稅後金額:

稅後租金=租金×(1−τ)\text{稅後租金}= \text{租金}\times (1-\tau)

稅後現金流=稅後租金+τ(折舊+利息)\text{稅後現金流}= \text{稅後租金}+ \tau(\text{折舊}+ \text{利息})

其中 τ=21%\tau=21\%。
5. 折現:使用稅前資金成本(借款利率)作為折現率 r=7%r=7\%,把未來每年的稅後現金流折回現在值。


解題步驟

項目計算數值
機器原價–C=280,000C=280{,}000
使用年限–n=4n=4 年
直線折舊D=CnD=\dfrac{C}{n}D=70,000D=70{,}000 元/年
折舊稅盾τD\tau D0.21×70,000=14,7000.21\times70{,}000=14{,}700 元/年
租金 (稅前)–R=102,100R=102{,}100 元/年
租金稅後R(1−τ)R(1-\tau)102,100×0.79=80,659102{,}100\times0.79=80{,}659 元/年
借款付款 (等額本息)A=rC1−(1+r)−nA=\dfrac{rC}{1-(1+r)^{-n}}A=0.07×280,0001−1.07−4=82,683.7A=\dfrac{0.07\times280{,}000}{1-1.07^{-4}}=82{,}683.7 元/年
各年利息It=期初餘額×rI_t = \text{期初餘額}\times rI1=19,600I_1=19{,}600, I2=15,184.14I_2=15{,}184.14, I3=10,459.17I_3=10{,}459.17, I4=5,403.45I_4=5{,}403.45
利息稅盾τIt\tau I_t4,1164{,}116, 3,188.673{,}188.67, 2,196.432{,}196.43, 1,134.731{,}134.73 元
年度稅後現金流Ct=R(1−τ)+τD+τItC_t = R(1-\tau)+\tau D+\tau I_tC1=99,475C_1=99{,}475, C2=98,547.7C_2=98{,}547.7, C3=97,555.4C_3=97{,}555.4, C4=96,493.7C_4=96{,}493.7 元
折現因子 vt=(1+r)−tv_t = (1+r)^{-t}v1=0.93458v_1=0.93458, v2=0.87344v_2=0.87344, v3=0.81629v_3=0.81629, v4=0.76290v_4=0.76290–
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第 16 題

  1. A convertible bond is selling for 967,maturesin15years,hasa967, matures in 15 years, has a 1,000 face value, pays interest semi-annually, and has a coupon rate of 8 percent. Similar non-convertible bonds are priced to yield 4.2 percent per six months. The conversion ratio is 20. The stock currently sells for $47.50 a share. What is the convertible bond's option value?

(A) −2.92(B)-2.92 (B) 0.76
(C) 7.27(D)7.27 (D) 8.95
(E) $17.00

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

  • 可換公司債 (convertible bond) 可拆解為 純債券價值 + 轉換權的期權價值。
  • 若已知可比非可換公司債的到期收益率 (Yield to Maturity, YTM),可先以此 YTM 折現所有現金流,求得 純債券的理論價格。
  • 轉換權的期權價值 = 可換公司債的市場價格 – 純債券理論價格。
  • 相關公式
    • 半年度票息 C=面額×票息率2C = \dfrac{面額 \times 票息率}{2}
    • 半年度折現因子 v=11+yv = \dfrac{1}{1+y},其中 yy 為每半年度市場到期收益率。
    • 純債券價格 Pbond=C∑t=1Nvt+F(1+y)NP_{\text{bond}} = C \displaystyle\sum_{t=1}^{N} v^{t}+ \dfrac{F}{(1+y)^{N}}
    • 轉換價值 (conversion value) =conversion ratio×stock price= \text{conversion ratio} \times \text{stock price},供驗算使用。

解題方法

  1. 計算半年度票息

C=1,000×8%2=40 美元C = \frac{1{,}000 \times 8\%}{2}=40\ \text{美元}

  1. 確定折現期數與半年度市場利率

    • 到期年限 15 年 → 半年度期數 N=15×2=30N = 15 \times 2 = 30。
    • 給出的類似非可換債的收益率為 4.2% 每六個月,即 y=0.042y = 0.042。
  2. 以市場利率折現所有現金流求純債券價值

Pbond=40∑t=1301(1+0.042)t+1,000(1+0.042)30P_{\text{bond}} = 40\sum_{t=1}^{30}\frac{1}{(1+0.042)^{t}}+\frac{1{,}000}{(1+0.042)^{30}}

計算累加項:

∑t=1301(1.042)t=1−(1.042)−300.042=1−0.30670.042=16.519\sum_{t=1}^{30}\frac{1}{(1.042)^{t}} = \frac{1-(1.042)^{-30}}{0.042}= \frac{1-0.3067}{0.042}=16.519

(使用年金現值公式 an‾∣i=1−(1+i)−nia_{\overline{n}|i}= \frac{1-(1+i)^{-n}}{i})

因此

Pbond=40×16.519+1,000(1.042)30P_{\text{bond}} = 40 \times 16.519 + \frac{1{,}000}{(1.042)^{30}}

40×16.519=660.7640 \times 16.519 = 660.76

(1.042)30=3.262⇒1,0003.262=306.70(1.042)^{30}=3.262\quad\Rightarrow\quad \frac{1{,}000}{3.262}=306.70

合計

Pbond=660.76+306.70=967.46P_{\text{bond}}=660.76+306.70 = 967.46

  1. 計算期權價值
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第 17 題

Assume a CEO is being granted at-the-money options. The current underlying stock price is \50,thecontinuouslycompoundedrisk−freerateis, the continuously compounded risk-free rate is 5%,andthevarianceonthestock′sreturnis, and the variance on the stock's return is 0.04$. The options expire in 5 years. If the CEO had negotiated a larger salary and 10,000 options, which of the following is the closest in value of all those options?

The following table provides information about the cumulative distribution function of the standard normal distribution.

xx0.000.000.010.010.020.020.030.030.040.040.050.050.060.060.070.070.080.080.090.09
0.00.00.500000.503990.507980.511970.515950.519940.523920.527900.531880.53586
0.10.10.539830.543800.547760.551720.555670.559620.563560.567490.571420.57535
0.20.20.579260.583170.587060.590950.594830.598710.602570.606420.610260.61409
0.30.30.617910.621720.625520.629300.633070.636830.640580.644310.648030.65173
0.40.40.655420.659100.662760.666400.670030.673640.677240.680820.684390.68793
0.50.50.691460.694970.698470.701940.705400.708840.712260.715660.719040.72240
0.60.60.725750.729070.732370.735650.738910.742150.745370.748570.751750.75490
0.70.70.758040.761150.764240.767300.770350.773370.776370.779350.782300.78524
0.80.80.788140.791030.793890.796730.799550.802340.805110.807850.810570.81327
0.90.90.815940.818590.821210.823810.826390.828940.831470.833980.836460.83891
1.01.00.841340.843750.846140.848490.850830.853140.855430.857690.859930.86214
1.11.10.864330.866500.868640.870760.872860.874930.876980.879000.881000.88298
1.21.20.884930.886900.888770.890650.892510.894350.896170.897960.899730.90147
1.31.30.903200.904900.906580.908240.909880.911490.913090.914660.916210.91774
1.41.40.919240.920730.922200.923640.925070.926470.927850.929220.930560.93189
1.51.50.933190.934480.935740.936990.938220.939430.940620.941790.942950.94408
1.61.60.945200.946300.947380.948450.949500.950530.951540.952540.953520.95449
1.71.70.955430.956370.957280.958180.959070.959940.960800.961640.962460.96327

(A) \92{,}323$

(B) \112{,}658$

(C) \120{,}340$

(D) \131{,}124$

(E) \145{,}696$

🖼️ 本題含圖表,以下為原卷對應頁面:
原卷第 8 頁

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考以 Black–Scholes 模型評估價平買權,再將單份買權價值乘上 10,000 份。價平(at-the-money)表示履約價等於目前股價;本題履約價因此為 K=50K=50。

解題方法

原卷圖中可讀到:目前股價為 50、連續複利無風險利率為 5%、股票報酬變異數為 0.04、到期年數為 5 年,選項問 10,000 份買權的總價值。題目附有標準常態累積分配表,可用來查 N(d1)N(d_1) 與 N(d2)N(d_2)。

先由變異數求波動率:

σ=0.04=0.2\sigma=\sqrt{0.04}=0.2

Black–Scholes 買權公式及兩個標準化變數為:

C=SN(d1)−Ke−rTN(d2)C=S N(d_1)-K e^{-rT}N(d_2) d1=ln⁡(S/K)+(r+σ2/2)TσT,d2=d1−σTd_1=\frac{\ln(S/K)+(r+\sigma^2/2)T}{\sigma\sqrt{T}}, \qquad d_2=d_1-\sigma\sqrt{T}

代入 S=K=50S=K=50、r=0.05r=0.05、σ=0.2\sigma=0.2、T=5T=5:

d1=0+(0.05+0.22/2)×50.25≈0.7826d_1=\frac{0+(0.05+0.2^2/2)\times5}{0.2\sqrt{5}} \approx 0.7826 d2=0.7826−0.25≈0.3354d_2=0.7826-0.2\sqrt{5}\approx 0.3354
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第 18 題

Flareone Enterprises expects to have free cash flow in the coming year of \8million,andthisfreecashflowisexpectedtogrowatarateofmillion, and this free cash flow is expected to grow at a rate of3%peryearthereafter.Flareonehasanequitycostofcapitalofper year thereafter. Flareone has an equity cost of capital of10%,adebtcostofcapitalof, a debt cost of capital of 5%,andithasa, and it has a 21%corporatetaxrate.IfFlareonecurrentlymaintainsacorporate tax rate. If Flareone currently maintains a0.8$ debt-to-equity ratio, which of the following is the closest in amount of Flareone's interest tax shield?

(A) \0$ million

(B) \6.57$ million

(C) \12.32$ million

(D) \71.20$ million

(E) \18.13$ million

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考的是有負債公司因利息抵稅而增加的公司價值,也就是利息稅盾的現值。可用下式計算:

利息稅盾價值=VL−VU\text{利息稅盾價值}=V_L-V_U

其中 VLV_L 是有負債公司的價值,VUV_U 是無負債公司的價值。兩者都以題目給的下一年自由現金流及其永續成長率估值。

解題方法

債務權益比 D/E=0.8D/E=0.8,因此債務與公司總價值的比重為:

DD+E=0.81+0.8=49,ED+E=11+0.8=59\frac{D}{D+E}=\frac{0.8}{1+0.8}=\frac{4}{9}, \qquad \frac{E}{D+E}=\frac{1}{1+0.8}=\frac{5}{9}

先用稅後加權平均資金成本估算有負債公司價值。企業稅率為 21%21\%,故:

WACC=59(10%)+49(5%)(1−21%)=7.3111%WACC = \frac{5}{9}(10\%) + \frac{4}{9}(5\%)(1-21\%) = 7.3111\%

自由現金流從下一年起每年成長 3%3\%,因此有負債公司價值為:

VL=FCF1WACC−g=80.073111−0.03≈185.57V_L=\frac{FCF_1}{WACC-g} =\frac{8}{0.073111-0.03} \approx 185.57

金額約為 $185.57185.57 million。

接著計算無負債資金成本 $r_U

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第 19 題

Winget Oil considers an investment in a new project with an unlevered cost of capital of 11%11\%. Winget's corporate tax rate is 21%21\% and its debt cost of capital is 6%6\%. The project has free cash flows of \25millionperyear,whichareexpectedtoincreasebymillion per year, which are expected to increase by3%peryear.IfWingetadjustsitsdebtcontinuouslytomaintainaconstantdebt−equityratioofper year. If Winget adjusts its debt continuously to maintain a constant debt-equity ratio of50%$, then which of the following is the closest in value of this new project?

(A) \184$ million

(B) \189$ million

(C) \313$ million

(D) \330$ million

(E) \360$ million

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查目標負債比下的加權平均資金成本(WACC),以及以成長永續年金評估專案價值。

Winget 維持固定負債權益比 D/E=50%D/E=50\%,因此:

DV=D/E1+D/E=0.51.5=13,EV=23\frac{D}{V}=\frac{D/E}{1+D/E}=\frac{0.5}{1.5}=\frac{1}{3}, \qquad \frac{E}{V}=\frac{2}{3}

含公司稅時,固定負債權益比下的股東權益成本為:

rE=rU+DE(rU−rD)(1−Tc)r_E=r_U+\frac{D}{E}(r_U-r_D)(1-T_c)

再依 WACC 公式計算專案折現率:

rWACC=EVrE+DVrD(1−Tc)r_{\text{WACC}}=\frac{E}{V}r_E+\frac{D}{V}r_D(1-T_c)

成長永續年金的價值為下一期自由現金流除以「折現率減成長率」:

V0=FCF1rWACC−gV_0=\frac{FCF_1}{r_{\text{WACC}}-g}

解題方法

先用題目提供的無槓桿資金成本、負債成本、稅率與負債權益比,計算股東權益成本:

rE=11%+0.5(11%−6%)(1−21%)=12.975%r_E=11\%+0.5(11\%-6\%)(1-21\%)=12.975\%

接著計算 WACC:

rWACC=23(12.975%)+13(6%)(1−21%)=8.65%+1.58%=10.23%\begin{aligned} r_{\text{WACC}} &=\frac{2}{3}(12.975\%)+\frac{1}{3}(6\%)(1-21\%)\\ &=8.65\%+1.58\%\\ &=10.23\% \end{aligned}
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第 20 題

Carto Co. will receive \text{S}\100{,}000inoneyear.Now,thespotrateofSingaporedollarsisin one year. Now, the spot rate of Singapore dollars is$0.60,andtheone−yearforwardrateoftheSingaporedollaris, and the one-year forward rate of the Singapore dollar is $0.62$. Carto estimated a probability distribution for the future spot rate in one year as follows:

Future spot rateProbability
\0.61$20%20\%
\0.63$50%50\%
\0.67$30%30\%

One-year put options on Singapore dollars are available, with an exercise price of \0.63andapremiumofand a premium of$0.04perunit.One−yearcalloptionsonSingaporedollarsareavailable,withanexercisepriceofper unit. One-year call options on Singapore dollars are available, with an exercise price of$0.60andapremiumofand a premium of$0.03$ per unit. Assume the following money market rates:

U.S.Singapore
Deposit rate8%8\%5%5\%
Borrowing rate9%9\%6%6\%

Given this information, which of the following decisions about how to hedge its receivables position is most appropriate, receiving the most expected cash flows in dollars?

(A) Forward hedge

(B) Money market hedge

(C) Currency options hedge

(D) Unhedged strategy

(E) Put option hedge

🖼️ 本題含圖表,以下為原卷對應頁面:
原卷第 9 頁

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題比較新加坡幣應收款的避險方式,目標是找出預期美元現金流最高者。應收外幣可用遠期、貨幣市場或選擇權避險,也可以不避險;不避險的預期美元收入,等於各種未來匯率下的美元收入按機率加權平均。

解題方法

原卷圖中的關鍵資料為:一年後將收到新加坡幣 100,000100{,}000;即期匯率為每新加坡幣 $0.60,一年期遠期匯率為 $0.62。一年後即期匯率分別為 $0.61、0.61、$0.63、0.63、$0.67,機率為 20%、50%、30%20\%、50\%、30\%。新加坡幣賣權履約價為 $0.63,權利金為每單位 $0.04;美元存款利率為 8%8\%,新加坡幣借款利率為 6%6\%。

逐一換算各策略的一年後美元現金流:

  1. 遠期避險

    以遠期匯率出售一年後收到的新加坡幣:

    100,000×0.62=62,000100{,}000 \times 0.62 = 62{,}000

    一年後確定收到 $62,00062{,}000。

  2. 貨幣市場避險

    先借入一年後應收新加坡幣的現值,再按即期匯率換成美元,並以美元存款利率投資一年。由於是借入新加坡幣,使用新加坡幣借款利率 6%6\%:

    借入新加坡幣=100,0001.06=94,339.62\text{借入新加坡幣} = \frac{100{,}000}{1.06} = 94{,}339.62 換得美元並投資一年=94,339.62×0.60×1.08≈61,132\text{換得美元並投資一年} = 94{,}339.62 \times 0.60 \times 1.08 \approx 61{,}132

    一年後約收到 $61,13261{,}132。

  3. 賣權避險

    應收新加坡幣時,買進新加坡幣賣權可在匯率下跌時,以履約價出售新加坡幣。先計算賣權行使後的美元收入:

    • 若匯率為 $0.61,行使賣權,以 $0.63 出售,收入為 $63,00063{,}000。
    • 若匯率為 $0.63,行使與否皆可取得 $63,00063{,}000。
    • 若匯率為 $0.67,不行使賣權,按市價出售,收入為 $$67{,}000
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第 21 題

NF Co. expects to receive 100,000 British pounds in one year and expects the spot rate of the British pound to be \1.49inayear.Itdecidestoavoidexchangerateriskbyhedgingitsreceivables.Thespotrateofthepoundisquotedatin a year. It decides to avoid exchange rate risk by hedging its receivables. The spot rate of the pound is quoted at$1.51.Thestrikepriceofputandcalloptionsare. The strike price of put and call options are $1.54andand$1.53,respectively.Thepremiumonbothoptionsis, respectively. The premium on both options is $0.03.Theone−yearforwardrateexhibitsa. The one-year forward rate exhibits a 2%$ forward premium. Assume that there are no transaction costs. What is the best possible hedging strategy and how many U.S. dollars will NF Co. receive under this strategy?

(A) Buy a put option and receive \158{,}000$.

(B) Sell pounds forward and receive \157{,}000$.

(C) Sell a call option and receive \156{,}000$.

(D) Sell a put option and receive \157{,}000$.

(E) Sell pounds forward and receive \154{,}020$.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考外幣應收帳款的避險。公司一年後會收到英鎊,若英鎊貶值,換成美元的金額會減少,因此可用遠期契約鎖定匯率,或用買進英鎊賣權設定最低換匯價格。選擇策略時,須把選擇權權利金計入淨收款,也要分辨買進與賣出選擇權的風險方向。

解題方法

依原卷第 9 頁題目,NF Co. 一年後將收到 100,000 英鎊,預期一年後英鎊即期匯率為 $1.49,目前即期匯率為 $1.51;英鎊賣權履約價為 $1.54、買權履約價為 $1.53,兩者權利金均為每英鎊 $0.03,一年期遠期匯率有 2% 升水,且沒有交易成本。

先計算遠期匯率。遠期升水以即期匯率為基準:

F=1.51(1+0.02)=1.5402F = 1.51(1+0.02)=1.5402

因此,賣出英鎊遠期可鎖定的美元收款為:

100,000×1.5402=154,020100{,}000 \times 1.5402 = 154{,}020

買進英鎊賣權雖可在英鎊貶值時按 $1.54 出售英鎊,但須扣除權利金。若英鎊如預期降至 $1.49,賣權會被履約,淨收款為 100,000×(1.54−0.03)=151,000100{,}000 \times (1.54-0.03)=151{,}000 美元。遠期避險則能鎖定 154,020 美元,高於賣權避險的淨收款。

選項分析

  • (A) 錯誤。 買進賣權並非收到 158,000 美元。按題目預期匯率,賣權履約可取得 154,000 美元,但須支付 3,000 美元權利金,淨收款為 151,000 美元。
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📄 以下 2 題共用同一段題幹

Suppose you are a financial advisor and your client, who is currently investing only in the Taiwan stock market, is considering diversifying into the U.S. stock market. At the moment, there are neither particular barriers nor restrictions on investing in the U.S. stock market. Your client would like to know what kind of benefits can be expected from doing so.

The parameter values are: returns in Taiwan and U.S. stock markets, RˉTW=1.26%\bar{R}_{TW}=1.26\% and RˉUS=1.23%\bar{R}_{US}=1.23\%; standard deviations of returns, σTW=4.43%\sigma_{TW}=4.43\% and σUS=5.55%\sigma_{US}=5.55\%; monthly risk-free interest rate, Rf=0.5%R_f=0.5\%; correlation coefficient, ρTW,US=0.58\rho_{TW,US}=0.58.

Assume that investors can take a short (negative) position in either market.

第 22 題

Which of the following is the “optimal” international portfolio comprised of the Taiwan and U.S. markets? What are the weights on the Taiwan and U.S. markets in the optimal portfolio?

(A) WTW=0.13W_{TW}=0.13 and WUS=0.87W_{US}=0.87

(B) WTW=0.79W_{TW}=0.79 and WUS=0.21W_{US}=0.21

(C) WTW=1.00W_{TW}=1.00 and WUS=0.00W_{US}=0.00

(D) WTW=0.34W_{TW}=0.34 and WUS=0.66W_{US}=0.66

(E) WTW=0.47W_{TW}=0.47 and WUS=0.53W_{US}=0.53

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查在可投資無風險資產時,如何由兩個風險資產組成切線投資組合。切線投資組合是使夏普比率最大的風險資產組合;夏普比率為投資組合超額報酬除以報酬標準差。

令兩市場的超額報酬向量為 μ−Rf1\boldsymbol{\mu}-R_f\mathbf{1},共變異數矩陣為 Σ\boldsymbol{\Sigma}。切線投資組合權重可由下式計算:

w=Σ−1(μ−Rf1)1′Σ−1(μ−Rf1)\mathbf{w} = \frac{\boldsymbol{\Sigma}^{-1}(\boldsymbol{\mu}-R_f\mathbf{1})} {\mathbf{1}'\boldsymbol{\Sigma}^{-1}(\boldsymbol{\mu}-R_f\mathbf{1})}

分母負責正規化,使風險資產權重合計為 11。

解題方法

先計算兩市場的超額報酬:

μTW−Rf=1.26%−0.50%=0.76%\mu_{TW}-R_f=1.26\%-0.50\%=0.76\% μUS−Rf=1.23%−0.50%=0.73%\mu_{US}-R_f=1.23\%-0.50\%=0.73\%

再計算變異數與共變異數:

σTW2=4.432=19.6249\sigma_{TW}^2=4.43^2=19.6249 σUS2=5.552=30.8025\sigma_{US}^2=5.55^2=30.8025 Cov⁡(TW,US)=ρTW,USσTWσUS=0.58(4.43)(5.55)=14.26017\operatorname{Cov}(TW,US) =\rho_{TW,US}\sigma_{TW}\sigma_{US} =0.58(4.43)(5.55) =14.26017

以上計算使用百分比數字,因此變異數與共變異數皆以百分比平方表示;單位一致即可。

兩資產切線組合的未正規化權重,分別為:

w~TW=σUS2(μTW−Rf)−Cov⁡(TW,US)(μUS−Rf)\tilde{w}_{TW} = \sigma_{US}^2(\mu_{TW}-R_f) -\operatorname{Cov}(TW,US)(\mu_{US}-R_f)
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第 23 題

According to the previous question, calculate the extra return that T.W. investors can expect to capture at the “T.W.-equivalent” risk level, σTW=4.43%\sigma_{TW}=4.43\%. Which of the following is the closest in value of the extra return?

(A) 0.02%0.02\%

(B) 0.06%0.06\%

(C) 0.10%0.10\%

(D) 0.13%0.13\%

(E) 0.26%0.26\%

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考國際分散投資與資本配置線。先用兩市場的報酬、變異數與共變異數,找出夏普比率最高的切點風險組合;再結合無風險資產,將組合調整到與台灣市場相同的風險水準。兩者預期報酬的差額,就是台灣投資人可望增加的報酬。

解題方法

依原卷第 10 頁讀取第 23 題及共用題幹:台灣與美國市場的月平均報酬分別為 1.26%1.26\%、1.23%1.23\%,標準差分別為 4.43%4.43\%、5.55%5.55\%,無風險利率為 0.5%0.5\%,相關係數為 0.580.58。原卷前一題要求找兩市場的最適國際投資組合;計算第 23 題時,先以該切點組合搭配無風險資產,使投資組合風險等於台灣市場的 4.43%4.43\%。

切點組合的權重與市場超額報酬及共變異數矩陣成正比:

w∝Σ−1(μ−Rf1)\mathbf{w}\propto\Sigma^{-1}(\boldsymbol{\mu}-R_f\mathbf{1})

兩市場的超額報酬分別是 1.26%−0.5%=0.76%1.26\%-0.5\%=0.76\%、1.23%−0.5%=0.73%1.23\%-0.5\%=0.73\%。共變異數為:

Cov⁡(RTW,RUS)=0.58(4.43%)(5.55%)=14.26017  (百分比)2\operatorname{Cov}(R_{TW},R_{US}) =0.58(4.43\%)(5.55\%) =14.26017\;(\text{百分比})^2

因此,共變異數矩陣及超額報酬向量可寫為:

Σ=[19.624914.2601714.2601730.8025],μ−Rf1=[0.760.73]\Sigma= \begin{bmatrix} 19.6249 & 14.26017\\ 14.26017 & 30.8025 \end{bmatrix}, \qquad \boldsymbol{\mu}-R_f\mathbf{1} = \begin{bmatrix} 0.76\\ 0.73 \end{bmatrix}

計算 Σ−1(μ−Rf1)\Sigma^{-1}(\boldsymbol{\mu}-R_f\mathbf{1}) 並將權重正規化後,切點組合的權重約為:

wTW=0.7884,wUS=0.2116w_{TW}=0.7884,\qquad w_{US}=0.2116

切點組合的預期報酬為:

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📄 以下 2 題共用同一段題幹

John believes that the Japanese yen will fluctuate widely against the U.S. dollar in the coming month. Currently, one-month call options on Japanese yen (¥\yen) are available with a strike price of \0.0085andapremiumofand a premium of$0.0006perunit.One−monthputoptionsonJapaneseyenareavailablewithastrikepriceofper unit. One-month put options on Japanese yen are available with a strike price of$0.0084andapremiumofand a premium of$0.0005$ per unit. One option contract on Japanese yen contains 6.25 million yen. Assume John decides to construct a long strangle in yen.

第 24 題

What are the lower and the upper break-even (BE) points of this strangle, respectively?

(A) \0.0072andand$0.0097$

(B) \0.0082andand$0.0086$

(C) \0.0080andand$0.0090$

(D) \0.0073andand$0.0096$

(E) \0.0067andand$0.0092$

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

買進跨式價外組合(長勒式)是同時買進一個較低履約價的賣權,以及一個較高履約價的買權。到期時,匯率大幅下跌可由賣權獲利,大幅上漲可由買權獲利;最大損失為兩個選擇權權利金的總和。

本題賣權履約價為 0.00840.0084,買權履約價為 0.00850.0085。每日圓的總權利金成本為:

0.0005+0.0006=0.00110.0005+0.0006=0.0011

解題方法

匯率低於賣權履約價時,買權不會履約,組合損益來自賣權。下方損益兩平點為賣權履約價減去總權利金:

0.0084−0.0011=0.00730.0084-0.0011=0.0073

匯率高於買權履約價時,賣權不會履約,組合損益來自買權。上方損益兩平點為買權履約價加上總權利金:

0.0085+0.0011=0.00960.0085+0.0011=0.0096

因此,下方與上方損益兩平點分別為 0.00730.0073 與 0.00960.0096。每份契約包含 625 萬日圓,但計算每日圓的損益兩平匯率時,契約數量會同時乘上履約價差與權利金成本,不影響匯率結果。

選項分析

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第 25 題

According to the previous question, assume John decides to construct a long strangle in yen. What is John's total profit or loss of trading one unit of strangle (contracts) if the value of yen in one month is \0.0090$?

(A) -\1{,}250$

(B) -\4{,}375$

(C) -\3{,}750$

(D) \3{,}125$

(E) \1{,}250$

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查買進勒式(long strangle)的到期損益。勒式是同時買進履約價不同、到期日相同的買權與賣權;到期損益須計入兩份選擇權的權利金成本。

解題方法

依原卷圖,日圓買權履約價為 $0.0085、權利金為每日圓 $0.0006;賣權履約價為 $0.0084、權利金為每日圓 $0.0005。每口契約含 6,250,000 日圓,到期時日圓價值為 $0.0090。

到期價格高於買權履約價,因此買權有價內價值;同時高於賣權履約價,因此賣權到期價值為零。每單位勒式的到期淨損益為:

[max⁡(0.0090−0.0085,0)+max⁡(0.0084−0.0090,0)−0.0006−0.0005]×6,250,000\left[\max(0.0090-0.0085,0)+\max(0.0084-0.0090,0)-0.0006-0.0005\right]\times 6{,}250{,}000 =(0.0005−0.0011)×6,250,000=−3,750=(0.0005-0.0011)\times 6{,}250{,}000 =-3{,}750
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