111 年 國立臺灣大學植物科學系碩士班《專業英文（K）》
第 1 題25 分
In the absence of fixed nitrogen, some filamentous cyanobacteria differentiate heterocysts, specialized cells devoted to fixing atmospheric nitrogen (). This differentiation process is controlled by the global nitrogen regulator NtcA and involves extensive metabolic reprogramming, including shutdown of photosynthetic fixation in heterocysts, to provide a microaerobic environment suitable for fixation. Small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) are major post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression in bacteria. In cyanobacteria, responding to nitrogen deficiency involves transcribing several nitrogen-regulated sRNAs. Here, we describe the participation of nitrogen stress-inducible RNA 4 (NsiR4) in post-transcriptionally regulating the expression of two genes involved in fixation via the Calvin cycle: , which encodes bifunctional sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase/fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (SBPase), and , which encodes phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK). Using a heterologous reporter assay in Escherichia coli, we show that NsiR4 interacts with the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of and mRNAs. Overexpressing NsiR4 in Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 resulted in a reduced amount of SBPase protein and reduced PGK activity, as well as reduced levels of both and mRNAs, further supporting that NsiR4 negatively regulates these two enzymes. In addition, using a fusion to the nsiR4 promoter, we show stronger expression of NsiR4 in heterocysts than in vegetative cells, which could contribute to the heterocyst-specific shutdown of Calvin cycle flux. Post-transcriptional regulation of two Calvin cycle enzymes by NsiR4, a nitrogen-regulated sRNA, represents an additional link between nitrogen control and assimilation. (Plant Physiology (2021) 187: 787-798.)
- Give this research a suitable English title. (English)
- In addition to proper nouns, describe the following in Chinese:
a) What problem does this abstract describe the research on?
b) What research methods were used in this study, and what conclusions were drawn?
c) What is the main conclusion of this research?
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這是一篇關於藍綠菌（cyanobacteria）調節碳固定（ fixation）機制的研究摘要。題目要求根據摘要內容，為研究下一個英文標題，並用中文闡述研究的問題、方法、結論。
核心觀念：
- 摘要閱讀理解： 能夠快速抓取科學研究摘要的核心資訊，包括研究背景、問題、方法、結果與結論。
- 科學英文標題撰寫： 根據研究內容，提煉出簡潔、精確的英文標題。
- 科學中文闡述： 將英文摘要的科學內容，轉換成清晰易懂的中文敘述。
解題步驟：
Part 1: 英文標題撰寫
研究的主題是：氮飢餓（nitrogen deficiency）如何透過小分子RNA (sRNA) NsiR4，調控藍綠菌中參與固定的兩個基因 ( 和 ) 的表現，進而影響 Calvin cycle 的代謝。NsiR4 在異形細胞（heterocysts）中表現較強，這與異形細胞關閉 Calvin cycle 以進行固氮的現象相關。因此，標題應包含這些關鍵元素：NsiR4, sRNA, nitrogen regulation, fixation, Calvin cycle, cyanobacteria, heterocysts。
建議標題：
- "NsiR4, a Nitrogen-Regulated sRNA, Post-Transcriptionally Represses Fixation Genes in Cyanobacteria"
- "Post-Transcriptional Regulation of Calvin Cycle Genes by sRNA NsiR4 Controls Fixation in Cyanobacterial Heterocysts"
- "Nitrogen Control of Assimilation in Cyanobacteria: Role of sRNA NsiR4 in Regulating Calvin Cycle Gene Expression"
【答案】
"NsiR4, a Nitrogen-Regulated sRNA, Post-Transcriptionally Represses Fixation Genes in Cyanobacteria" (或其他類似涵蓋關鍵資訊的標題)
Part 2: 中文闡述
(a) 這篇摘要敘述此研究在研究什麼樣的問題？
此研究探討在氮元素缺乏的環境下，絲狀藍綠菌如何進行異形細胞分化以進行固氮。特別聚焦於一個名為 NsiR4 的小分子 RNA (sRNA) 如何在轉錄後層級（post-transcriptional level）調控參與 固定的 Calvin cycle 相關基因（ 和 ）的表現，以及這種調控與異形細胞關閉 固定代謝以適應微好氧環境
第 2 題25 分
Abscisic acid (ABA) transport plays a crucial role in seed germination under unfavourable conditions such as cold stress. Both heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) protein are involved in cold stress responses in Arabidopsis. However, their roles in seed germination with regard to ABA signaling remain unknown. Here we demonstrated that Arabidopsis HSP70-16 and VDAC3 jointly suppress seed germination under cold stress conditions. At 4°C, both HSP70-16 and VDAC3 facilitated the efflux of ABA from the endosperm to the embryo and thus inhibited seed germination. HSP70-16 interacted with VDAC3 on the plasma membrane and in the nucleus, and the interplay between HSP70-16 and VDAC3 activated the opening of the VDAC3 ion channel. Our work established a novel function of HSP70-16 in seed germination under cold stress and a possible association of VDAC3 activity with ABA transportation from endosperm to embryo under cold stress conditions. This study reveals that HSP70-16 interacts with VDAC3 and facilitates the opening of the VDAC3 ion channel, which influences ABA efflux from endosperm to embryo, thus negatively regulates seed germination under cold stress. (Plant, cell and Environment (2021) 44:3616-3627)
- Give this research a suitable English title. (English)
- In addition to proper nouns, describe the following in Chinese:
a) What problem does this abstract describe the research on?
b) What research methods were used in this study, and what conclusions were drawn?
c) What is the main conclusion of this research?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
這是一篇關於離層酸（ABA）在擬南芥（Arabidopsis）種子萌發中，於低溫逆境下，HSP70 和 VDAC 蛋白如何協同作用調節 ABA 運輸並抑制萌發的研究摘要。題目要求根據摘要內容，為研究下一個英文標題，並用中文闡述研究的問題、方法、結論。
核心觀念：
- 摘要閱讀理解： 準確理解科學研究摘要的重點。
- 科學英文標題撰寫： 根據研究主題，設計一個精確的英文標題。
- 科學中文闡述： 將英文摘要內容轉化為中文說明。
解題步驟：
Part 1: 英文標題撰寫
研究的核心是：在低溫逆境下，擬南芥的 HSP70-16 和 VDAC3 蛋白如何協同作用，促進 ABA 從胚乳運輸到胚胎，進而抑制種子萌發。標題應包含：Arabidopsis, seed germination, cold stress, ABA transport, HSP70, VDAC3, suppression。
建議標題：
- "HSP70-16 and VDAC3 Cooperatively Suppress Arabidopsis Seed Germination Under Cold Stress by Facilitating ABA Efflux"
- "A Novel Role for HSP70-16 in Cold Stress Response: Interaction with VDAC3 Regulates ABA Transport and Inhibits Seed Germination in Arabidopsis"
- "ABA Transport Mediated by HSP70-16 and VDAC3 Suppresses Seed Germination Under Cold Conditions in Arabidopsis"
【答案】
"HSP70-16 and VDAC3 Cooperatively Suppress Arabidopsis Seed Germination Under Cold Stress by Facilitating ABA Efflux" (或其他涵蓋關鍵要素的標題)
Part 2: 中文闡述
(a) 這篇摘要敘述此研究在研究什麼樣的問題？
此研究探討離層酸（ABA）的運輸在不利條件（如低溫逆境）下對種子萌發的重要性。特別是，在模式植物擬南芥中，熱休克蛋白 70 (HSP70) 和電壓依賴性陰離子通道蛋白 (VDAC) 在低溫逆境下的作用，以及它們在種子萌發過程中的 ABA 訊號傳導中的角色，在此之前是未知的。
(b) 此研究用了哪些研究方法，這些研究得到什麼樣的結論？
研究方法：
- 共同抑制實驗（Demonstrated jointly suppress）： 證明 HSP70-16 和 VDAC3 共同作用會抑制種子萌發。