112 年 國立臺灣大學生命科學研究所《專業英文(H)》
第 1 題
- Please fill each blank (i-x) in the above article (Renewable Energy) with the most appropriate word listed below (a to o) (2 points for each blank; 20 points in total)
a. achieving
f. define
k. reliant
b. advantages
c. agreed
g. implemented h. placing
L. replenish
m. resources
d. biodiversity e. consider
i predicts
J. qualify
n. stabilizing
o. sustainable
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
克漏字選詞要同時看「詞性」與「搭配」:先判斷空格需要名詞、動詞、形容詞或分詞,再看前後的固定搭配與語意。以下依原卷〈Renewable Energy〉文章逐格說明。
解題方法(逐格判斷)
| 空格 | 原文脈絡 | 答案 | 理由 |
|---|---|---|---|
| (i) | Replacing fossil fuel-___ power stations | k. reliant | fossil fuel-reliant 為複合形容詞「依賴化石燃料的」,修飾 power stations |
| (ii) | a vital part of ___ climate change | n. stabilizing | 介系詞 of 後接動名詞;「穩定氣候變遷」 |
| (iii) | and ___ net zero carbon emissions | a. achieving | 與 stabilizing 對等的動名詞;achieve net zero 為常見搭配 |
| (iv) | from natural ___ such as coal, oil and natural gas | m. resources | natural resources 自然資源 |
| (v) | Research based on 2015 data ___ that coal stocks will last… | i. predicts | 主詞 Research 為單數,接 that 子句表「預測」 |
| (vi) | the target ___ at COP26 is 1.5°C | c. agreed | 過去分詞修飾 target:「在 COP26 達成共識的目標」 |
第 2 題
- According to research based on 2015 data, if we are to slow down global warming the use of which fossil fuel should be mostly limited at the present time? (2 points)
(A) Coal
(B) Oil
(C) Natural gas (D) green diesel
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
本題考驗考生對文章中關於化石燃料儲量與全球暖化限制的理解。文章提到: "Research based on 2015 data predicts that coal stocks will last well into the next century, but oil and natural gas reserves will run out in the late 2060s. However, scientific models suggest that if we are to limit global warming to 2°C - the target at COP26 (2021年聯合國氣候變遷大會) is 1.5°C-over 80% of coal, 50% of gas and 30% of oil reserves will need to be left untouched."
第 3 題
- Which of the following is not a benefit of replacing fossil fuels with biomass energy? (2 points)
(A) Biomass energy is rich in source and low-cost in terms of production
(B) Biomass energy can be produced within a short time (probably less than 100 years)
(C) Biomass energy is a novel use of waste product
(D) Biomass energy increases biodiversity
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
本題考驗考生對文章中關於生質能源(biomass energy)優缺點的理解。文章中提到生質能源的優點: "It can be abundant and cheaply produced and is a novel use of waste product and leftover crops. It creates less emissions than burning fossil fuels and biofuels are also considered relatively easy and inexpensive to implement, as they are compatible with existing agriculture and waste processing..."
讓我們逐一分析選項:
(A) Biomass energy is rich in source and low-cost in terms of production:文章提到 "It can be abundant and cheaply produced",這與選項 (A) 的意思相符,因此這是生質能源的一個優點。
(B) Biomass energy can be produced within a short time (probably less than 100 years
第 4 題
- Biomass energy is (2 points)
(A) a renewable but not a clean energy
(B) neither a renewable energy nor a clean one
(C) a renewable and clean energy as using it does not emit greenhouse gases
(D) a renewable and also a clean one if carbon capture is in place
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
本題考驗考生對生質能源(biomass energy)是否為再生能源且是否為潔淨能源的理解,以及碳捕捉技術的相關知識。
文章中提到:
- "Renewable energy comes from sources that vii naturally and continually within a human lifetime and is often called viii energy." (vii 為 replenish, viii 為 sustainable)
- "Biomass energy is one of major sources of renewable energy." 這明確指出生質能源是可再生能源。
- "Burning biomass also emits CO2 unless carbon capture is x." (x 為 implemented) 這表示燃燒生質物會排放 CO2,但可以透過碳捕捉技術來處理。
- "Clean energy doesn't produce any pollution once installed. Most renewable energy sources can also be considered clean and green. However, clean energy sources are not always renewable."
第 5 題
- Nuclear energy is (2 points)
(A) a clean energy
(B) a clean energy when carbon capture is in place
(C) a clean energy if radioactive waste can be stored safely (D) not a clean energy at all
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
本題考驗考生對核能(nuclear energy)的理解,特別是其是否屬於潔淨能源的定義。
文章中提到:
"Clean energy doesn't produce any pollution once installed. Most renewable energy sources can also be considered clean and green. However, clean energy sources are not always renewable. Nuclear energy doesn't release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, so some people consider it to be clean -providing the radioactive waste is stored safely and doesn't escape into the environment. But the uranium energy source used in nuclear power plants is not renewable."
從這段文字中,我們可以分析:
- 核能「doesn't release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere」,這符合潔淨能源不排放污染物的特性。
第 6 題
- Which of the following is a most likely reason that nuclear energy is considered non-renewable?
(2 points)
(A) It does not emit greenhouse gases
(B) Nuclear power station requires water and land
(C) It generates electricity less efficiently than biomass energy does
(D) Uranium is present in finite amounts and we are using them far more quickly than they form
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
本題考驗考生對「非再生能源」(non-renewable energy)定義的理解,以及核能的能源來源。
文章中明確提到: "But the uranium energy source used in nuclear power plants is not renewable."
「非再生能源」的定義是指那些在自然界中無法在短時間內(相對於人類的消耗速度)重新生成或補充的能源。文章中指出,核能使用的能源是「uranium」(鈾)。
分析選項:
(A) It does not emit greenhouse gases:這與核能是否為再生能源無關,而是關於其是否為潔淨能源的考量。
第 7 題
- Please fill each blank (1-10) in the above article (A Vicious Cycle) with the most suitable word listed below
(a to o). (2 points for each blank; 20 points in total)
a. attributed
f. feedback
k. prevalence
b. bacterial
c. consumption
d. contributing
e. cycle
g. geographical
L. positive
h. impacting
i. intestinal
j. planetary
m. production
n. revealed
o. ruminant
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
本題為克漏字測驗,主要考驗考生對「惡性循環」(A Vicious Cycle)文章中關於甲烷排放、疾病傳播及氣候變遷之間關聯的理解。考生需根據上下文語意,從提供的字彙選項中選出最適合填入各空格的單字。
以下為填空答案及解析:
Methane is a greenhouse gas with an effect on global warming 28-36 times more potent than CO2. In the past 10 years, atmospheric methane concentrations have increased rapidly, with about half of the increase 1 to emissions from livestock.
- with about half of the increase attributed to emissions from livestock.
解析:空格 1 前面提到「甲烷濃度快速增加」,後面說明「一半的增加量歸因於牲畜排放」。因此,空格 1 應填入表示「歸因於」的動詞,選項 (a) attributed 符合語意。
Research by Amanda Koltz, senior scientist in biology in Arts & Sciences at Washington University, identified a potential 2 loop arising from interactions among climate, infectious diseases and methane emissions.
- identified a potential positive loop arising from interactions...
解析:空格 2 後面是 "loop",前面是 "potential"。文章討論的是「惡性循環」,而「循環」的特性是相互影響,形成一個閉環。選項 (L) positive 在此處表示「正向的」或「加強的」循環,符合「惡性循環」的加劇效應。選項 (e) cycle 雖然也是循環,但 "potential cycle loop" 語意重複,且 positive 更能描述循環的性質。
The researchers examined data from studies of sheep that showed that animals infected with 3 worms produced up to 33% more methane per kilogram of feed than uninfected animals.
- animals infected with intestinal worms produced up to 33% more methane...
解析:空格 3 後面是 "worms",前面是 "infected with"。通常寄生蟲感染的部位是腸道。選項 (i) intestinal(腸道的)符合語意。
The research team also reviewed studies of dairy cattle suffering from mastitis, a common disease caused by 4 infections.
- a common disease caused by bacterial infections.
解析:空格 4 後面是 "infections",前面是 "a common disease caused by"。乳腺炎(mastitis)在牛隻中常見,常由細菌感染引起。選項 (b) bacterial 符合語意。
These studies 5 that cows with mastitis release up to 8% more methane per kilogram of milk produced than uninfected cows.
- These studies revealed that cows with mastitis release up to 8% more methane...
解析:空格 5 前面是 "These studies",後面是 "that cows with mastitis release..."。研究的目的是發現或揭示某項事實。選項 (n) revealed 符合語意。
The authors calculated that infectious diseases in 6 livestock could lead to a sizable increase in methane released into the atmosphere.
- infectious diseases in ruminant livestock could lead to a sizable increase...
解析:空格 6 後面是 "livestock",前面是 "infectious diseases in"。
第 8 題
- According to the article, which of the following factor increases methane emission into the air by sheep? (2 points)
(A) Nutrient in the diet
(B) The behavior
(C) Parasites in the gut
(D) The population densities
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
本題考驗考生對文章中關於影響羊隻甲烷排放因素的理解。文章中提到: "The researchers examined data from studies of sheep that showed that animals infected with 3 worms produced up to 33% more methane per kilogram of feed than uninfected animals." (空格 3 應為 intestinal)。
第 9 題
- Livestock are (2 points)
(A) animals that live on or in other animals of different types and feeds from the hosts
(B) animals or birds that are kept on a farm
(C) animals that eat plants and meats
(D) a type of animal that brings up food from its stomach and chews it again
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
本題考驗考生對「livestock」(牲畜)一詞的定義理解。文章中多次提到 livestock,例如 "emissions from livestock" 和 "infectious diseases in livestock"。雖然文章沒有直接給出 livestock 的定義,但可以從上下文推斷。
選項分析:
(A) animals that live on or in other animals and feeds from the hosts:這描述的是寄生動物(parasites)。
(B) animals or birds that are kept on a farm:這是對 livestock 的常見定義,例如牛、羊、豬、雞等,牠們通常被飼養在農場。
第 10 題
- According to the article, which of the followings are the 3 key elements in the discussed vicious cycle? (3 points)
(A) Climate change
(B) Flow of energy and nutrients through ecosystems
(C) Altering livestock traits
(D) Infectious diseases of livestock
(E) Atmospheric methane concentrations
(F) Methane emission by livestock
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
本題考驗考生對文章中「惡性循環」(vicious cycle)所涉及的關鍵元素的理解。文章開頭就點出主題:「Methane is a greenhouse gas... In the past 10 years, atmospheric methane concentrations have increased rapidly... identified a potential 2 loop arising from interactions among climate, infectious diseases and methane emissions. ... this vicious climate-disease cycle is one more example of the interconnection of our greatest 10 ills climate change and emerging infectious diseases.」
從文章開頭和結尾的總結,以及中間的論述,可以明確看出幾個核心要素:
- Climate change (氣候變遷):文章不斷強調氣候變遷和溫度升高的影響。
- Infectious diseases of livestock (牲畜傳染病):文章詳細討論了寄生蟲和細菌感染對牲畜甲烷排放的影響。
- Methane emission by livestock (牲畜甲烷排放):這是整個循環的核心,與牲畜的健康狀況、飼養方式等相關。同時,甲烷本身也是一種重要的溫室氣體,影響氣候。
第 11 題
- The following circle illustrates the relationship of the 3 elements in the vicious cycle, what are Elements 1, 2 and 3? (3 points)
Element 1 -> Element 2 -> Element 3 -> Element 1
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
本題要求根據文章內容,識別出循環中三個相互關聯的元素。根據上一題的分析,惡性循環的核心要素是氣候變遷、牲畜傳染病和甲烷排放。這三個要素之間存在一個相互加強的循環關係。
文章開頭提到:「Methane is a greenhouse gas... In the past 10 years, atmospheric methane concentrations have increased rapidly, with about half of the increase to emissions from livestock. ... identified a potential loop arising from interactions among climate, infectious diseases and methane emissions. ... this vicious climate-disease cycle is one more example of the interconnection of our greatest ills climate change and emerging infectious diseases.
第 12 題
- Translate the 3rd (bold) paragraph, starting from "Parasites are infamous for.." and ending at "..., altering host traits and modifying the ways in which hosts process nutrients", of the article into Chinese (10 points)
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
本題要求將原文中第三個粗體段落翻譯成中文。段落內容如下:
"Parasites are infamous for their direct negative effects on host individuals and populations. However, parasite effects on host behavior, physiology and demography could also have far-reaching effects on ecosystem-level processes such as climate and nutrient cycling. For example, parasites may indirectly alter the flow of energy and nutrients through ecosystems by
第 Problem 1 題
I. Action Potential Propagation (15 points)
The following two Figures illustrate an action potential propagating along a myelinated axon (Figure 1) and a molecular structure of hemoglobin (Hb) and Hb-Oxygen dissociation cure (Figure 2). Based on the figures, please write 2 essays to explain these 2 physiological mechanisms. Your writings should include all the terms and labels in the figures.
🖼️【此處有附圖,請對照原卷】Figure 1: Neuron structure showing myelin sheath, Schwann cell, Node of Ranvier, axon hillock, soma, dendrites, synapse, and saltatory conduction of action potential. Also shows open and closed ion channels.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
本題要求根據圖一,撰寫一篇關於動作電位沿著有髓鞘的神經軸突傳播的說明文章,並包含圖中所有的術語和標籤。
文章結構建議:
- 引言:簡述動作電位是什麼,以及其在神經傳導中的重要性。提及有髓鞘神經軸突的結構特點。
- 神經元結構:
- 描述神經元的基本結構,包括細胞本體(Soma)、樹突(Dendrites)、軸突(Axon)。
- 重點介紹軸突的結構,包括軸突丘(Axon hillock)、髓鞘(Myelin sheath)及其由施萬細胞(Schwann cell)形成,以及郎飛氏結(Node of Ranvier)。
- 提及突觸(Synapse)作為神經訊號傳遞的終端。
- 離子通道與動作電位產生:
- 解釋動作電位是細胞膜內外離子濃度差異導致的電位變化。
- 介紹膜上的離子通道(Ion channels),包括開放離子通道(Open ion channels)和關閉離子通道(Closed ion channels)。
- 簡述動作電位的產生機制,包括去極化、再極化和過極化(可根據圖示中的離子通道狀態進行說明)。
- 跳躍式傳導(Saltatory Conduction):
- 這是有髓鞘軸突傳導動作電位的關鍵機制。
- 解釋動作電位如何在郎飛氏結之間「跳躍」傳播,而不是連續傳導。
- 說明髓鞘的作用是絕緣,阻止離子在無髓鞘區域流失,從而加速傳導並節省能量。
- 在郎飛氏結處,離子通道密集,允許動作電位的再生。
- 結論:總結跳躍式傳導的優勢(速度快、節省能量),以及其在神經系統功能中的重要性。
文章範例(包含圖中所有術語):
動作電位(Action Potential)是神經系統中訊息傳遞的基本單位,它是一種快速、暫時性的電位變化,沿著神經元的軸突(Axon)傳播。
第 II. Hemoglobin (Hb) and Hb-Oxygen dissoc 題
II. Hemoglobin (Hb) and Hb-Oxygen dissociation cure (15 points)
The following two Figures illustrate an action potential propagating along a myelinated axon (Figure 1) and a molecular structure of hemoglobin (Hb) and Hb-Oxygen dissociation cure (Figure 2). Based on the figures, please write 2 essays to explain these 2 physiological mechanisms. Your writings should include all the terms and labels in the figures.
🖼️【此處有附圖,請對照原卷】Figure 2: Molecular structure of Hemoglobin (Hb) showing alpha and beta chains, heme groups, and iron atoms. Also shows the Hb-Oxygen dissociation curve with axes for % O2 Saturation of Hemoglobin and PO2 (mm Hg), and curves for Tissues at rest, Alveoli, O2 bound to Hb, O2 dissolved in plasma, P/28 mm Hg, and O2 Content of Whole Blood (mL%).
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
本題要求根據圖二,撰寫一篇關於血紅素(Hemoglobin, Hb)分子結構及其氧氣解離曲線(Hb-Oxygen dissociation curve)的說明文章,並包含圖中所有的術語和標籤。
文章結構建議:
- 引言:簡述血紅素在氧氣運輸中的關鍵作用,以及氧氣解離曲線如何描述這種結合與釋放的關係。
- 血紅素的分子結構:
- 描述血紅素的組成,包括四個肽鏈(兩個 α 鏈和兩個 β 鏈,即 α CHAIN 和 β CHAIN)。
- 說明每個肽鏈都結合一個血基質(Heme)分子。
- 強調血基質中含有一個鐵原子(IRON),這是氧氣結合的位點。
- 提及血紅素的四級結構(quaternary structure)。
- 氧氣結合與釋放的機制:
- 解釋血紅素與氧氣結合的過程,以及結合的影響(cooperativity)。
- 描述在肺泡(Alveoli)的高氧分壓(PO2)環境下,血紅素容易與氧氣結合,達到高飽和度 (% O2 Saturation of Hemoglobin)。
- 描述在組織(Tissues at rest)的低氧分壓環境下,血紅素會釋放氧氣,以供應細胞呼吸。
- 血紅素-氧氣解離曲線:
- 解釋圖中曲線的意義:橫軸代表氧分壓(PO2),縱軸代表血紅素的氧飽和度。
- 解釋曲線的形狀:S形曲線(sigmoid curve),反映了血紅素的協同結合特性。
- 標示圖中重要的參考點和區域:
- Alveoli:高 PO2,高飽和度,氧氣結合。
- Tissues at rest:低 PO2,較低飽和度,氧氣釋放。
- Resting physiological range:正常的生理範圍,顯示氧氣在組織中的釋放。
- P/28 mm Hg:表示半飽和點的氧分壓(P50),在此 PO2 下,血紅素約有 50% 的飽和度。
- O2 bound to Hb:表示結合在血紅素上的氧氣量。
- O2 dissolved in plasma:表示溶解在血漿中的少量氧氣。
- Total blood O2:總血氧含量。
- O2 Content of Whole Blood (mL%):整體血液的氧氣含量。
- 影響因素(可選,若文章篇幅允許):簡要提及影響氧氣解離曲線的因素,如 pH 值、CO2 濃度、溫度(Bohr effect)。