114 年 國立成功大學國際企業研究所《經濟學》
第 1 題
True or False (2 points each, 40 points, please answer each question in either "T" or "F")
- The interest rate will decline, and the bond price will decrease subsequently when the central bank decides to increase the money supply.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考驗對貨幣政策與債券市場關係的理解。
當中央銀行決定增加貨幣供給時,通常會採取公開市場操作,例如購買政府債券。這會增加市場上的貨幣量,導致利率下降。
第 2 題
True or False (2 points each, 40 points, please answer each question in either "T" or "F")
- We should expect Taiwan's exports to increase when the Taiwan dollar has weakened about 6.5% recently and is likely to continue this way.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考驗對匯率變動與貿易的影響。
當一個國家的貨幣貶值(例如新台幣對美元貶值 6.5%)時,對於該國的出口商品來說,以外幣計價的價格會變得更便宜。
第 3 題
True or False (2 points each, 40 points, please answer each question in either "T" or "F")
- A factory implementing new technology that increases its production rate while simultaneously reducing its pollution output is experiencing productivity gains but still creating a negative externality.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考驗對生產力、外部性與技術進步的理解。
題目描述工廠採用新技術,一方面提高了生產率(生產更多產品),另一方面也減少了污染(降低了對環境的負面影響)。
第 4 題
True or False (2 points each, 40 points, please answer each question in either "T" or "F")
- On July 30, 2024, the Ministry of Economic Affairs issued a new regulation for the localization rate of auto parts for locally produced cars. This is a typical example of non-tariff barriers and enhancing technology transfer for automobiles.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考驗對貿易政策工具的理解。
「在地化率」(localization rate)要求汽車零件中,本地生產的比例必須達到一定程度。這意味著進口零件的比例受到限制,迫使汽車製造商使用本地生產的零件。
第 5 題
True or False (2 points each, 40 points, please answer each question in either "T" or "F")
- Economic hysteresis means that the economic condition has lasting effect even after initial causes of the current economic condition have already dissipated.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考驗對「經濟遲滯」(economic hysteresis)概念的理解。
經濟遲滯是指某些經濟衝擊(例如嚴重的衰退或失業)的影響會持續存在,即使導致這些衝擊的初始原因(例如某次經濟危機)
第 6 題
True or False (2 points each, 40 points, please answer each question in either "T" or "F")
- Negative interest rates could stimulate economies but might suffer a deflationary spiral once the self-correction mechanism within economies fails to function.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考驗對負利率政策及其潛在風險的理解。
負利率政策(Negative Interest Rate Policy, NIRP)是中央銀行將存款準備金利率設定為負值,旨在鼓勵銀行放貸,刺激投資和消費,從而刺激經濟。
然而,負利率也可能帶來風險。如果人們因為負利率而傾向於持有現金,而非將資金存入銀行,可能會導致貨幣流通速度下降。
第 7 題
True or False (2 points each, 40 points, please answer each question in either "T" or "F")
- A denial of a proposed merger between Ubereats and Foodpanda by the Fair Trade Commission of Taiwan was due to regulations being used to enhance innovations of delivery platforms and delivery efficiency.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考驗對公平交易委員會(Fair Trade Commission, FTC)審查合併案的理由。
公平交易委員會審查企業合併案的主要目的通常是為了維護市場競爭,防止壟斷或過度集中。
如果合併案被認為會顯著減少市場競爭,或者可能對消費者不利(例如導致價格上漲、服務品質下降、創新減少),委員會可能會駁回該合併案。
第 8 題
True or False (2 points each, 40 points, please answer each question in either "T" or "F")
- A government policy implementing a maximum rent price for rental units that is higher than the average current rent will likely lead to a shortage of available rental units.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考驗對價格上限(price ceiling)政策的影響。
價格上限是指政府設定的某種商品或服務的最高銷售價格。
第 9 題
True or False (2 points each, 40 points, please answer each question in either "T" or "F")
- People see US dollars more valuable and fungible compared to other currencies due to the idea of mental accounting.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考驗對「心理帳戶」(mental accounting)的理解及其與貨幣價值的關係。
心理帳戶是指人們在心理上將財富或收入劃分成不同的「帳戶」,並根據這些帳戶的性質來做出不同的決策。
例如,人們可能將工作收入和意外之財視為不同的帳戶,並以不同的方式花費。
第 10 題
True or False (2 points each, 40 points, please answer each question in either "T" or "F")
- Switching from driving a car to riding a bicycle for your daily commute increases your personal productivity while also generating a positive externality.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考驗對生產力、外部性的理解。
首先,從開車改為騎自行車通勤,對「個人生產力」的影響是模糊的。
一方面,騎自行車可能比開車更耗費體力,若影響到工作效率,則生產力可能下降。
另一方面,騎自行車可能改善健康,減少通勤壓力,長期下來可能提高工作效率,進而提升生產力。
然而,題目提到「增加個人生產力」,這點不確定。
更重要的是,騎自行車通勤產生的是「正向外部性」。正向外部性是指某種活動對第三方產生的有利影響,而這些影響沒有在市場交易中得到補償。
第 11 題
True or False (2 points each, 40 points, please answer each question in either "T" or "F")
- If your income tax rate is higher than the tax rate on your capital gains, it would be more advantageous for you to receive a 10,000 from selling stock you've held for several years.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考驗對所得稅與資本利得稅稅率差異的影響。
題目假設「所得稅率」高於「資本利得稅率」。
若從雇主獲得 10,000 的收益,這筆收益通常被視為「資本利得」,需要按照資本利得稅率課稅。
第 12 題
True or False (2 points each, 40 points, please answer each question in either "T" or "F")
- A rise in custom duties could lead to higher price levels in imports while enhancing the competitiveness of domestic products.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考驗對關稅(custom duties)影響的理解。
關稅是政府對進口商品徵收的稅。
當關稅上升時,進口商品的成本會增加。這通常會導致進口商品的價格在國內市場上上漲。
第 13 題
True or False (2 points each, 40 points, please answer each question in either "T" or "F")
- In repeated games, the players could collude to increase mutual benefits while the players might reach a Nash equilibrium in non-repeated games even though they knew that collusion benefits are much higher than non-collusion benefits.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考驗對重複賽局(repeated games)與非重複賽局(non-repeated games)中納許均衡(Nash equilibrium)和勾結(collusion)的理解。
在重複賽局中,由於參與者之間存在未來的互動,他們可以透過威脅或承諾來影響對方的行為,從而可能實現比非重複賽局中更好的結果,例如透過合作或勾結來獲得更高的總收益。
在非重複賽局(或一次性賽局)中,每個參與者都只考慮當前的最大化利益,而不會考慮未來的報復或獎勵。
第 14 題
True or False (2 points each, 40 points, please answer each question in either "T" or "F")
- A person who avoids moving to a new city for a potentially better job because they fear the regret of leaving their friends and family is influenced by a behavioral bias that can impact microeconomic decisions like labor mobility.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考驗對行為經濟學(behavioral economics)中「行為偏差」(behavioral bias)及其對個體決策影響的理解。
題目描述一個人因為害怕離開親友而產生的「後悔」(regret)的恐懼,而放棄了一個可能更好的工作機會。
這種對後悔的規避,以及對現有社會關係的重視,是影響決策的心理因素。
第 15 題
True or False (2 points each, 40 points, please answer each question in either "T" or "F")
- If a country faces a recession with rising unemployment, the most effective policy response would be to combine tax cuts with lower interest rates.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考驗對總體經濟政策應對衰退的理解。
當國家面臨經濟衰退和失業率上升時,政府通常會採取擴張性財政政策和貨幣政策來刺激總需求。
財政政策方面,減稅(tax cuts)可以增加家庭的可支配收入和企業的利潤,從而刺激消費和投資。
第 16 題
True or False (2 points each, 40 points, please answer each question in either "T" or "F")
- Information disadvantages could occur after the product purchase due to the principal-agent issue.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考驗對「資訊不對稱」(information asymmetry)及其在「委託-代理問題」(principal-agent problem)中的應用。
委託-代理問題發生在一方(委託人,principal)委託另一方(代理人,agent)代表其行事,但代理人可能擁有比委託人更多的資訊,或者代理人的利益可能與委託人的利益不完全一致。
第 17 題
True or False (2 points each, 40 points, please answer each question in either "T" or "F")
- Labor costs might not be so responsive to economic conditions due to wage rigidity caused by institutional and psychological factors.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考驗對勞動市場彈性與工資剛性(wage rigidity)的理解。
工資剛性是指在經濟狀況發生變化時,工資調整的幅度或速度受到限制。
這種限制可能來自多種因素:
- 制度性因素(institutional factors):例如勞動合約、最低工資法、工會協商等,這些都會使工資難以快速隨經濟週期波動。
第 18 題
True or False (2 points each, 40 points, please answer each question in either "T" or "F")
- The AI revolution in the current technology could enhance the workers' productivity and bring about non-decreasing marginal productivity. However, the AI revolution might cause the unemployment rate to increase due to structural and surplus unemployment.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考驗對人工智慧(AI)對勞動市場和生產力的影響。
首先,AI技術的發展確實有可能提高工人的生產力。透過自動化、數據分析、輔助決策等方式,AI可以使工人更有效率地完成工作。
「非遞減邊際生產力」(non-decreasing marginal productivity)是指,隨著投入的增加(例如AI工具的使用),邊際產出不會減少,甚至可能增加。AI的應用通常旨在提高效率,因此可能帶來邊際生產力的提升或至少保持不下降。
其次,AI革命也可能導致失業率的增加。
第 19 題
True or False (2 points each, 40 points, please answer each question in either "T" or "F")
- Cryptocurrencies, decentralized digital currencies, are created through block-chain technology and could be regarded as alternative value preservation instruments like gold. However, the current value status of cryptocurrencies is uncertain and fragile due to their tremendously high price volatility.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考驗對加密貨幣(Cryptocurrencies)的性質、潛在功能及風險的理解。
加密貨幣,如比特幣,確實是透過區塊鏈技術創建的去中心化數位貨幣。
它們被一些人視為「價值儲存」(store of value)的替代品,類似於黃金,因為它們的供應量通常是有限的,且不受單一政府或央行控制。
第 20 題
True or False (2 points each, 40 points, please answer each question in either "T" or "F")
- Announcements of government policies tend to drive economic impact due to rational expectations.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考驗對「理性預期」(rational expectations)理論及其對政策效果的影響。
理性預期理論認為,經濟個體在做決策時,會充分利用所有可獲得的資訊,並基於對未來經濟狀況的最佳預測來行動。
第 1 題
II. Multiple Choice (Choose the Best One, 3 points each, 60 points)
- The following table lists the production costs and the market demand for a hardware product:
🖼️【此處有附圖,請對照原卷】
What is the possible variable production cost per unit when producing two units of hardware if the variable production cost per unit for producing one hardware unit is two dollars more than the variable production cost per unit for producing two hardware units?
a. 57
b. 55
c. 53
d. 52
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
總生產成本為:
其中 為固定成本, 為變動成本。由於產量從 1 單位增加至 2 單位時,固定成本不變,因此:
設生產 2 單位時的每單位變動成本為 ,則生產 1 單位時的每單位變動成本為 。
解題方法
由表可得:
生產 1 單位時:
生產 2 單位時:
因此:
第 2 題
II. Multiple Choice (Choose the Best One, 3 points each, 60 points)
- The following table lists the production costs and the market demand for a hardware product:
🖼️【此處有附圖,請對照原卷】
What is the fixed production cost of producing hardware if the variable production cost per unit for producing two hardware units is one dollar more than the variable production cost per unit for producing three hardware units?
a. 188.86
b. 186.76
c. 184.86
d. 182.76
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考驗計算固定生產成本(Fixed Production Cost, FPC)以及理解變動生產成本(Variable Production Cost, VPC)與總生產成本(Total Production Cost, TPC)的關係。
我們首先需要從表格中找出 FPC。
TPC(Q) = FPC + VPC(Q)
VPC(Q) = , 其中 是產量為 時的單位變動生產成本。
所以,。
題目給了一個條件:
「the variable production cost per unit for producing two hardware units is one dollar more than the variable production cost per unit for producing three hardware units」
Let be the variable production cost per unit at .
Let be the variable production cost per unit at .
We are given .
從表格中,我們有:
根據定義,。
所以:
第 3 題
II. Multiple Choice (Choose the Best One, 3 points each, 60 points)
- The following table lists the production costs and the market demand for a hardware product:
🖼️【此處有附圖,請對照原卷】
What is the marginal revenue for the fourth hardware unit?
a. 50
b. 45
c. 30
d. 25
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考驗計算邊際收益(Marginal Revenue, MR)。
邊際收益是指每增加一個單位的銷售量所帶來的總收益(Total Revenue, TR)的增加量。
。
首先,我們需要從表格中的價格(Price)和產量(Quantity)來計算總收益(TR)。
。
從表格中,我們找出第 4 個單位的資訊:
Quantity (Q) = 4
Price (P) = 393.16
第 4 題
II. Multiple Choice (Choose the Best One, 3 points each, 60 points)
- The following table lists the production costs and the market demand for a hardware product:
🖼️【此處有附圖,請對照原卷】
What is the quantity where the marginal revenue is equal to the marginal production cost for this hardware product?
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考驗找出利潤最大化產量,即邊際收益(Marginal Revenue, MR)等於邊際成本(Marginal Cost, MC)的產量。
首先,我們需要計算 MR 和 MC。
計算 TR (Total Revenue) 和 MR:
| Q | Price | TR = P*Q | MR | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | $225 | $225 | - | - |
| 2 | $200 | $400 | 175 | |
| 3 | $150 | $450 | 50 | |
| 4 | $120 | $480 | 30 | |
| 5 | $101 | $505 | 25 | |
| 6 | $88 | $528 | 23 | |
| 7 | $78 | $546 | 18 | |
| 8 | $70 | $560 | 14 |
計算 TPC (Total Production Cost) 和 MC:
MC 是 TPC 的變化量除以產量變化量(通常為 1)。
| Q | TPC | MC | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
第 5 題
II. Multiple Choice (Choose the Best One, 3 points each, 60 points)
- The following table lists the production costs and the market demand for a hardware product:
🖼️【此處有附圖,請對照原卷】
What is the quantity which makes the profit equal to zero?
a. 6
b. 7
c. 8
d. None
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考驗找出利潤為零的產量,即總收益(Total Revenue, TR)等於總成本(Total Cost, TC)的產量。
我們需要計算 TR 和 TPC (Total Production Cost) 在不同產量下的值,然後比較 Profit = TR - TPC。
首先計算 TR:
| Q | Price | TR = P*Q |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | $225 | $225 |
| 2 | $200 | $400 |
| 3 | $150 | $450 |
| 4 | $120 | $480 |
| 5 | $101 | $505 |
| 6 | $88 | $528 |
| 7 | $78 | $546 |
| 8 | $70 | $560 |
第 6 題
II. Multiple Choice (Choose the Best One, 3 points each, 60 points)
- There are three representative agents, A, B, and C who had consumption bundles of , and , respectively, last year (base period) while they have consumption bundles of , , and this year. The prices were last year while the prices are this year. What is the Laspeyres CPI (consumer price index)?
a. 1.55
b. 1.60
c. 1.65
d. 1.70
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
Laspeyres CPI 以「基期消費數量」作為固定權數,衡量基期消費組合在今年價格下所需的支出,相對於基期價格下支出的變化:
其中:
- :基期價格
- :今年價格
- :基期消費數量
本題的今年消費數量不列入 Laspeyres CPI 的計算。
解題方法
先加總三位代表性消費者在基期的消費數量。
財的基期總消費量:
財的基期總消費量:
基期價格為 ,因此基期消費組合的支出為:
第 7 題
II. Multiple Choice (Choose the Best One, 3 points each, 60 points)
- There are three representative agents, A, B, and C who had consumption bundles of , and , respectively, last year (base period) while they have consumption bundles of , , and this year. The prices were last year while the prices are this year. What is the Paasche CPI (consumer price index)?
a. 1.60
b. 1.65
c. 1.70
d. 1.75
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查總體經濟學中物價指數的衡量方法,核心在於**帕氏物價指數(Paasche Price Index)**的定義與總體市場(加總消費者)的計算方式。
- 帕氏指數(Paasche Index, ):
以當期(報告期,Current Period)消費組合為權數計算的物價指數,衡量以當期消費籃子在當期價格下的總支出,相對於以基期價格購買同組籃子總支出的比率。 其中:- 為當期價格,即今年價格 。
- 為基期價格,即去年價格 。
- 為當期消費量。由於市場由三個代表性個體 A、B、C 組成,總體消費量為三者的當期消費總和:,。
解題方法
第一步:計算今年(當期,)市場總消費量
題目給定三位個體在今年的消費組合:
- Agent A:
- Agent B:
- Agent C:
加總得今年市場總消費量 :
第二步:計算今年總支出(以今年價格購買今年消費籃子,分子)
今年的價格為 :
第三步:計算以去年價格購買今年消費籃子的總支出(分母)
去年的價格為 :
第 8 題
II. Multiple Choice (Choose the Best One, 3 points each, 60 points)
- There are three representative agents, A, B, and C who had consumption bundles of , and , respectively, last year (base period) while they have consumption bundles of , , and this year. The prices were last year while the prices are this year. What is the Marshall-Edgeworth CPI (consumer price index)?
a. 1.68
b. 1.74
c. 1.85
d. 1.92
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
Marshall–Edgeworth CPI 使用基期與本期消費數量的平均值作為權數:
其中乘以 的平均數量會在分子、分母中相互抵消。三位代表性代理人等權平均。
解題方法
已知基期價格為 ,本期價格為 。
代理人 A:
代理人 B:
代理人 C:
第 9 題
II. Multiple Choice (Choose the Best One, 3 points each, 60 points)
- There are three representative agents, A, B, and C who had consumption bundles of , and , respectively, last year (base period). The prices were last year while the prices are this year. What is the plutocratic CPI (consumer price index)?
a. 0.62
b. 0.73
c. 0.84
d. 0.95
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
Plutocratic CPI(富者型消費者物價指數)依各代表個人在基期的消費支出比例加權個人價格指數。等價地,也可直接用所有代表人的基期消費籃計算 Laspeyres 價格指數:
解題方法
基期價格為 ,本期價格為 。
三位代表人在基期的消費支出如下:
因此,基期總支出為:
以本期價格重新計算三人的基期消費籃:
本期價格計算的基期消費籃總支出為:
故:
第 10 題
II. Multiple Choice (Choose the Best One, 3 points each, 60 points)
- There are three representative agents, A, B, and C who had consumption bundles of , and , respectively, last year (base period). The prices were last year while the prices are this year. What is the democratic CPI (consumer price index)?
a. 1.60
b. 1.65
c. 1.70
d. 1.75
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考驗計算「民主型 CPI」(Democratic CPI)。
民主型 CPI 通常是指以「最低支出者」的消費籃子為權重計算的 CPI。
我們需要找出誰是「最低支出者」。
從上一題的計算可知:
基期花費:A=4, B=7, C=9。消費者 A 的基期花費最少。
今年花費:A=7, B=12, C=15。消費者 A 的今年花費最少。
因此,消費者 A 是最低支出者。
民主型 CPI 通常是指以最低支出者的「基期消費籃子」來計算的 CPI。
消費者 A 的基期消費籃子是 。
我們使用這個籃子來計算:
其中 是消費者 A 的基期消費籃子。
, 。
分子:今年價格下的消費者 A 基期籃子總成本
分母:基期價格下的消費者 A 基期籃子總成本
第 11 題
II. Multiple Choice (Choose the Best One, 3 points each, 60 points)
- In the closed Wizard of Oz economy, there are Lion and Tin Woodman. Lion grows 12 oranges with each worth half of an Oz dollar while Tin Woodman can grow up to 10 apples with each worth one Oz dollar. Dorothy, a humble and modest girl, kindly issues one Oz dollar bill to Tin Woodman who uses the bill to purchase produce through the market. What is the gross domestic product (GDP) in terms of Oz dollars within the Wizard of Oz economy if Lion sells off all his oranges and spends all his earnings purchasing Tin Woodman's apples? (Lion and Tin Woodman will not eat their own produce)
a. 12
b. 16
c. 24
d. 32
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
GDP 是一段期間內,境內生產之最終商品與服務的市場價值總和。計算時:
- 產能上限不等於實際生產量。
- 同一商品的買賣不能重複計算。
- Dorothy 發行的 鈔票只是貨幣,不是商品或服務,不列入 GDP。
解題方法
Lion 售出全部橘子:
因此 Lion 的收入為 Oz dollars,並將全部收入購買 Tin Woodman 的蘋果。每顆蘋果 Oz dollar,所以購買:
Tin Woodman「最多」能生產 顆蘋果,表示產能上限,並非實際已生產 顆。本題沒有設定未售出蘋果形成存貨,因此依實際市場交易計算 顆蘋果。
GDP 為橘子與蘋果的最終商品價值:
第 12 題
II. Multiple Choice (Choose the Best One, 3 points each, 60 points)
- In the closed Wizard of Oz economy, there are Lion and Tin Woodman. Lion grows 12 oranges with each worth half of an Oz dollar while Tin Woodman can grow up to 10 apples with each worth one Oz dollar. Dorothy, a humble and modest girl, kindly issues two one-Oz dollar bills to Tin Woodman who uses these bills to purchase produce through the market. What is the gross domestic product (GDP) in terms of Oz dollars within the Wizard of Oz economy if Lion sells off all his oranges and spends all his earnings purchasing Tin Woodman's apples? (Lion and Tin Woodman will not eat their own produce)
a. 12
b. 16
c. 24
d. 32
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考的是 GDP 的「生產面」計算。GDP 是一國境內某一期間所生產之最終財貨與服務的市場價值,計算公式為:
貨幣的發行與流通本身不是生產活動,不計入 GDP。
解題方法
獅子生產 12 顆橘子,每顆價值 Oz dollar:
鐵皮人最多生產 10 顆蘋果,每顆價值 Oz dollar:
因此,該封閉經濟體的 GDP 為:
桃樂絲發行的 2 張鈔票只是貨幣供給增加,不代表新增財貨或服務,因此不列入 GDP。獅子用所得購買蘋果,也只是最終財貨的交易,不應將交易金額重複計算;
第 13 題
II. Multiple Choice (Choose the Best One, 3 points each, 60 points)
- In the open Wizard of Oz economy, there are Lion and Tin Woodman living in the center of Oz while Glinda, a most powerful sorceress, rules the Quadling Country on the south to the center of Oz. Lion grows 12 oranges with each worth half of an Oz dollar while Tin Woodman can grow up to 10 apples with each worth one Oz dollar. Dorothy, a humble and modest girl, kindly issues one Oz dollar bill to Tin Woodman who uses this bill to purchase produce through the market. What is the gross domestic product (GDP) in terms of Oz dollars within the Wizard of Oz economy if Lion sells off all his oranges and spends all his earnings purchasing Tin Woodman's apples while Tin Woodman exports his apples up to his capacity to exchange for Glinda's charmed heart worth 4 Quad dollars where one Quad dollar has equal value of one Oz dollar, which will be maintained constantly? (Lion and Tin Woodman will not eat their own produce)
a. 12
b. 16
c. 24
d. 32
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
GDP 是一國境內在一定期間所生產之「最終商品與服務」的市場價值總和:
本題要注意:
- 出口商品仍是在國內生產,因此計入 GDP。
- 外國生產的進口商品不計入本國 GDP;Glinda 的魔法心臟屬於 Quadling Country 的進口品。
- Dorothy 發行 $1 Oz 紙鈔只是貨幣供給或金融交易,不是新的商品生產。
- Lion 購買 Tin Woodman 的蘋果,是商品交易,不應把同一批蘋果重複計算。
解題方法
採用「生產面」計算國內最終產出。
Lion 生產 顆橘子,每顆價值 Oz dollar:
Tin Woodman 生產至產能上限 顆蘋果,每顆價值 $1
第 14 題
II. Multiple Choice (Choose the Best One, 3 points each, 60 points)
- In the open Wizard of Oz economy, there are Lion and Tin Woodman living in the center of Oz while Glinda, a most powerful sorceress, rules the Quadling Country on the south to the center of Oz. Lion grows 12 oranges with each worth half of an Oz dollar while Tin Woodman can grow up to 10 apples with each worth one Oz dollar. Dorothy, a humble and modest girl, kindly issues one Oz dollar bill to Tin Woodman who uses this bill to purchase produce through the market. What is the gross domestic product (GDP) in terms of Oz dollars within the Wizard of Oz economy if Lion sells off all his oranges and spends all his earnings purchasing Tin Woodman's apples while Tin Woodman exports his apples up to his capacity to Glinda who settles this deal using Quad dollars with one Quad dollar equal to one Oz dollar, which will be maintained constantly? (Lion and Tin Woodman will not eat their own produce)
a. 12
b. 16
c. 24
d. 32
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查開放經濟下的國內生產毛額(GDP)。GDP 是「一定期間內,在一國境內生產之最終商品與服務的市場價值」,不論商品最後由國內消費或出口,都應計入 GDP。
本題可用生產面計算:
貨幣發行與交易次數本身不屬於 GDP;出口商品則屬於本國生產,必須計入。
解題方法
Lion 生產橘子:
因此橘子的產值為 Oz dollars。
Tin Woodman 最多生產 10 顆蘋果,每顆價值 Oz dollar:
雖然 Lion 以 Oz dollars 購買 6 顆蘋果,Tin Woodman 仍可將其餘 4 顆蘋果出口給 Glinda。出口商品仍是在 Oz 境內生產,因此必須計入 GDP。
所以:
第 15 題
II. Multiple Choice (Choose the Best One, 3 points each, 60 points)
- In the open Wizard of Oz economy, there are Lion and Tin Woodman living in the center of Oz while Glinda, a most powerful sorceress, rules the Quadling Country on the south to the center of Oz. Lion grows 12 oranges with each worth half of an Oz dollar while Tin Woodman can grow up to 10 apples with each worth one Oz dollar. Dorothy, a humble and modest girl, kindly issues two one-Oz dollar bills to Tin Woodman who uses these bills to purchase produce through the market. What is the money supply in terms of Oz dollars within the Wizard of Oz economy if Lion sells off all his oranges and spends all his earnings purchasing Tin Woodman's apples while Tin Woodman exports his apples up to his capacity to Glinda who settles this deal using Quad dollars with one Quad dollar equal to one Oz dollar, which will be maintained constantly? (Lion and Tin Woodman will not eat their own produce)
a. 2
b. 4
c. 6
d. 8
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題測驗總體經濟學與貨幣銀行學中的貨幣供給量(Money Supply)定義、商品市場均衡交易以及開放經濟下外匯對本國貨幣供給的影響。
- 貨幣供給量()的定義:指一國國內流通於公眾手中的貨幣總額。在此簡化模型中,即為流通於中心區(Wizard of Oz 經濟體內部居民手中)的 Oz 幣總額。
- 法定貨幣發行與流通:桃樂絲(Dorothy)初始發行的 2 張一元面額 Oz 幣,代表初始的外生貨幣供給。
- 國際收支與跨國結算:跨國貿易結算若使用外幣(Quad 幣),且該外幣不在國內流通或未被中央機構結售轉換為 Oz 幣,則其不構成國內貨幣供給的一部分;若該交易在 Oz 經濟體境內以維持 1:1 固定匯率之 Oz 幣等價結算流通,則需審視最終留在經濟體內公眾手中的 Oz 幣實際總額。
- 貨幣與產出的交易方程式(交易需求):依據交易完成後各行為人手中持有的 Oz 幣存量(Stock)進行加總。
解題方法
步驟一:盤點經濟體內各行為人的商品與初始稟賦
- 獅子(Lion):
- 生產 12 顆柳丁(oranges)。
- 每顆價值 0.5 Oz 幣,總價值為:
- 初始貨幣持有量:0。
- 錫樵夫(Tin Woodman):
- 最多可生產 10 顆蘋果(apples)。
- 每顆價值 1 Oz 幣,產能上限總價值為:
- 初始貨幣持有量:獲得桃樂絲發行的 2 張 1 元面額 Oz 幣,共計 2 Oz 幣。
- 經濟體初始貨幣總供給:
步驟二:分析市場交易與商品流向
-
錫樵夫使用初始貨幣購買農產品:
- 題目指出錫樵夫「uses these bills to purchase produce through the market」(使用這 2 元紙鈔透過市場購買農產品)。
- 由於錫樵夫不吃自己的產出,其購買的農產品為獅子的柳丁。
- 錫樵夫向獅子購買價值 2 Oz 幣的柳丁(共 4 顆),使 2 Oz 幣流通至獅子手中。
-
獅子出售所有柳丁並購買蘋果:
- 獅子總共有價值 6 Oz 幣的柳丁。
- 獅子將柳丁全部售出,獲得 6 Oz 幣的收入,並將全部收入拿來購買錫樵夫的蘋果。
- 每顆蘋果價值 1 Oz 幣,獅子買入 6 顆蘋果,並將 6 Oz 幣支付給錫樵夫。
-
錫樵夫對外出口蘋果:
- 錫樵夫產能上限為 10 顆蘋果,已賣給獅子 6 顆,剩餘產能為:
- 錫樵夫將剩餘產能出口給南方的葛琳達(Glinda),共出口 4 顆蘋果。
- 葛琳達以 Quad 幣支付,匯率為 1 Quad 幣 = 1 Oz 幣,故支付相當於 4 Oz 幣的價款。
- 錫樵夫產能上限為 10 顆蘋果,已賣給獅子 6 顆,剩餘產能為:
步驟三:計算 Oz 經濟體內的貨幣供給量()
第 16 題
II. Multiple Choice (Choose the Best One, 3 points each, 60 points)
- Alice strolling around Wonderland comes across three playing card men of Two, Five, and Seven Spades who are bickering with each other due to their mistakenly planting white roses the Queen of Hears hates. They are hasty to correct this mishap and scramble to ask for Alice's kindness. Alice kindly advises them to borrow money from the Croquet bank, the only bank in the playing cards kingdom, which has total assets of 1,000 Croquet dollars and purchase stuff to fix the mistake. As follows, they borrow 1,000 Croquet dollars from the Croquet bank and buy paint brushes, red paint, and paint buckets from a paint shop. The paint shop meets their orders by purchasing materials using 700 Croquet dollars and deposits 300 Croquet dollars at the Croquet bank. Alice, wishing to win a croquet game against the Queen of Hearts, borrows 200 Croquet dollars from the Croquet bank, hires a private croquet coach using 150 Croquet dollars and deposits 50 Croquet dollars at the bank. Finally, the Croquet bank lends 80 Croquet dollars to the captain of the entourage of guards of the Queen of Hearts. The captain spends 70 Croquet dollars and deposits 10 Croquet dollars at the Croquet bank. What is the money supply in terms of Croquet dollars after these activities?
a. 1,000
b. 1,280
c. 1,560
d. 1,920
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
貨幣供給量定義為民間持有的現金與銀行存款:
其中 為流通在外的現金, 為銀行存款。交易只會改變貨幣的持有人與形式,不會因為支出而讓貨幣消失。
銀行原有的 元資產屬於銀行資產,不能在最後再單獨加進貨幣供給量。
解題方法
依照各筆資金最後的去向計算:
-
三名撲克牌人借款 元。油漆店將其中 元購買材料,這 元成為民間持有的現金;剩餘 元存入銀行。
-
Alice 借款 元,支付教練 元,並將 元存入銀行。
-
衛兵隊長借款 元,支出 元,並將 元存入銀行。
因此,流通在外的現金為:
銀行存款為:
第 17 題
II. Multiple Choice (Choose the Best One, 3 points each, 60 points)
- According to Question 16, what is the gross domestic product (GDP) in terms of Croquet dollars in Wonderland?
a. 1,000
b. 1,220
c. 1,500
d. 1,860
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
GDP 是一國在一定期間內所生產之「最終商品與服務」的市場價值。本題採支出面計算:
題目未提及投資、政府支出與淨出口,因此只計入 Wonderland 中的最終消費支出。
銀行放款、存款與還款屬於金融交易,不是當期生產,不能列入 GDP。Paint shop 購買的 Croquet dollars 材料屬於中間投入,不能再單獨加總,否則會重複計算。
解題方法
依 Question 16 的交易,計入最終商品與服務支出:
- 三名紙牌人向 paint shop 購買商品:
這是最終商品支出,應計入 GDP。Paint shop 支付的 材料費已包含在最終商品價值中,不另行加總。
- Alice 向私人 croquet coach 購買服務:
這是當期生產的最終服務,應計入 GDP。
- Queen of Hearts 的衛隊隊長支出:
第 18 題
II. Multiple Choice (Choose the Best One, 3 points each, 60 points)
- According to Question 16, what is the velocity of the money in Wonderland using the Cambridge equation?
a. 1.05
b. 1.00
c. 0.95
d. 0.85
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「劍橋現金餘額方程式」(Cambridge equation):
其中:
- :貨幣供給量
- :物價水準
- :實質 GDP
- :所得中以貨幣形式持有的比例
貨幣流通速度 與 互為倒數:
解題方法
題目要求使用劍橋方程式求貨幣流通速度。依第 16 題所給的貨幣持有比例 :
第 19 題
II. Multiple Choice (Choose the Best One, 3 points each, 60 points)
- According to Question 16, what is the real gross domestic product (Real GDP) if the current price level is 2 in Wonderland?
a. 500
b. 610
c. 750
d. 930
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考驗計算實質 GDP (Real GDP),已知名目 GDP (Nominal GDP) 和物價水平 (Price Level)。
名目 GDP 是指當期以當期價格計算的 GDP。
實質 GDP 是指在基期價格下計算的 GDP,它排除了物價變動的影響,更能反映經濟產出的實際增長。
關係式為:
第 20 題
II. Multiple Choice (Choose the Best One, 3 points each, 60 points)
- According to Question 16, the Queen of Hearts issues a cryptocurrency named the QHcoin of 200 units to Wonderland. She orders the Croquet bank to purchase all units of QHcoin using the total asset value of the Croquet bank. This means that the Croquet bank transfers all assets to QHcoin. What is the unit price of QHcoin in terms of Croquet dollars?
a. 6.80
b. 7.80
c. 8.60
d. 9.60
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。