115 年 國立臺灣大學生態演化研究所《演化生物學》
第 一、配合題 題30 分
請將下列項目(1-15)與演化學名詞(A-O)配對。
A. Stabilizing selection
B. Balancing selection
C. Sympatric speciation
D. Allopatric speciation
E. Kin selection
F. Convergent evolution
G. Selective sweep
H. Founder effect
I. Horizontal gene transfer
J. Sister taxa
K. Heritability
L. Polyploid
M. FST
N. Pleiotropy
O. Neutral theory
- The generation of new species in the same location
- The exchange of genetic materials between different species
- Selection actively mains genetic variation
- The mutation of a gene has effects on several traits
- Strong selection on a new mutation, removing most genetic variation around the mutant site
- Individuals with intermediate (non-extreme) phenotypic values have higher fitness
- Two species that are each other's closest relatives
- An individual with more copies of the same chromosome than the original diploid ancestor
- Helping relatives survive and reproduce to pass on shared genes
- Species differentiation in isolated locations without gene flow
- The proportion of total phenotypic variation caused by genetic effects
- The loss of genetic diversity when a small group starts a new population
- The idea that most genetic differences among species do not relate to selection
- Different species evolve similar trait characteristics because they live in similar environments
- An estimate of the degree of genetic differentiation among populations
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
這是一題配合題,主要考驗考生對演化生物學基本名詞的理解。將題目敘述與對應的名詞配對即可。
-
The generation of new species in the same location
描述在同一地理區域內形成新物種的過程,這是「同域物種形成」(Sympatric speciation)的定義。
【答案】C. Sympatric speciation -
The exchange of genetic materials between different species
不同物種之間基因的交換,例如透過病毒、共生或雜交,指的是「水平基因轉移」(Horizontal gene transfer)。
【答案】I. Horizontal gene transfer -
Selection actively mains genetic variation
選擇性地維持基因變異,表示兩種或兩種以上的等位基因或基因型在族群中同時存在且比例相對穩定,例如雜合子優勢,這是「平衡選擇」(Balancing selection)的特徵。
【答案】B. Balancing selection -
The mutation of a gene has effects on several traits
一個基因突變影響多種表徵,這是「多效性」(Pleiotropy)的定義。
【答案】N. Pleiotropy -
Strong selection on a new mutation, removing most genetic variation around the mutant site
對一個新的突變進行強烈的選擇,導致突變位點周圍的基因變異被移除,這種現象稱為「選擇性清除」(Selective sweep)。
【答案】G. Selective sweep -
Individuals with intermediate (non-extreme) phenotypic values have higher fitness
中間型(非極端)表徵的個體擁有較高的適應度,這是「穩定選擇」(Stabilizing selection)的典型描述。
【答案】A. Stabilizing selection -
Two species that are each other's closest relatives
兩個互為最近親的物種,在演化樹上通常是相鄰的姊妹分支,稱為「姊妹分類群」(Sister taxa)。
【答案】J. Sister taxa
第 一、配合題 題30 分
請將下列項目(1-15)與演化學名詞(A-O)配對。
A. Stabilizing selection
B. Balancing selection
C. Sympatric speciation
D. Allopatric speciation
E. Kin selection
F. Convergent evolution
G. Selective sweep
H. Founder effect
I. Horizontal gene transfer
J. Sister taxa
K. Heritability
L. Polyploid
M. FST
N. Pleiotropy
O. Neutral theory
- The generation of new species in the same location
- The exchange of genetic materials between different species
- Selection actively mains genetic variation
- The mutation of a gene has effects on several traits
- Strong selection on a new mutation, removing most genetic variation around the mutant site
- Individuals with intermediate (non-extreme) phenotypic values have higher fitness
- Two species that are each other's closest relatives
- An individual with more copies of the same chromosome than the original diploid ancestor
- Helping relatives survive and reproduce to pass on shared genes
- Species differentiation in isolated locations without gene flow
- The proportion of total phenotypic variation caused by genetic effects
- The loss of genetic diversity when a small group starts a new population
- The idea that most genetic differences among species do not relate to selection
- Different species evolve similar trait characteristics because they live in similar environments
- An estimate of the degree of genetic differentiation among populations
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
這是一題配合題,主要考驗考生對演化生物學基本名詞的理解。將題目敘述與對應的名詞配對即可。
-
The generation of new species in the same location
描述在同一地理區域內形成新物種的過程,這是「同域物種形成」(Sympatric speciation)的定義。
【答案】C. Sympatric speciation -
The exchange of genetic materials between different species
不同物種之間基因的交換,例如透過病毒、共生或雜交,指的是「水平基因轉移」(Horizontal gene transfer)。
【答案】I. Horizontal gene transfer -
Selection actively mains genetic variation
選擇性地維持基因變異,表示兩種或兩種以上的等位基因或基因型在族群中同時存在且比例相對穩定,例如雜合子優勢,這是「平衡選擇」(Balancing selection)的特徵。
【答案】B. Balancing selection -
The mutation of a gene has effects on several traits
一個基因突變影響多種表徵,這是「多效性」(Pleiotropy)的定義。
【答案】N. Pleiotropy -
Strong selection on a new mutation, removing most genetic variation around the mutant site
對一個新的突變進行強烈的選擇,導致突變位點周圍的基因變異被移除,這種現象稱為「選擇性清除」(Selective sweep)。
【答案】G. Selective sweep -
Individuals with intermediate (non-extreme) phenotypic values have higher fitness
中間型(非極端)表徵的個體擁有較高的適應度,這是「穩定選擇」(Stabilizing selection)的典型描述。
【答案】A. Stabilizing selection -
Two species that are each other's closest relatives
兩個互為最近親的物種,在演化樹上通常是相鄰的姊妹分支,稱為「姊妹分類群」(Sister taxa)。
【答案】J. Sister taxa
第 一、配合題 題30 分
請將下列項目(1-15)與演化學名詞(A-O)配對。
A. Stabilizing selection
B. Balancing selection
C. Sympatric speciation
D. Allopatric speciation
E. Kin selection
F. Convergent evolution
G. Selective sweep
H. Founder effect
I. Horizontal gene transfer
J. Sister taxa
K. Heritability
L. Polyploid
M. FST
N. Pleiotropy
O. Neutral theory
- The generation of new species in the same location
- The exchange of genetic materials between different species
- Selection actively mains genetic variation
- The mutation of a gene has effects on several traits
- Strong selection on a new mutation, removing most genetic variation around the mutant site
- Individuals with intermediate (non-extreme) phenotypic values have higher fitness
- Two species that are each other's closest relatives
- An individual with more copies of the same chromosome than the original diploid ancestor
- Helping relatives survive and reproduce to pass on shared genes
- Species differentiation in isolated locations without gene flow
- The proportion of total phenotypic variation caused by genetic effects
- The loss of genetic diversity when a small group starts a new population
- The idea that most genetic differences among species do not relate to selection
- Different species evolve similar trait characteristics because they live in similar environments
- An estimate of the degree of genetic differentiation among populations
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
這是一題配合題,主要考驗考生對演化生物學基本名詞的理解。將題目敘述與對應的名詞配對即可。
-
The generation of new species in the same location
描述在同一地理區域內形成新物種的過程,這是「同域物種形成」(Sympatric speciation)的定義。
【答案】C. Sympatric speciation -
The exchange of genetic materials between different species
不同物種之間基因的交換,例如透過病毒、共生或雜交,指的是「水平基因轉移」(Horizontal gene transfer)。
【答案】I. Horizontal gene transfer -
Selection actively mains genetic variation
選擇性地維持基因變異,表示兩種或兩種以上的等位基因或基因型在族群中同時存在且比例相對穩定,例如雜合子優勢,這是「平衡選擇」(Balancing selection)的特徵。
【答案】B. Balancing selection -
The mutation of a gene has effects on several traits
一個基因突變影響多種表徵,這是「多效性」(Pleiotropy)的定義。
【答案】N. Pleiotropy -
Strong selection on a new mutation, removing most genetic variation around the mutant site
對一個新的突變進行強烈的選擇,導致突變位點周圍的基因變異被移除,這種現象稱為「選擇性清除」(Selective sweep)。
【答案】G. Selective sweep -
Individuals with intermediate (non-extreme) phenotypic values have higher fitness
中間型(非極端)表徵的個體擁有較高的適應度,這是「穩定選擇」(Stabilizing selection)的典型描述。
【答案】A. Stabilizing selection -
Two species that are each other's closest relatives
兩個互為最近親的物種,在演化樹上通常是相鄰的姊妹分支,稱為「姊妹分類群」(Sister taxa)。
【答案】J. Sister taxa
第 一、配合題 題30 分
請將下列項目(1-15)與演化學名詞(A-O)配對。
A. Stabilizing selection
B. Balancing selection
C. Sympatric speciation
D. Allopatric speciation
E. Kin selection
F. Convergent evolution
G. Selective sweep
H. Founder effect
I. Horizontal gene transfer
J. Sister taxa
K. Heritability
L. Polyploid
M. FST
N. Pleiotropy
O. Neutral theory
- The generation of new species in the same location
- The exchange of genetic materials between different species
- Selection actively mains genetic variation
- The mutation of a gene has effects on several traits
- Strong selection on a new mutation, removing most genetic variation around the mutant site
- Individuals with intermediate (non-extreme) phenotypic values have higher fitness
- Two species that are each other's closest relatives
- An individual with more copies of the same chromosome than the original diploid ancestor
- Helping relatives survive and reproduce to pass on shared genes
- Species differentiation in isolated locations without gene flow
- The proportion of total phenotypic variation caused by genetic effects
- The loss of genetic diversity when a small group starts a new population
- The idea that most genetic differences among species do not relate to selection
- Different species evolve similar trait characteristics because they live in similar environments
- An estimate of the degree of genetic differentiation among populations
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
這是一題配合題,主要考驗考生對演化生物學基本名詞的理解。將題目敘述與對應的名詞配對即可。
-
The generation of new species in the same location
描述在同一地理區域內形成新物種的過程,這是「同域物種形成」(Sympatric speciation)的定義。
【答案】C. Sympatric speciation -
The exchange of genetic materials between different species
不同物種之間基因的交換,例如透過病毒、共生或雜交,指的是「水平基因轉移」(Horizontal gene transfer)。
【答案】I. Horizontal gene transfer -
Selection actively mains genetic variation
選擇性地維持基因變異,表示兩種或兩種以上的等位基因或基因型在族群中同時存在且比例相對穩定,例如雜合子優勢,這是「平衡選擇」(Balancing selection)的特徵。
【答案】B. Balancing selection -
The mutation of a gene has effects on several traits
一個基因突變影響多種表徵,這是「多效性」(Pleiotropy)的定義。
【答案】N. Pleiotropy -
Strong selection on a new mutation, removing most genetic variation around the mutant site
對一個新的突變進行強烈的選擇,導致突變位點周圍的基因變異被移除,這種現象稱為「選擇性清除」(Selective sweep)。
【答案】G. Selective sweep -
Individuals with intermediate (non-extreme) phenotypic values have higher fitness
中間型(非極端)表徵的個體擁有較高的適應度,這是「穩定選擇」(Stabilizing selection)的典型描述。
【答案】A. Stabilizing selection -
Two species that are each other's closest relatives
兩個互為最近親的物種,在演化樹上通常是相鄰的姊妹分支,稱為「姊妹分類群」(Sister taxa)。
【答案】J. Sister taxa
第 一、配合題 題30 分
請將下列項目(1-15)與演化學名詞(A-O)配對。
A. Stabilizing selection
B. Balancing selection
C. Sympatric speciation
D. Allopatric speciation
E. Kin selection
F. Convergent evolution
G. Selective sweep
H. Founder effect
I. Horizontal gene transfer
J. Sister taxa
K. Heritability
L. Polyploid
M. FST
N. Pleiotropy
O. Neutral theory
- The generation of new species in the same location
- The exchange of genetic materials between different species
- Selection actively mains genetic variation
- The mutation of a gene has effects on several traits
- Strong selection on a new mutation, removing most genetic variation around the mutant site
- Individuals with intermediate (non-extreme) phenotypic values have higher fitness
- Two species that are each other's closest relatives
- An individual with more copies of the same chromosome than the original diploid ancestor
- Helping relatives survive and reproduce to pass on shared genes
- Species differentiation in isolated locations without gene flow
- The proportion of total phenotypic variation caused by genetic effects
- The loss of genetic diversity when a small group starts a new population
- The idea that most genetic differences among species do not relate to selection
- Different species evolve similar trait characteristics because they live in similar environments
- An estimate of the degree of genetic differentiation among populations
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
這是一題配合題,主要考驗考生對演化生物學基本名詞的理解。將題目敘述與對應的名詞配對即可。
-
The generation of new species in the same location
描述在同一地理區域內形成新物種的過程,這是「同域物種形成」(Sympatric speciation)的定義。
【答案】C. Sympatric speciation -
The exchange of genetic materials between different species
不同物種之間基因的交換,例如透過病毒、共生或雜交,指的是「水平基因轉移」(Horizontal gene transfer)。
【答案】I. Horizontal gene transfer -
Selection actively mains genetic variation
選擇性地維持基因變異,表示兩種或兩種以上的等位基因或基因型在族群中同時存在且比例相對穩定,例如雜合子優勢,這是「平衡選擇」(Balancing selection)的特徵。
【答案】B. Balancing selection -
The mutation of a gene has effects on several traits
一個基因突變影響多種表徵,這是「多效性」(Pleiotropy)的定義。
【答案】N. Pleiotropy -
Strong selection on a new mutation, removing most genetic variation around the mutant site
對一個新的突變進行強烈的選擇,導致突變位點周圍的基因變異被移除,這種現象稱為「選擇性清除」(Selective sweep)。
【答案】G. Selective sweep -
Individuals with intermediate (non-extreme) phenotypic values have higher fitness
中間型(非極端)表徵的個體擁有較高的適應度,這是「穩定選擇」(Stabilizing selection)的典型描述。
【答案】A. Stabilizing selection -
Two species that are each other's closest relatives
兩個互為最近親的物種,在演化樹上通常是相鄰的姊妹分支,稱為「姊妹分類群」(Sister taxa)。
【答案】J. Sister taxa
第 一、配合題 題30 分
請將下列項目(1-15)與演化學名詞(A-O)配對。
A. Stabilizing selection
B. Balancing selection
C. Sympatric speciation
D. Allopatric speciation
E. Kin selection
F. Convergent evolution
G. Selective sweep
H. Founder effect
I. Horizontal gene transfer
J. Sister taxa
K. Heritability
L. Polyploid
M. FST
N. Pleiotropy
O. Neutral theory
- The generation of new species in the same location
- The exchange of genetic materials between different species
- Selection actively mains genetic variation
- The mutation of a gene has effects on several traits
- Strong selection on a new mutation, removing most genetic variation around the mutant site
- Individuals with intermediate (non-extreme) phenotypic values have higher fitness
- Two species that are each other's closest relatives
- An individual with more copies of the same chromosome than the original diploid ancestor
- Helping relatives survive and reproduce to pass on shared genes
- Species differentiation in isolated locations without gene flow
- The proportion of total phenotypic variation caused by genetic effects
- The loss of genetic diversity when a small group starts a new population
- The idea that most genetic differences among species do not relate to selection
- Different species evolve similar trait characteristics because they live in similar environments
- An estimate of the degree of genetic differentiation among populations
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
這是一題配合題,主要考驗考生對演化生物學基本名詞的理解。將題目敘述與對應的名詞配對即可。
-
The generation of new species in the same location
描述在同一地理區域內形成新物種的過程,這是「同域物種形成」(Sympatric speciation)的定義。
【答案】C. Sympatric speciation -
The exchange of genetic materials between different species
不同物種之間基因的交換,例如透過病毒、共生或雜交,指的是「水平基因轉移」(Horizontal gene transfer)。
【答案】I. Horizontal gene transfer -
Selection actively mains genetic variation
選擇性地維持基因變異,表示兩種或兩種以上的等位基因或基因型在族群中同時存在且比例相對穩定,例如雜合子優勢,這是「平衡選擇」(Balancing selection)的特徵。
【答案】B. Balancing selection -
The mutation of a gene has effects on several traits
一個基因突變影響多種表徵,這是「多效性」(Pleiotropy)的定義。
【答案】N. Pleiotropy -
Strong selection on a new mutation, removing most genetic variation around the mutant site
對一個新的突變進行強烈的選擇,導致突變位點周圍的基因變異被移除,這種現象稱為「選擇性清除」(Selective sweep)。
【答案】G. Selective sweep -
Individuals with intermediate (non-extreme) phenotypic values have higher fitness
中間型(非極端)表徵的個體擁有較高的適應度,這是「穩定選擇」(Stabilizing selection)的典型描述。
【答案】A. Stabilizing selection -
Two species that are each other's closest relatives
兩個互為最近親的物種,在演化樹上通常是相鄰的姊妹分支,稱為「姊妹分類群」(Sister taxa)。
【答案】J. Sister taxa
第 一、配合題 題30 分
請將下列項目(1-15)與演化學名詞(A-O)配對。
A. Stabilizing selection
B. Balancing selection
C. Sympatric speciation
D. Allopatric speciation
E. Kin selection
F. Convergent evolution
G. Selective sweep
H. Founder effect
I. Horizontal gene transfer
J. Sister taxa
K. Heritability
L. Polyploid
M. FST
N. Pleiotropy
O. Neutral theory
- The generation of new species in the same location
- The exchange of genetic materials between different species
- Selection actively mains genetic variation
- The mutation of a gene has effects on several traits
- Strong selection on a new mutation, removing most genetic variation around the mutant site
- Individuals with intermediate (non-extreme) phenotypic values have higher fitness
- Two species that are each other's closest relatives
- An individual with more copies of the same chromosome than the original diploid ancestor
- Helping relatives survive and reproduce to pass on shared genes
- Species differentiation in isolated locations without gene flow
- The proportion of total phenotypic variation caused by genetic effects
- The loss of genetic diversity when a small group starts a new population
- The idea that most genetic differences among species do not relate to selection
- Different species evolve similar trait characteristics because they live in similar environments
- An estimate of the degree of genetic differentiation among populations
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
這是一題配合題,主要考驗考生對演化生物學基本名詞的理解。將題目敘述與對應的名詞配對即可。
-
The generation of new species in the same location
描述在同一地理區域內形成新物種的過程,這是「同域物種形成」(Sympatric speciation)的定義。
【答案】C. Sympatric speciation -
The exchange of genetic materials between different species
不同物種之間基因的交換,例如透過病毒、共生或雜交,指的是「水平基因轉移」(Horizontal gene transfer)。
【答案】I. Horizontal gene transfer -
Selection actively mains genetic variation
選擇性地維持基因變異,表示兩種或兩種以上的等位基因或基因型在族群中同時存在且比例相對穩定,例如雜合子優勢,這是「平衡選擇」(Balancing selection)的特徵。
【答案】B. Balancing selection -
The mutation of a gene has effects on several traits
一個基因突變影響多種表徵,這是「多效性」(Pleiotropy)的定義。
【答案】N. Pleiotropy -
Strong selection on a new mutation, removing most genetic variation around the mutant site
對一個新的突變進行強烈的選擇,導致突變位點周圍的基因變異被移除,這種現象稱為「選擇性清除」(Selective sweep)。
【答案】G. Selective sweep -
Individuals with intermediate (non-extreme) phenotypic values have higher fitness
中間型(非極端)表徵的個體擁有較高的適應度,這是「穩定選擇」(Stabilizing selection)的典型描述。
【答案】A. Stabilizing selection -
Two species that are each other's closest relatives
兩個互為最近親的物種,在演化樹上通常是相鄰的姊妹分支,稱為「姊妹分類群」(Sister taxa)。
【答案】J. Sister taxa
第 一、配合題 題30 分
請將下列項目(1-15)與演化學名詞(A-O)配對。
A. Stabilizing selection
B. Balancing selection
C. Sympatric speciation
D. Allopatric speciation
E. Kin selection
F. Convergent evolution
G. Selective sweep
H. Founder effect
I. Horizontal gene transfer
J. Sister taxa
K. Heritability
L. Polyploid
M. FST
N. Pleiotropy
O. Neutral theory
- The generation of new species in the same location
- The exchange of genetic materials between different species
- Selection actively mains genetic variation
- The mutation of a gene has effects on several traits
- Strong selection on a new mutation, removing most genetic variation around the mutant site
- Individuals with intermediate (non-extreme) phenotypic values have higher fitness
- Two species that are each other's closest relatives
- An individual with more copies of the same chromosome than the original diploid ancestor
- Helping relatives survive and reproduce to pass on shared genes
- Species differentiation in isolated locations without gene flow
- The proportion of total phenotypic variation caused by genetic effects
- The loss of genetic diversity when a small group starts a new population
- The idea that most genetic differences among species do not relate to selection
- Different species evolve similar trait characteristics because they live in similar environments
- An estimate of the degree of genetic differentiation among populations
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
這是一題配合題,主要考驗考生對演化生物學基本名詞的理解。將題目敘述與對應的名詞配對即可。
-
The generation of new species in the same location
描述在同一地理區域內形成新物種的過程,這是「同域物種形成」(Sympatric speciation)的定義。
【答案】C. Sympatric speciation -
The exchange of genetic materials between different species
不同物種之間基因的交換,例如透過病毒、共生或雜交,指的是「水平基因轉移」(Horizontal gene transfer)。
【答案】I. Horizontal gene transfer -
Selection actively mains genetic variation
選擇性地維持基因變異,表示兩種或兩種以上的等位基因或基因型在族群中同時存在且比例相對穩定,例如雜合子優勢,這是「平衡選擇」(Balancing selection)的特徵。
【答案】B. Balancing selection -
The mutation of a gene has effects on several traits
一個基因突變影響多種表徵,這是「多效性」(Pleiotropy)的定義。
【答案】N. Pleiotropy -
Strong selection on a new mutation, removing most genetic variation around the mutant site
對一個新的突變進行強烈的選擇,導致突變位點周圍的基因變異被移除,這種現象稱為「選擇性清除」(Selective sweep)。
【答案】G. Selective sweep -
Individuals with intermediate (non-extreme) phenotypic values have higher fitness
中間型(非極端)表徵的個體擁有較高的適應度,這是「穩定選擇」(Stabilizing selection)的典型描述。
【答案】A. Stabilizing selection -
Two species that are each other's closest relatives
兩個互為最近親的物種,在演化樹上通常是相鄰的姊妹分支,稱為「姊妹分類群」(Sister taxa)。
【答案】J. Sister taxa
第 一、配合題 題30 分
請將下列項目(1-15)與演化學名詞(A-O)配對。
A. Stabilizing selection
B. Balancing selection
C. Sympatric speciation
D. Allopatric speciation
E. Kin selection
F. Convergent evolution
G. Selective sweep
H. Founder effect
I. Horizontal gene transfer
J. Sister taxa
K. Heritability
L. Polyploid
M. FST
N. Pleiotropy
O. Neutral theory
- The generation of new species in the same location
- The exchange of genetic materials between different species
- Selection actively mains genetic variation
- The mutation of a gene has effects on several traits
- Strong selection on a new mutation, removing most genetic variation around the mutant site
- Individuals with intermediate (non-extreme) phenotypic values have higher fitness
- Two species that are each other's closest relatives
- An individual with more copies of the same chromosome than the original diploid ancestor
- Helping relatives survive and reproduce to pass on shared genes
- Species differentiation in isolated locations without gene flow
- The proportion of total phenotypic variation caused by genetic effects
- The loss of genetic diversity when a small group starts a new population
- The idea that most genetic differences among species do not relate to selection
- Different species evolve similar trait characteristics because they live in similar environments
- An estimate of the degree of genetic differentiation among populations
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
這是一題配合題,主要考驗考生對演化生物學基本名詞的理解。將題目敘述與對應的名詞配對即可。
-
The generation of new species in the same location
描述在同一地理區域內形成新物種的過程,這是「同域物種形成」(Sympatric speciation)的定義。
【答案】C. Sympatric speciation -
The exchange of genetic materials between different species
不同物種之間基因的交換,例如透過病毒、共生或雜交,指的是「水平基因轉移」(Horizontal gene transfer)。
【答案】I. Horizontal gene transfer -
Selection actively mains genetic variation
選擇性地維持基因變異,表示兩種或兩種以上的等位基因或基因型在族群中同時存在且比例相對穩定,例如雜合子優勢,這是「平衡選擇」(Balancing selection)的特徵。
【答案】B. Balancing selection -
The mutation of a gene has effects on several traits
一個基因突變影響多種表徵,這是「多效性」(Pleiotropy)的定義。
【答案】N. Pleiotropy -
Strong selection on a new mutation, removing most genetic variation around the mutant site
對一個新的突變進行強烈的選擇,導致突變位點周圍的基因變異被移除,這種現象稱為「選擇性清除」(Selective sweep)。
【答案】G. Selective sweep -
Individuals with intermediate (non-extreme) phenotypic values have higher fitness
中間型(非極端)表徵的個體擁有較高的適應度,這是「穩定選擇」(Stabilizing selection)的典型描述。
【答案】A. Stabilizing selection -
Two species that are each other's closest relatives
兩個互為最近親的物種,在演化樹上通常是相鄰的姊妹分支,稱為「姊妹分類群」(Sister taxa)。
【答案】J. Sister taxa
第 二、單選題 (42%, 3% each) 題42 分
-
Human arms and bird wings are in:
(A) Homology
(B) Paralogy
(C) Homoplasy
(D) Monophyletic -
Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
(A) Their color
(B) Genetic variation
(C) Allopatric speciation
(D) Homology -
About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
(B) They evolved independently from local apes in Asia, Europe, and Africa
(C) Neanderthals are their common ancestors
(D) Asians have the highest genetic variation -
In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
(B) To become the strongest species in the ecosystem
(C) To adapt to global warming
(D) Strong sexual selection -
Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
(A) Polyphyletic
(B) Paraphyletic
(C) Monophyletic
(D) Duophyletic -
In evolution, the "two fold cost of sex" is:
(A) Asexual populations can grow twice as fast as sexual populations.
(B) Sexual animals need to find twice as much food to survive.
(C) Sexual organisms live twice as long as asexual organisms.
(D) It takes two parents to produce twice as many mutations. -
Which of the following is true about genetic drift?
(A) It always helps animals adapt to their environment.
(B) It is the same thing as natural selection.
(C) It has a much stronger effect on small populations.
(D) It only happens when new species are created. -
A human fetus, if born too early, has a low survival rate. If born too late, it would grow too big and difficult to be
born. This is an example of:
(A) Background selection
(B) Directional selection
(C) Stabilizing selection
(D) Disruptive selection -
In a gene, the fitness of the three genotypes is: AA = 1, Aa = 1, aa = 0.8. The selection coefficient of genotype aa
is:
(A) 1.2
(B) 0.2
(C) 0.8
(D) 0.4 -
Two species originally exist in different locations and developed hybrid incompatibility. After secondary contact,
they evolved different secondary sexual characteristics to prevent hybridization. This is called:
(A) Sympatric speciation
(B) Cryptic female choice
(C) Behavior isolation
(D) Reinforcement
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
這部分包含單選題,涵蓋了演化生物學的基礎概念,包括同源性、演化機制(如自然選擇、遺傳漂變、性選擇)、物種形成、演化歷史(如人類演化)以及族群遺傳學。
1. Human arms and bird wings are in:
核心觀念: 同源結構 (Homology) vs. 同功結構 (Homoplasy)。同源結構是指來源於共同祖先,即使功能不同,但其基本結構相似;同功結構則是指功能相似但來源不同。
詳解: 人類的手臂和鳥類的翅膀在演化上具有共同的祖先,都源自於四足動物的前肢骨骼結構。儘管它們的功能(抓握 vs. 飛行)差異很大,但其骨骼組成(如肱骨、橈骨、尺骨等)卻高度相似,這證明了它們是同源結構。Paralogy 指的是基因重複產生的同源基因。Monophyletic 是指一個演化支,包含一個共同祖先及其所有後代。
【答案】(A) Homology
2. Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
核心觀念: 演化適應的基礎是遺傳變異。
詳解: 自然選擇作用於表現型,但適應的基礎是遺傳變異。如果沒有遺傳上的差異,個體就不會對選擇產生不同的反應,也就無法發生演化。顏色 (A) 是一種表徵,但本身不是演化的基礎。異域物種形成 (C) 是一種物種形成的機制,與生物體對選擇的反應不是直接關係。同源性 (D) 描述的是結構的來源,與對選擇的反應無關。
【答案】(B) Genetic variation
3. About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
核心觀念: 人類演化「走出非洲」(Out of Africa) 模型。
詳解: 目前最廣泛接受的現代人類起源理論是「走出非洲」模型,認為現代人類(智人)起源於非洲,然後遷移到世界各地,取代了當地較早的古人類(如尼安德塔人)。(A) 共同祖先曾存在於非洲,這是「走出非洲」模型的基礎。 (B) 獨立演化模型已被大部分證據否定。 (C) 尼安德塔人是人類的近親,但不是現代人類的直接共同祖先,而是在部分地區與遷入的智人發生了基因交流。 (D) 一般認為非洲族群保有最多的基因多樣性,因為他們是人類演化的根源,但不能說亞洲人有最高遺傳變異。
【答案】(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
4. In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
核心觀念: 紅皇后假說 (Red Queen Hypothesis) 強調演化軍備競賽。
詳解: 紅皇后假說指出,生物必須不斷演化以維持其在生態系統中的適應度,因為牠們所處的環境並非靜態,特別是與其他生物(如捕食者、獵物、寄生蟲、競爭者)之間的交互作用。這些交互作用迫使雙方進行持續的演化軍備競賽。選項 (A) 精確地描述了這種交互作用。選項 (B) 雖然是演化結果,但不是持續演化的原因。選項 (C) 全球暖化是環境變遷,但紅皇后假說更側重於生物間的互動。選項 (D) 性選擇是演化的一個驅動力,但紅皇后假說的適用範圍更廣。
【答案】(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
5. Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
核心觀念: 分類群的定義:單系群 (Monophyletic)、並系群 (Paraphyletic)、多系群 (Polyphyletic)。
詳解: 如果一個分類群包含一個共同祖先及其「所有」後代,則稱為單系群。人類和黑猩猩共享一個最近的共同祖先,並且牠們是該共同祖先的「所有」後代(沒有被排除在外)。因此,牠們構成了一個單系群。並系群包含一個共同祖先,但只包含其「部分」後代。多系群則不包含其最近的共同祖先。Duophyletic 不是標準的分類學術語。
【答案】(C) Monophyletic
第 二、單選題 (42%, 3% each) 題42 分
-
Human arms and bird wings are in:
(A) Homology
(B) Paralogy
(C) Homoplasy
(D) Monophyletic -
Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
(A) Their color
(B) Genetic variation
(C) Allopatric speciation
(D) Homology -
About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
(B) They evolved independently from local apes in Asia, Europe, and Africa
(C) Neanderthals are their common ancestors
(D) Asians have the highest genetic variation -
In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
(B) To become the strongest species in the ecosystem
(C) To adapt to global warming
(D) Strong sexual selection -
Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
(A) Polyphyletic
(B) Paraphyletic
(C) Monophyletic
(D) Duophyletic -
In evolution, the "two fold cost of sex" is:
(A) Asexual populations can grow twice as fast as sexual populations.
(B) Sexual animals need to find twice as much food to survive.
(C) Sexual organisms live twice as long as asexual organisms.
(D) It takes two parents to produce twice as many mutations. -
Which of the following is true about genetic drift?
(A) It always helps animals adapt to their environment.
(B) It is the same thing as natural selection.
(C) It has a much stronger effect on small populations.
(D) It only happens when new species are created. -
A human fetus, if born too early, has a low survival rate. If born too late, it would grow too big and difficult to be
born. This is an example of:
(A) Background selection
(B) Directional selection
(C) Stabilizing selection
(D) Disruptive selection -
In a gene, the fitness of the three genotypes is: AA = 1, Aa = 1, aa = 0.8. The selection coefficient of genotype aa
is:
(A) 1.2
(B) 0.2
(C) 0.8
(D) 0.4 -
Two species originally exist in different locations and developed hybrid incompatibility. After secondary contact,
they evolved different secondary sexual characteristics to prevent hybridization. This is called:
(A) Sympatric speciation
(B) Cryptic female choice
(C) Behavior isolation
(D) Reinforcement
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
這部分包含單選題,涵蓋了演化生物學的基礎概念,包括同源性、演化機制(如自然選擇、遺傳漂變、性選擇)、物種形成、演化歷史(如人類演化)以及族群遺傳學。
1. Human arms and bird wings are in:
核心觀念: 同源結構 (Homology) vs. 同功結構 (Homoplasy)。同源結構是指來源於共同祖先,即使功能不同,但其基本結構相似;同功結構則是指功能相似但來源不同。
詳解: 人類的手臂和鳥類的翅膀在演化上具有共同的祖先,都源自於四足動物的前肢骨骼結構。儘管它們的功能(抓握 vs. 飛行)差異很大,但其骨骼組成(如肱骨、橈骨、尺骨等)卻高度相似,這證明了它們是同源結構。Paralogy 指的是基因重複產生的同源基因。Monophyletic 是指一個演化支,包含一個共同祖先及其所有後代。
【答案】(A) Homology
2. Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
核心觀念: 演化適應的基礎是遺傳變異。
詳解: 自然選擇作用於表現型,但適應的基礎是遺傳變異。如果沒有遺傳上的差異,個體就不會對選擇產生不同的反應,也就無法發生演化。顏色 (A) 是一種表徵,但本身不是演化的基礎。異域物種形成 (C) 是一種物種形成的機制,與生物體對選擇的反應不是直接關係。同源性 (D) 描述的是結構的來源,與對選擇的反應無關。
【答案】(B) Genetic variation
3. About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
核心觀念: 人類演化「走出非洲」(Out of Africa) 模型。
詳解: 目前最廣泛接受的現代人類起源理論是「走出非洲」模型,認為現代人類(智人)起源於非洲,然後遷移到世界各地,取代了當地較早的古人類(如尼安德塔人)。(A) 共同祖先曾存在於非洲,這是「走出非洲」模型的基礎。 (B) 獨立演化模型已被大部分證據否定。 (C) 尼安德塔人是人類的近親,但不是現代人類的直接共同祖先,而是在部分地區與遷入的智人發生了基因交流。 (D) 一般認為非洲族群保有最多的基因多樣性,因為他們是人類演化的根源,但不能說亞洲人有最高遺傳變異。
【答案】(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
4. In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
核心觀念: 紅皇后假說 (Red Queen Hypothesis) 強調演化軍備競賽。
詳解: 紅皇后假說指出,生物必須不斷演化以維持其在生態系統中的適應度,因為牠們所處的環境並非靜態,特別是與其他生物(如捕食者、獵物、寄生蟲、競爭者)之間的交互作用。這些交互作用迫使雙方進行持續的演化軍備競賽。選項 (A) 精確地描述了這種交互作用。選項 (B) 雖然是演化結果,但不是持續演化的原因。選項 (C) 全球暖化是環境變遷,但紅皇后假說更側重於生物間的互動。選項 (D) 性選擇是演化的一個驅動力,但紅皇后假說的適用範圍更廣。
【答案】(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
5. Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
核心觀念: 分類群的定義:單系群 (Monophyletic)、並系群 (Paraphyletic)、多系群 (Polyphyletic)。
詳解: 如果一個分類群包含一個共同祖先及其「所有」後代,則稱為單系群。人類和黑猩猩共享一個最近的共同祖先,並且牠們是該共同祖先的「所有」後代(沒有被排除在外)。因此,牠們構成了一個單系群。並系群包含一個共同祖先,但只包含其「部分」後代。多系群則不包含其最近的共同祖先。Duophyletic 不是標準的分類學術語。
【答案】(C) Monophyletic
第 二、單選題 (42%, 3% each) 題42 分
-
Human arms and bird wings are in:
(A) Homology
(B) Paralogy
(C) Homoplasy
(D) Monophyletic -
Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
(A) Their color
(B) Genetic variation
(C) Allopatric speciation
(D) Homology -
About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
(B) They evolved independently from local apes in Asia, Europe, and Africa
(C) Neanderthals are their common ancestors
(D) Asians have the highest genetic variation -
In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
(B) To become the strongest species in the ecosystem
(C) To adapt to global warming
(D) Strong sexual selection -
Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
(A) Polyphyletic
(B) Paraphyletic
(C) Monophyletic
(D) Duophyletic -
In evolution, the "two fold cost of sex" is:
(A) Asexual populations can grow twice as fast as sexual populations.
(B) Sexual animals need to find twice as much food to survive.
(C) Sexual organisms live twice as long as asexual organisms.
(D) It takes two parents to produce twice as many mutations. -
Which of the following is true about genetic drift?
(A) It always helps animals adapt to their environment.
(B) It is the same thing as natural selection.
(C) It has a much stronger effect on small populations.
(D) It only happens when new species are created. -
A human fetus, if born too early, has a low survival rate. If born too late, it would grow too big and difficult to be
born. This is an example of:
(A) Background selection
(B) Directional selection
(C) Stabilizing selection
(D) Disruptive selection -
In a gene, the fitness of the three genotypes is: AA = 1, Aa = 1, aa = 0.8. The selection coefficient of genotype aa
is:
(A) 1.2
(B) 0.2
(C) 0.8
(D) 0.4 -
Two species originally exist in different locations and developed hybrid incompatibility. After secondary contact,
they evolved different secondary sexual characteristics to prevent hybridization. This is called:
(A) Sympatric speciation
(B) Cryptic female choice
(C) Behavior isolation
(D) Reinforcement
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
這部分包含單選題,涵蓋了演化生物學的基礎概念,包括同源性、演化機制(如自然選擇、遺傳漂變、性選擇)、物種形成、演化歷史(如人類演化)以及族群遺傳學。
1. Human arms and bird wings are in:
核心觀念: 同源結構 (Homology) vs. 同功結構 (Homoplasy)。同源結構是指來源於共同祖先,即使功能不同,但其基本結構相似;同功結構則是指功能相似但來源不同。
詳解: 人類的手臂和鳥類的翅膀在演化上具有共同的祖先,都源自於四足動物的前肢骨骼結構。儘管它們的功能(抓握 vs. 飛行)差異很大,但其骨骼組成(如肱骨、橈骨、尺骨等)卻高度相似,這證明了它們是同源結構。Paralogy 指的是基因重複產生的同源基因。Monophyletic 是指一個演化支,包含一個共同祖先及其所有後代。
【答案】(A) Homology
2. Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
核心觀念: 演化適應的基礎是遺傳變異。
詳解: 自然選擇作用於表現型,但適應的基礎是遺傳變異。如果沒有遺傳上的差異,個體就不會對選擇產生不同的反應,也就無法發生演化。顏色 (A) 是一種表徵,但本身不是演化的基礎。異域物種形成 (C) 是一種物種形成的機制,與生物體對選擇的反應不是直接關係。同源性 (D) 描述的是結構的來源,與對選擇的反應無關。
【答案】(B) Genetic variation
3. About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
核心觀念: 人類演化「走出非洲」(Out of Africa) 模型。
詳解: 目前最廣泛接受的現代人類起源理論是「走出非洲」模型,認為現代人類(智人)起源於非洲,然後遷移到世界各地,取代了當地較早的古人類(如尼安德塔人)。(A) 共同祖先曾存在於非洲,這是「走出非洲」模型的基礎。 (B) 獨立演化模型已被大部分證據否定。 (C) 尼安德塔人是人類的近親,但不是現代人類的直接共同祖先,而是在部分地區與遷入的智人發生了基因交流。 (D) 一般認為非洲族群保有最多的基因多樣性,因為他們是人類演化的根源,但不能說亞洲人有最高遺傳變異。
【答案】(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
4. In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
核心觀念: 紅皇后假說 (Red Queen Hypothesis) 強調演化軍備競賽。
詳解: 紅皇后假說指出,生物必須不斷演化以維持其在生態系統中的適應度,因為牠們所處的環境並非靜態,特別是與其他生物(如捕食者、獵物、寄生蟲、競爭者)之間的交互作用。這些交互作用迫使雙方進行持續的演化軍備競賽。選項 (A) 精確地描述了這種交互作用。選項 (B) 雖然是演化結果,但不是持續演化的原因。選項 (C) 全球暖化是環境變遷,但紅皇后假說更側重於生物間的互動。選項 (D) 性選擇是演化的一個驅動力,但紅皇后假說的適用範圍更廣。
【答案】(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
5. Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
核心觀念: 分類群的定義:單系群 (Monophyletic)、並系群 (Paraphyletic)、多系群 (Polyphyletic)。
詳解: 如果一個分類群包含一個共同祖先及其「所有」後代,則稱為單系群。人類和黑猩猩共享一個最近的共同祖先,並且牠們是該共同祖先的「所有」後代(沒有被排除在外)。因此,牠們構成了一個單系群。並系群包含一個共同祖先,但只包含其「部分」後代。多系群則不包含其最近的共同祖先。Duophyletic 不是標準的分類學術語。
【答案】(C) Monophyletic
第 二、單選題 (42%, 3% each) 題42 分
-
Human arms and bird wings are in:
(A) Homology
(B) Paralogy
(C) Homoplasy
(D) Monophyletic -
Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
(A) Their color
(B) Genetic variation
(C) Allopatric speciation
(D) Homology -
About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
(B) They evolved independently from local apes in Asia, Europe, and Africa
(C) Neanderthals are their common ancestors
(D) Asians have the highest genetic variation -
In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
(B) To become the strongest species in the ecosystem
(C) To adapt to global warming
(D) Strong sexual selection -
Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
(A) Polyphyletic
(B) Paraphyletic
(C) Monophyletic
(D) Duophyletic -
In evolution, the "two fold cost of sex" is:
(A) Asexual populations can grow twice as fast as sexual populations.
(B) Sexual animals need to find twice as much food to survive.
(C) Sexual organisms live twice as long as asexual organisms.
(D) It takes two parents to produce twice as many mutations. -
Which of the following is true about genetic drift?
(A) It always helps animals adapt to their environment.
(B) It is the same thing as natural selection.
(C) It has a much stronger effect on small populations.
(D) It only happens when new species are created. -
A human fetus, if born too early, has a low survival rate. If born too late, it would grow too big and difficult to be
born. This is an example of:
(A) Background selection
(B) Directional selection
(C) Stabilizing selection
(D) Disruptive selection -
In a gene, the fitness of the three genotypes is: AA = 1, Aa = 1, aa = 0.8. The selection coefficient of genotype aa
is:
(A) 1.2
(B) 0.2
(C) 0.8
(D) 0.4 -
Two species originally exist in different locations and developed hybrid incompatibility. After secondary contact,
they evolved different secondary sexual characteristics to prevent hybridization. This is called:
(A) Sympatric speciation
(B) Cryptic female choice
(C) Behavior isolation
(D) Reinforcement
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
這部分包含單選題,涵蓋了演化生物學的基礎概念,包括同源性、演化機制(如自然選擇、遺傳漂變、性選擇)、物種形成、演化歷史(如人類演化)以及族群遺傳學。
1. Human arms and bird wings are in:
核心觀念: 同源結構 (Homology) vs. 同功結構 (Homoplasy)。同源結構是指來源於共同祖先,即使功能不同,但其基本結構相似;同功結構則是指功能相似但來源不同。
詳解: 人類的手臂和鳥類的翅膀在演化上具有共同的祖先,都源自於四足動物的前肢骨骼結構。儘管它們的功能(抓握 vs. 飛行)差異很大,但其骨骼組成(如肱骨、橈骨、尺骨等)卻高度相似,這證明了它們是同源結構。Paralogy 指的是基因重複產生的同源基因。Monophyletic 是指一個演化支,包含一個共同祖先及其所有後代。
【答案】(A) Homology
2. Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
核心觀念: 演化適應的基礎是遺傳變異。
詳解: 自然選擇作用於表現型,但適應的基礎是遺傳變異。如果沒有遺傳上的差異,個體就不會對選擇產生不同的反應,也就無法發生演化。顏色 (A) 是一種表徵,但本身不是演化的基礎。異域物種形成 (C) 是一種物種形成的機制,與生物體對選擇的反應不是直接關係。同源性 (D) 描述的是結構的來源,與對選擇的反應無關。
【答案】(B) Genetic variation
3. About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
核心觀念: 人類演化「走出非洲」(Out of Africa) 模型。
詳解: 目前最廣泛接受的現代人類起源理論是「走出非洲」模型,認為現代人類(智人)起源於非洲,然後遷移到世界各地,取代了當地較早的古人類(如尼安德塔人)。(A) 共同祖先曾存在於非洲,這是「走出非洲」模型的基礎。 (B) 獨立演化模型已被大部分證據否定。 (C) 尼安德塔人是人類的近親,但不是現代人類的直接共同祖先,而是在部分地區與遷入的智人發生了基因交流。 (D) 一般認為非洲族群保有最多的基因多樣性,因為他們是人類演化的根源,但不能說亞洲人有最高遺傳變異。
【答案】(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
4. In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
核心觀念: 紅皇后假說 (Red Queen Hypothesis) 強調演化軍備競賽。
詳解: 紅皇后假說指出,生物必須不斷演化以維持其在生態系統中的適應度,因為牠們所處的環境並非靜態,特別是與其他生物(如捕食者、獵物、寄生蟲、競爭者)之間的交互作用。這些交互作用迫使雙方進行持續的演化軍備競賽。選項 (A) 精確地描述了這種交互作用。選項 (B) 雖然是演化結果,但不是持續演化的原因。選項 (C) 全球暖化是環境變遷,但紅皇后假說更側重於生物間的互動。選項 (D) 性選擇是演化的一個驅動力,但紅皇后假說的適用範圍更廣。
【答案】(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
5. Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
核心觀念: 分類群的定義:單系群 (Monophyletic)、並系群 (Paraphyletic)、多系群 (Polyphyletic)。
詳解: 如果一個分類群包含一個共同祖先及其「所有」後代,則稱為單系群。人類和黑猩猩共享一個最近的共同祖先,並且牠們是該共同祖先的「所有」後代(沒有被排除在外)。因此,牠們構成了一個單系群。並系群包含一個共同祖先,但只包含其「部分」後代。多系群則不包含其最近的共同祖先。Duophyletic 不是標準的分類學術語。
【答案】(C) Monophyletic
第 二、單選題 (42%, 3% each) 題42 分
-
Human arms and bird wings are in:
(A) Homology
(B) Paralogy
(C) Homoplasy
(D) Monophyletic -
Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
(A) Their color
(B) Genetic variation
(C) Allopatric speciation
(D) Homology -
About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
(B) They evolved independently from local apes in Asia, Europe, and Africa
(C) Neanderthals are their common ancestors
(D) Asians have the highest genetic variation -
In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
(B) To become the strongest species in the ecosystem
(C) To adapt to global warming
(D) Strong sexual selection -
Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
(A) Polyphyletic
(B) Paraphyletic
(C) Monophyletic
(D) Duophyletic -
In evolution, the "two fold cost of sex" is:
(A) Asexual populations can grow twice as fast as sexual populations.
(B) Sexual animals need to find twice as much food to survive.
(C) Sexual organisms live twice as long as asexual organisms.
(D) It takes two parents to produce twice as many mutations. -
Which of the following is true about genetic drift?
(A) It always helps animals adapt to their environment.
(B) It is the same thing as natural selection.
(C) It has a much stronger effect on small populations.
(D) It only happens when new species are created. -
A human fetus, if born too early, has a low survival rate. If born too late, it would grow too big and difficult to be
born. This is an example of:
(A) Background selection
(B) Directional selection
(C) Stabilizing selection
(D) Disruptive selection -
In a gene, the fitness of the three genotypes is: AA = 1, Aa = 1, aa = 0.8. The selection coefficient of genotype aa
is:
(A) 1.2
(B) 0.2
(C) 0.8
(D) 0.4 -
Two species originally exist in different locations and developed hybrid incompatibility. After secondary contact,
they evolved different secondary sexual characteristics to prevent hybridization. This is called:
(A) Sympatric speciation
(B) Cryptic female choice
(C) Behavior isolation
(D) Reinforcement
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
這部分包含單選題,涵蓋了演化生物學的基礎概念,包括同源性、演化機制(如自然選擇、遺傳漂變、性選擇)、物種形成、演化歷史(如人類演化)以及族群遺傳學。
1. Human arms and bird wings are in:
核心觀念: 同源結構 (Homology) vs. 同功結構 (Homoplasy)。同源結構是指來源於共同祖先,即使功能不同,但其基本結構相似;同功結構則是指功能相似但來源不同。
詳解: 人類的手臂和鳥類的翅膀在演化上具有共同的祖先,都源自於四足動物的前肢骨骼結構。儘管它們的功能(抓握 vs. 飛行)差異很大,但其骨骼組成(如肱骨、橈骨、尺骨等)卻高度相似,這證明了它們是同源結構。Paralogy 指的是基因重複產生的同源基因。Monophyletic 是指一個演化支,包含一個共同祖先及其所有後代。
【答案】(A) Homology
2. Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
核心觀念: 演化適應的基礎是遺傳變異。
詳解: 自然選擇作用於表現型,但適應的基礎是遺傳變異。如果沒有遺傳上的差異,個體就不會對選擇產生不同的反應,也就無法發生演化。顏色 (A) 是一種表徵,但本身不是演化的基礎。異域物種形成 (C) 是一種物種形成的機制,與生物體對選擇的反應不是直接關係。同源性 (D) 描述的是結構的來源,與對選擇的反應無關。
【答案】(B) Genetic variation
3. About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
核心觀念: 人類演化「走出非洲」(Out of Africa) 模型。
詳解: 目前最廣泛接受的現代人類起源理論是「走出非洲」模型,認為現代人類(智人)起源於非洲,然後遷移到世界各地,取代了當地較早的古人類(如尼安德塔人)。(A) 共同祖先曾存在於非洲,這是「走出非洲」模型的基礎。 (B) 獨立演化模型已被大部分證據否定。 (C) 尼安德塔人是人類的近親,但不是現代人類的直接共同祖先,而是在部分地區與遷入的智人發生了基因交流。 (D) 一般認為非洲族群保有最多的基因多樣性,因為他們是人類演化的根源,但不能說亞洲人有最高遺傳變異。
【答案】(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
4. In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
核心觀念: 紅皇后假說 (Red Queen Hypothesis) 強調演化軍備競賽。
詳解: 紅皇后假說指出,生物必須不斷演化以維持其在生態系統中的適應度,因為牠們所處的環境並非靜態,特別是與其他生物(如捕食者、獵物、寄生蟲、競爭者)之間的交互作用。這些交互作用迫使雙方進行持續的演化軍備競賽。選項 (A) 精確地描述了這種交互作用。選項 (B) 雖然是演化結果,但不是持續演化的原因。選項 (C) 全球暖化是環境變遷,但紅皇后假說更側重於生物間的互動。選項 (D) 性選擇是演化的一個驅動力,但紅皇后假說的適用範圍更廣。
【答案】(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
5. Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
核心觀念: 分類群的定義:單系群 (Monophyletic)、並系群 (Paraphyletic)、多系群 (Polyphyletic)。
詳解: 如果一個分類群包含一個共同祖先及其「所有」後代,則稱為單系群。人類和黑猩猩共享一個最近的共同祖先,並且牠們是該共同祖先的「所有」後代(沒有被排除在外)。因此,牠們構成了一個單系群。並系群包含一個共同祖先,但只包含其「部分」後代。多系群則不包含其最近的共同祖先。Duophyletic 不是標準的分類學術語。
【答案】(C) Monophyletic
第 二、單選題 (42%, 3% each) 題42 分
-
Human arms and bird wings are in:
(A) Homology
(B) Paralogy
(C) Homoplasy
(D) Monophyletic -
Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
(A) Their color
(B) Genetic variation
(C) Allopatric speciation
(D) Homology -
About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
(B) They evolved independently from local apes in Asia, Europe, and Africa
(C) Neanderthals are their common ancestors
(D) Asians have the highest genetic variation -
In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
(B) To become the strongest species in the ecosystem
(C) To adapt to global warming
(D) Strong sexual selection -
Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
(A) Polyphyletic
(B) Paraphyletic
(C) Monophyletic
(D) Duophyletic -
In evolution, the "two fold cost of sex" is:
(A) Asexual populations can grow twice as fast as sexual populations.
(B) Sexual animals need to find twice as much food to survive.
(C) Sexual organisms live twice as long as asexual organisms.
(D) It takes two parents to produce twice as many mutations. -
Which of the following is true about genetic drift?
(A) It always helps animals adapt to their environment.
(B) It is the same thing as natural selection.
(C) It has a much stronger effect on small populations.
(D) It only happens when new species are created. -
A human fetus, if born too early, has a low survival rate. If born too late, it would grow too big and difficult to be
born. This is an example of:
(A) Background selection
(B) Directional selection
(C) Stabilizing selection
(D) Disruptive selection -
In a gene, the fitness of the three genotypes is: AA = 1, Aa = 1, aa = 0.8. The selection coefficient of genotype aa
is:
(A) 1.2
(B) 0.2
(C) 0.8
(D) 0.4 -
Two species originally exist in different locations and developed hybrid incompatibility. After secondary contact,
they evolved different secondary sexual characteristics to prevent hybridization. This is called:
(A) Sympatric speciation
(B) Cryptic female choice
(C) Behavior isolation
(D) Reinforcement
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
這部分包含單選題,涵蓋了演化生物學的基礎概念,包括同源性、演化機制(如自然選擇、遺傳漂變、性選擇)、物種形成、演化歷史(如人類演化)以及族群遺傳學。
1. Human arms and bird wings are in:
核心觀念: 同源結構 (Homology) vs. 同功結構 (Homoplasy)。同源結構是指來源於共同祖先,即使功能不同,但其基本結構相似;同功結構則是指功能相似但來源不同。
詳解: 人類的手臂和鳥類的翅膀在演化上具有共同的祖先,都源自於四足動物的前肢骨骼結構。儘管它們的功能(抓握 vs. 飛行)差異很大,但其骨骼組成(如肱骨、橈骨、尺骨等)卻高度相似,這證明了它們是同源結構。Paralogy 指的是基因重複產生的同源基因。Monophyletic 是指一個演化支,包含一個共同祖先及其所有後代。
【答案】(A) Homology
2. Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
核心觀念: 演化適應的基礎是遺傳變異。
詳解: 自然選擇作用於表現型,但適應的基礎是遺傳變異。如果沒有遺傳上的差異,個體就不會對選擇產生不同的反應,也就無法發生演化。顏色 (A) 是一種表徵,但本身不是演化的基礎。異域物種形成 (C) 是一種物種形成的機制,與生物體對選擇的反應不是直接關係。同源性 (D) 描述的是結構的來源,與對選擇的反應無關。
【答案】(B) Genetic variation
3. About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
核心觀念: 人類演化「走出非洲」(Out of Africa) 模型。
詳解: 目前最廣泛接受的現代人類起源理論是「走出非洲」模型,認為現代人類(智人)起源於非洲,然後遷移到世界各地,取代了當地較早的古人類(如尼安德塔人)。(A) 共同祖先曾存在於非洲,這是「走出非洲」模型的基礎。 (B) 獨立演化模型已被大部分證據否定。 (C) 尼安德塔人是人類的近親,但不是現代人類的直接共同祖先,而是在部分地區與遷入的智人發生了基因交流。 (D) 一般認為非洲族群保有最多的基因多樣性,因為他們是人類演化的根源,但不能說亞洲人有最高遺傳變異。
【答案】(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
4. In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
核心觀念: 紅皇后假說 (Red Queen Hypothesis) 強調演化軍備競賽。
詳解: 紅皇后假說指出,生物必須不斷演化以維持其在生態系統中的適應度,因為牠們所處的環境並非靜態,特別是與其他生物(如捕食者、獵物、寄生蟲、競爭者)之間的交互作用。這些交互作用迫使雙方進行持續的演化軍備競賽。選項 (A) 精確地描述了這種交互作用。選項 (B) 雖然是演化結果,但不是持續演化的原因。選項 (C) 全球暖化是環境變遷,但紅皇后假說更側重於生物間的互動。選項 (D) 性選擇是演化的一個驅動力,但紅皇后假說的適用範圍更廣。
【答案】(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
5. Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
核心觀念: 分類群的定義:單系群 (Monophyletic)、並系群 (Paraphyletic)、多系群 (Polyphyletic)。
詳解: 如果一個分類群包含一個共同祖先及其「所有」後代,則稱為單系群。人類和黑猩猩共享一個最近的共同祖先,並且牠們是該共同祖先的「所有」後代(沒有被排除在外)。因此,牠們構成了一個單系群。並系群包含一個共同祖先,但只包含其「部分」後代。多系群則不包含其最近的共同祖先。Duophyletic 不是標準的分類學術語。
【答案】(C) Monophyletic
第 二、單選題 (42%, 3% each) 題42 分
-
Human arms and bird wings are in:
(A) Homology
(B) Paralogy
(C) Homoplasy
(D) Monophyletic -
Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
(A) Their color
(B) Genetic variation
(C) Allopatric speciation
(D) Homology -
About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
(B) They evolved independently from local apes in Asia, Europe, and Africa
(C) Neanderthals are their common ancestors
(D) Asians have the highest genetic variation -
In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
(B) To become the strongest species in the ecosystem
(C) To adapt to global warming
(D) Strong sexual selection -
Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
(A) Polyphyletic
(B) Paraphyletic
(C) Monophyletic
(D) Duophyletic -
In evolution, the "two fold cost of sex" is:
(A) Asexual populations can grow twice as fast as sexual populations.
(B) Sexual animals need to find twice as much food to survive.
(C) Sexual organisms live twice as long as asexual organisms.
(D) It takes two parents to produce twice as many mutations. -
Which of the following is true about genetic drift?
(A) It always helps animals adapt to their environment.
(B) It is the same thing as natural selection.
(C) It has a much stronger effect on small populations.
(D) It only happens when new species are created. -
A human fetus, if born too early, has a low survival rate. If born too late, it would grow too big and difficult to be
born. This is an example of:
(A) Background selection
(B) Directional selection
(C) Stabilizing selection
(D) Disruptive selection -
In a gene, the fitness of the three genotypes is: AA = 1, Aa = 1, aa = 0.8. The selection coefficient of genotype aa
is:
(A) 1.2
(B) 0.2
(C) 0.8
(D) 0.4 -
Two species originally exist in different locations and developed hybrid incompatibility. After secondary contact,
they evolved different secondary sexual characteristics to prevent hybridization. This is called:
(A) Sympatric speciation
(B) Cryptic female choice
(C) Behavior isolation
(D) Reinforcement
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
這部分包含單選題,涵蓋了演化生物學的基礎概念,包括同源性、演化機制(如自然選擇、遺傳漂變、性選擇)、物種形成、演化歷史(如人類演化)以及族群遺傳學。
1. Human arms and bird wings are in:
核心觀念: 同源結構 (Homology) vs. 同功結構 (Homoplasy)。同源結構是指來源於共同祖先,即使功能不同,但其基本結構相似;同功結構則是指功能相似但來源不同。
詳解: 人類的手臂和鳥類的翅膀在演化上具有共同的祖先,都源自於四足動物的前肢骨骼結構。儘管它們的功能(抓握 vs. 飛行)差異很大,但其骨骼組成(如肱骨、橈骨、尺骨等)卻高度相似,這證明了它們是同源結構。Paralogy 指的是基因重複產生的同源基因。Monophyletic 是指一個演化支,包含一個共同祖先及其所有後代。
【答案】(A) Homology
2. Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
核心觀念: 演化適應的基礎是遺傳變異。
詳解: 自然選擇作用於表現型,但適應的基礎是遺傳變異。如果沒有遺傳上的差異,個體就不會對選擇產生不同的反應,也就無法發生演化。顏色 (A) 是一種表徵,但本身不是演化的基礎。異域物種形成 (C) 是一種物種形成的機制,與生物體對選擇的反應不是直接關係。同源性 (D) 描述的是結構的來源,與對選擇的反應無關。
【答案】(B) Genetic variation
3. About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
核心觀念: 人類演化「走出非洲」(Out of Africa) 模型。
詳解: 目前最廣泛接受的現代人類起源理論是「走出非洲」模型,認為現代人類(智人)起源於非洲,然後遷移到世界各地,取代了當地較早的古人類(如尼安德塔人)。(A) 共同祖先曾存在於非洲,這是「走出非洲」模型的基礎。 (B) 獨立演化模型已被大部分證據否定。 (C) 尼安德塔人是人類的近親,但不是現代人類的直接共同祖先,而是在部分地區與遷入的智人發生了基因交流。 (D) 一般認為非洲族群保有最多的基因多樣性,因為他們是人類演化的根源,但不能說亞洲人有最高遺傳變異。
【答案】(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
4. In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
核心觀念: 紅皇后假說 (Red Queen Hypothesis) 強調演化軍備競賽。
詳解: 紅皇后假說指出,生物必須不斷演化以維持其在生態系統中的適應度,因為牠們所處的環境並非靜態,特別是與其他生物(如捕食者、獵物、寄生蟲、競爭者)之間的交互作用。這些交互作用迫使雙方進行持續的演化軍備競賽。選項 (A) 精確地描述了這種交互作用。選項 (B) 雖然是演化結果,但不是持續演化的原因。選項 (C) 全球暖化是環境變遷,但紅皇后假說更側重於生物間的互動。選項 (D) 性選擇是演化的一個驅動力,但紅皇后假說的適用範圍更廣。
【答案】(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
5. Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
核心觀念: 分類群的定義:單系群 (Monophyletic)、並系群 (Paraphyletic)、多系群 (Polyphyletic)。
詳解: 如果一個分類群包含一個共同祖先及其「所有」後代,則稱為單系群。人類和黑猩猩共享一個最近的共同祖先,並且牠們是該共同祖先的「所有」後代(沒有被排除在外)。因此,牠們構成了一個單系群。並系群包含一個共同祖先,但只包含其「部分」後代。多系群則不包含其最近的共同祖先。Duophyletic 不是標準的分類學術語。
【答案】(C) Monophyletic
第 二、單選題 (42%, 3% each) 題42 分
-
Human arms and bird wings are in:
(A) Homology
(B) Paralogy
(C) Homoplasy
(D) Monophyletic -
Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
(A) Their color
(B) Genetic variation
(C) Allopatric speciation
(D) Homology -
About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
(B) They evolved independently from local apes in Asia, Europe, and Africa
(C) Neanderthals are their common ancestors
(D) Asians have the highest genetic variation -
In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
(B) To become the strongest species in the ecosystem
(C) To adapt to global warming
(D) Strong sexual selection -
Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
(A) Polyphyletic
(B) Paraphyletic
(C) Monophyletic
(D) Duophyletic -
In evolution, the "two fold cost of sex" is:
(A) Asexual populations can grow twice as fast as sexual populations.
(B) Sexual animals need to find twice as much food to survive.
(C) Sexual organisms live twice as long as asexual organisms.
(D) It takes two parents to produce twice as many mutations. -
Which of the following is true about genetic drift?
(A) It always helps animals adapt to their environment.
(B) It is the same thing as natural selection.
(C) It has a much stronger effect on small populations.
(D) It only happens when new species are created. -
A human fetus, if born too early, has a low survival rate. If born too late, it would grow too big and difficult to be
born. This is an example of:
(A) Background selection
(B) Directional selection
(C) Stabilizing selection
(D) Disruptive selection -
In a gene, the fitness of the three genotypes is: AA = 1, Aa = 1, aa = 0.8. The selection coefficient of genotype aa
is:
(A) 1.2
(B) 0.2
(C) 0.8
(D) 0.4 -
Two species originally exist in different locations and developed hybrid incompatibility. After secondary contact,
they evolved different secondary sexual characteristics to prevent hybridization. This is called:
(A) Sympatric speciation
(B) Cryptic female choice
(C) Behavior isolation
(D) Reinforcement
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
這部分包含單選題,涵蓋了演化生物學的基礎概念,包括同源性、演化機制(如自然選擇、遺傳漂變、性選擇)、物種形成、演化歷史(如人類演化)以及族群遺傳學。
1. Human arms and bird wings are in:
核心觀念: 同源結構 (Homology) vs. 同功結構 (Homoplasy)。同源結構是指來源於共同祖先,即使功能不同,但其基本結構相似;同功結構則是指功能相似但來源不同。
詳解: 人類的手臂和鳥類的翅膀在演化上具有共同的祖先,都源自於四足動物的前肢骨骼結構。儘管它們的功能(抓握 vs. 飛行)差異很大,但其骨骼組成(如肱骨、橈骨、尺骨等)卻高度相似,這證明了它們是同源結構。Paralogy 指的是基因重複產生的同源基因。Monophyletic 是指一個演化支,包含一個共同祖先及其所有後代。
【答案】(A) Homology
2. Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
核心觀念: 演化適應的基礎是遺傳變異。
詳解: 自然選擇作用於表現型,但適應的基礎是遺傳變異。如果沒有遺傳上的差異,個體就不會對選擇產生不同的反應,也就無法發生演化。顏色 (A) 是一種表徵,但本身不是演化的基礎。異域物種形成 (C) 是一種物種形成的機制,與生物體對選擇的反應不是直接關係。同源性 (D) 描述的是結構的來源,與對選擇的反應無關。
【答案】(B) Genetic variation
3. About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
核心觀念: 人類演化「走出非洲」(Out of Africa) 模型。
詳解: 目前最廣泛接受的現代人類起源理論是「走出非洲」模型,認為現代人類(智人)起源於非洲,然後遷移到世界各地,取代了當地較早的古人類(如尼安德塔人)。(A) 共同祖先曾存在於非洲,這是「走出非洲」模型的基礎。 (B) 獨立演化模型已被大部分證據否定。 (C) 尼安德塔人是人類的近親,但不是現代人類的直接共同祖先,而是在部分地區與遷入的智人發生了基因交流。 (D) 一般認為非洲族群保有最多的基因多樣性,因為他們是人類演化的根源,但不能說亞洲人有最高遺傳變異。
【答案】(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
4. In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
核心觀念: 紅皇后假說 (Red Queen Hypothesis) 強調演化軍備競賽。
詳解: 紅皇后假說指出,生物必須不斷演化以維持其在生態系統中的適應度,因為牠們所處的環境並非靜態,特別是與其他生物(如捕食者、獵物、寄生蟲、競爭者)之間的交互作用。這些交互作用迫使雙方進行持續的演化軍備競賽。選項 (A) 精確地描述了這種交互作用。選項 (B) 雖然是演化結果,但不是持續演化的原因。選項 (C) 全球暖化是環境變遷,但紅皇后假說更側重於生物間的互動。選項 (D) 性選擇是演化的一個驅動力,但紅皇后假說的適用範圍更廣。
【答案】(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
5. Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
核心觀念: 分類群的定義:單系群 (Monophyletic)、並系群 (Paraphyletic)、多系群 (Polyphyletic)。
詳解: 如果一個分類群包含一個共同祖先及其「所有」後代,則稱為單系群。人類和黑猩猩共享一個最近的共同祖先,並且牠們是該共同祖先的「所有」後代(沒有被排除在外)。因此,牠們構成了一個單系群。並系群包含一個共同祖先,但只包含其「部分」後代。多系群則不包含其最近的共同祖先。Duophyletic 不是標準的分類學術語。
【答案】(C) Monophyletic
第 二、單選題 (42%, 3% each) 題42 分
-
Human arms and bird wings are in:
(A) Homology
(B) Paralogy
(C) Homoplasy
(D) Monophyletic -
Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
(A) Their color
(B) Genetic variation
(C) Allopatric speciation
(D) Homology -
About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
(B) They evolved independently from local apes in Asia, Europe, and Africa
(C) Neanderthals are their common ancestors
(D) Asians have the highest genetic variation -
In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
(B) To become the strongest species in the ecosystem
(C) To adapt to global warming
(D) Strong sexual selection -
Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
(A) Polyphyletic
(B) Paraphyletic
(C) Monophyletic
(D) Duophyletic -
In evolution, the "two fold cost of sex" is:
(A) Asexual populations can grow twice as fast as sexual populations.
(B) Sexual animals need to find twice as much food to survive.
(C) Sexual organisms live twice as long as asexual organisms.
(D) It takes two parents to produce twice as many mutations. -
Which of the following is true about genetic drift?
(A) It always helps animals adapt to their environment.
(B) It is the same thing as natural selection.
(C) It has a much stronger effect on small populations.
(D) It only happens when new species are created. -
A human fetus, if born too early, has a low survival rate. If born too late, it would grow too big and difficult to be
born. This is an example of:
(A) Background selection
(B) Directional selection
(C) Stabilizing selection
(D) Disruptive selection -
In a gene, the fitness of the three genotypes is: AA = 1, Aa = 1, aa = 0.8. The selection coefficient of genotype aa
is:
(A) 1.2
(B) 0.2
(C) 0.8
(D) 0.4 -
Two species originally exist in different locations and developed hybrid incompatibility. After secondary contact,
they evolved different secondary sexual characteristics to prevent hybridization. This is called:
(A) Sympatric speciation
(B) Cryptic female choice
(C) Behavior isolation
(D) Reinforcement
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
這部分包含單選題,涵蓋了演化生物學的基礎概念,包括同源性、演化機制(如自然選擇、遺傳漂變、性選擇)、物種形成、演化歷史(如人類演化)以及族群遺傳學。
1. Human arms and bird wings are in:
核心觀念: 同源結構 (Homology) vs. 同功結構 (Homoplasy)。同源結構是指來源於共同祖先,即使功能不同,但其基本結構相似;同功結構則是指功能相似但來源不同。
詳解: 人類的手臂和鳥類的翅膀在演化上具有共同的祖先,都源自於四足動物的前肢骨骼結構。儘管它們的功能(抓握 vs. 飛行)差異很大,但其骨骼組成(如肱骨、橈骨、尺骨等)卻高度相似,這證明了它們是同源結構。Paralogy 指的是基因重複產生的同源基因。Monophyletic 是指一個演化支,包含一個共同祖先及其所有後代。
【答案】(A) Homology
2. Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
核心觀念: 演化適應的基礎是遺傳變異。
詳解: 自然選擇作用於表現型,但適應的基礎是遺傳變異。如果沒有遺傳上的差異,個體就不會對選擇產生不同的反應,也就無法發生演化。顏色 (A) 是一種表徵,但本身不是演化的基礎。異域物種形成 (C) 是一種物種形成的機制,與生物體對選擇的反應不是直接關係。同源性 (D) 描述的是結構的來源,與對選擇的反應無關。
【答案】(B) Genetic variation
3. About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
核心觀念: 人類演化「走出非洲」(Out of Africa) 模型。
詳解: 目前最廣泛接受的現代人類起源理論是「走出非洲」模型,認為現代人類(智人)起源於非洲,然後遷移到世界各地,取代了當地較早的古人類(如尼安德塔人)。(A) 共同祖先曾存在於非洲,這是「走出非洲」模型的基礎。 (B) 獨立演化模型已被大部分證據否定。 (C) 尼安德塔人是人類的近親,但不是現代人類的直接共同祖先,而是在部分地區與遷入的智人發生了基因交流。 (D) 一般認為非洲族群保有最多的基因多樣性,因為他們是人類演化的根源,但不能說亞洲人有最高遺傳變異。
【答案】(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
4. In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
核心觀念: 紅皇后假說 (Red Queen Hypothesis) 強調演化軍備競賽。
詳解: 紅皇后假說指出,生物必須不斷演化以維持其在生態系統中的適應度,因為牠們所處的環境並非靜態,特別是與其他生物(如捕食者、獵物、寄生蟲、競爭者)之間的交互作用。這些交互作用迫使雙方進行持續的演化軍備競賽。選項 (A) 精確地描述了這種交互作用。選項 (B) 雖然是演化結果,但不是持續演化的原因。選項 (C) 全球暖化是環境變遷,但紅皇后假說更側重於生物間的互動。選項 (D) 性選擇是演化的一個驅動力,但紅皇后假說的適用範圍更廣。
【答案】(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
5. Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
核心觀念: 分類群的定義:單系群 (Monophyletic)、並系群 (Paraphyletic)、多系群 (Polyphyletic)。
詳解: 如果一個分類群包含一個共同祖先及其「所有」後代,則稱為單系群。人類和黑猩猩共享一個最近的共同祖先,並且牠們是該共同祖先的「所有」後代(沒有被排除在外)。因此,牠們構成了一個單系群。並系群包含一個共同祖先,但只包含其「部分」後代。多系群則不包含其最近的共同祖先。Duophyletic 不是標準的分類學術語。
【答案】(C) Monophyletic
第 二、單選題 (42%, 3% each) 題42 分
-
Human arms and bird wings are in:
(A) Homology
(B) Paralogy
(C) Homoplasy
(D) Monophyletic -
Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
(A) Their color
(B) Genetic variation
(C) Allopatric speciation
(D) Homology -
About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
(B) They evolved independently from local apes in Asia, Europe, and Africa
(C) Neanderthals are their common ancestors
(D) Asians have the highest genetic variation -
In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
(B) To become the strongest species in the ecosystem
(C) To adapt to global warming
(D) Strong sexual selection -
Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
(A) Polyphyletic
(B) Paraphyletic
(C) Monophyletic
(D) Duophyletic -
In evolution, the "two fold cost of sex" is:
(A) Asexual populations can grow twice as fast as sexual populations.
(B) Sexual animals need to find twice as much food to survive.
(C) Sexual organisms live twice as long as asexual organisms.
(D) It takes two parents to produce twice as many mutations. -
Which of the following is true about genetic drift?
(A) It always helps animals adapt to their environment.
(B) It is the same thing as natural selection.
(C) It has a much stronger effect on small populations.
(D) It only happens when new species are created. -
A human fetus, if born too early, has a low survival rate. If born too late, it would grow too big and difficult to be
born. This is an example of:
(A) Background selection
(B) Directional selection
(C) Stabilizing selection
(D) Disruptive selection -
In a gene, the fitness of the three genotypes is: AA = 1, Aa = 1, aa = 0.8. The selection coefficient of genotype aa
is:
(A) 1.2
(B) 0.2
(C) 0.8
(D) 0.4 -
Two species originally exist in different locations and developed hybrid incompatibility. After secondary contact,
they evolved different secondary sexual characteristics to prevent hybridization. This is called:
(A) Sympatric speciation
(B) Cryptic female choice
(C) Behavior isolation
(D) Reinforcement
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
這部分包含單選題,涵蓋了演化生物學的基礎概念,包括同源性、演化機制(如自然選擇、遺傳漂變、性選擇)、物種形成、演化歷史(如人類演化)以及族群遺傳學。
1. Human arms and bird wings are in:
核心觀念: 同源結構 (Homology) vs. 同功結構 (Homoplasy)。同源結構是指來源於共同祖先,即使功能不同,但其基本結構相似;同功結構則是指功能相似但來源不同。
詳解: 人類的手臂和鳥類的翅膀在演化上具有共同的祖先,都源自於四足動物的前肢骨骼結構。儘管它們的功能(抓握 vs. 飛行)差異很大,但其骨骼組成(如肱骨、橈骨、尺骨等)卻高度相似,這證明了它們是同源結構。Paralogy 指的是基因重複產生的同源基因。Monophyletic 是指一個演化支,包含一個共同祖先及其所有後代。
【答案】(A) Homology
2. Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
核心觀念: 演化適應的基礎是遺傳變異。
詳解: 自然選擇作用於表現型,但適應的基礎是遺傳變異。如果沒有遺傳上的差異,個體就不會對選擇產生不同的反應,也就無法發生演化。顏色 (A) 是一種表徵,但本身不是演化的基礎。異域物種形成 (C) 是一種物種形成的機制,與生物體對選擇的反應不是直接關係。同源性 (D) 描述的是結構的來源,與對選擇的反應無關。
【答案】(B) Genetic variation
3. About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
核心觀念: 人類演化「走出非洲」(Out of Africa) 模型。
詳解: 目前最廣泛接受的現代人類起源理論是「走出非洲」模型,認為現代人類(智人)起源於非洲,然後遷移到世界各地,取代了當地較早的古人類(如尼安德塔人)。(A) 共同祖先曾存在於非洲,這是「走出非洲」模型的基礎。 (B) 獨立演化模型已被大部分證據否定。 (C) 尼安德塔人是人類的近親,但不是現代人類的直接共同祖先,而是在部分地區與遷入的智人發生了基因交流。 (D) 一般認為非洲族群保有最多的基因多樣性,因為他們是人類演化的根源,但不能說亞洲人有最高遺傳變異。
【答案】(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
4. In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
核心觀念: 紅皇后假說 (Red Queen Hypothesis) 強調演化軍備競賽。
詳解: 紅皇后假說指出,生物必須不斷演化以維持其在生態系統中的適應度,因為牠們所處的環境並非靜態,特別是與其他生物(如捕食者、獵物、寄生蟲、競爭者)之間的交互作用。這些交互作用迫使雙方進行持續的演化軍備競賽。選項 (A) 精確地描述了這種交互作用。選項 (B) 雖然是演化結果,但不是持續演化的原因。選項 (C) 全球暖化是環境變遷,但紅皇后假說更側重於生物間的互動。選項 (D) 性選擇是演化的一個驅動力,但紅皇后假說的適用範圍更廣。
【答案】(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
5. Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
核心觀念: 分類群的定義:單系群 (Monophyletic)、並系群 (Paraphyletic)、多系群 (Polyphyletic)。
詳解: 如果一個分類群包含一個共同祖先及其「所有」後代,則稱為單系群。人類和黑猩猩共享一個最近的共同祖先,並且牠們是該共同祖先的「所有」後代(沒有被排除在外)。因此,牠們構成了一個單系群。並系群包含一個共同祖先,但只包含其「部分」後代。多系群則不包含其最近的共同祖先。Duophyletic 不是標準的分類學術語。
【答案】(C) Monophyletic
第 二、單選題 (42%, 3% each) 題42 分
-
Human arms and bird wings are in:
(A) Homology
(B) Paralogy
(C) Homoplasy
(D) Monophyletic -
Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
(A) Their color
(B) Genetic variation
(C) Allopatric speciation
(D) Homology -
About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
(B) They evolved independently from local apes in Asia, Europe, and Africa
(C) Neanderthals are their common ancestors
(D) Asians have the highest genetic variation -
In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
(B) To become the strongest species in the ecosystem
(C) To adapt to global warming
(D) Strong sexual selection -
Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
(A) Polyphyletic
(B) Paraphyletic
(C) Monophyletic
(D) Duophyletic -
In evolution, the "two fold cost of sex" is:
(A) Asexual populations can grow twice as fast as sexual populations.
(B) Sexual animals need to find twice as much food to survive.
(C) Sexual organisms live twice as long as asexual organisms.
(D) It takes two parents to produce twice as many mutations. -
Which of the following is true about genetic drift?
(A) It always helps animals adapt to their environment.
(B) It is the same thing as natural selection.
(C) It has a much stronger effect on small populations.
(D) It only happens when new species are created. -
A human fetus, if born too early, has a low survival rate. If born too late, it would grow too big and difficult to be
born. This is an example of:
(A) Background selection
(B) Directional selection
(C) Stabilizing selection
(D) Disruptive selection -
In a gene, the fitness of the three genotypes is: AA = 1, Aa = 1, aa = 0.8. The selection coefficient of genotype aa
is:
(A) 1.2
(B) 0.2
(C) 0.8
(D) 0.4 -
Two species originally exist in different locations and developed hybrid incompatibility. After secondary contact,
they evolved different secondary sexual characteristics to prevent hybridization. This is called:
(A) Sympatric speciation
(B) Cryptic female choice
(C) Behavior isolation
(D) Reinforcement
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
這部分包含單選題,涵蓋了演化生物學的基礎概念,包括同源性、演化機制(如自然選擇、遺傳漂變、性選擇)、物種形成、演化歷史(如人類演化)以及族群遺傳學。
1. Human arms and bird wings are in:
核心觀念: 同源結構 (Homology) vs. 同功結構 (Homoplasy)。同源結構是指來源於共同祖先,即使功能不同,但其基本結構相似;同功結構則是指功能相似但來源不同。
詳解: 人類的手臂和鳥類的翅膀在演化上具有共同的祖先,都源自於四足動物的前肢骨骼結構。儘管它們的功能(抓握 vs. 飛行)差異很大,但其骨骼組成(如肱骨、橈骨、尺骨等)卻高度相似,這證明了它們是同源結構。Paralogy 指的是基因重複產生的同源基因。Monophyletic 是指一個演化支,包含一個共同祖先及其所有後代。
【答案】(A) Homology
第 二、單選題 (42%, 3% each) 題42 分
-
Human arms and bird wings are in:
(A) Homology
(B) Paralogy
(C) Homoplasy
(D) Monophyletic -
Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
(A) Their color
(B) Genetic variation
(C) Allopatric speciation
(D) Homology -
About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
(B) They evolved independently from local apes in Asia, Europe, and Africa
(C) Neanderthals are their common ancestors
(D) Asians have the highest genetic variation -
In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
(B) To become the strongest species in the ecosystem
(C) To adapt to global warming
(D) Strong sexual selection -
Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
(A) Polyphyletic
(B) Paraphyletic
(C) Monophyletic
(D) Duophyletic -
In evolution, the "two fold cost of sex" is:
(A) Asexual populations can grow twice as fast as sexual populations.
(B) Sexual animals need to find twice as much food to survive.
(C) Sexual organisms live twice as long as asexual organisms.
(D) It takes two parents to produce twice as many mutations. -
Which of the following is true about genetic drift?
(A) It always helps animals adapt to their environment.
(B) It is the same thing as natural selection.
(C) It has a much stronger effect on small populations.
(D) It only happens when new species are created. -
A human fetus, if born too early, has a low survival rate. If born too late, it would grow too big and difficult to be
born. This is an example of:
(A) Background selection
(B) Directional selection
(C) Stabilizing selection
(D) Disruptive selection -
In a gene, the fitness of the three genotypes is: AA = 1, Aa = 1, aa = 0.8. The selection coefficient of genotype aa
is:
(A) 1.2
(B) 0.2
(C) 0.8
(D) 0.4 -
Two species originally exist in different locations and developed hybrid incompatibility. After secondary contact,
they evolved different secondary sexual characteristics to prevent hybridization. This is called:
(A) Sympatric speciation
(B) Cryptic female choice
(C) Behavior isolation
(D) Reinforcement
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
這部分包含單選題,涵蓋了演化生物學的基礎概念,包括同源性、演化機制(如自然選擇、遺傳漂變、性選擇)、物種形成、演化歷史(如人類演化)以及族群遺傳學。
1. Human arms and bird wings are in:
核心觀念: 同源結構 (Homology) vs. 同功結構 (Homoplasy)。同源結構是指來源於共同祖先,即使功能不同,但其基本結構相似;同功結構則是指功能相似但來源不同。
詳解: 人類的手臂和鳥類的翅膀在演化上具有共同的祖先,都源自於四足動物的前肢骨骼結構。儘管它們的功能(抓握 vs. 飛行)差異很大,但其骨骼組成(如肱骨、橈骨、尺骨等)卻高度相似,這證明了它們是同源結構。Paralogy 指的是基因重複產生的同源基因。Monophyletic 是指一個演化支,包含一個共同祖先及其所有後代。
【答案】(A) Homology
2. Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
核心觀念: 演化適應的基礎是遺傳變異。
詳解: 自然選擇作用於表現型,但適應的基礎是遺傳變異。如果沒有遺傳上的差異,個體就不會對選擇產生不同的反應,也就無法發生演化。顏色 (A) 是一種表徵,但本身不是演化的基礎。異域物種形成 (C) 是一種物種形成的機制,與生物體對選擇的反應不是直接關係。同源性 (D) 描述的是結構的來源,與對選擇的反應無關。
【答案】(B) Genetic variation
3. About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
核心觀念: 人類演化「走出非洲」(Out of Africa) 模型。
詳解: 目前最廣泛接受的現代人類起源理論是「走出非洲」模型,認為現代人類(智人)起源於非洲,然後遷移到世界各地,取代了當地較早的古人類(如尼安德塔人)。(A) 共同祖先曾存在於非洲,這是「走出非洲」模型的基礎。 (B) 獨立演化模型已被大部分證據否定。 (C) 尼安德塔人是人類的近親,但不是現代人類的直接共同祖先,而是在部分地區與遷入的智人發生了基因交流。 (D) 一般認為非洲族群保有最多的基因多樣性,因為他們是人類演化的根源,但不能說亞洲人有最高遺傳變異。
【答案】(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
4. In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
核心觀念: 紅皇后假說 (Red Queen Hypothesis) 強調演化軍備競賽。
詳解: 紅皇后假說指出,生物必須不斷演化以維持其在生態系統中的適應度,因為牠們所處的環境並非靜態,特別是與其他生物(如捕食者、獵物、寄生蟲、競爭者)之間的交互作用。這些交互作用迫使雙方進行持續的演化軍備競賽。選項 (A) 精確地描述了這種交互作用。選項 (B) 雖然是演化結果,但不是持續演化的原因。選項 (C) 全球暖化是環境變遷,但紅皇后假說更側重於生物間的互動。選項 (D) 性選擇是演化的一個驅動力,但紅皇后假說的適用範圍更廣。
【答案】(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
5. Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
核心觀念: 分類群的定義:單系群 (Monophyletic)、並系群 (Paraphyletic)、多系群 (Polyphyletic)。
詳解: 如果一個分類群包含一個共同祖先及其「所有」後代,則稱為單系群。人類和黑猩猩共享一個最近的共同祖先,並且牠們是該共同祖先的「所有」後代(沒有被排除在外)。因此,牠們構成了一個單系群。並系群包含一個共同祖先,但只包含其「部分」後代。多系群則不包含其最近的共同祖先。Duophyletic 不是標準的分類學術語。
【答案】(C) Monophyletic
第 二、單選題 (42%, 3% each) 題42 分
-
Human arms and bird wings are in:
(A) Homology
(B) Paralogy
(C) Homoplasy
(D) Monophyletic -
Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
(A) Their color
(B) Genetic variation
(C) Allopatric speciation
(D) Homology -
About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
(B) They evolved independently from local apes in Asia, Europe, and Africa
(C) Neanderthals are their common ancestors
(D) Asians have the highest genetic variation -
In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
(B) To become the strongest species in the ecosystem
(C) To adapt to global warming
(D) Strong sexual selection -
Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
(A) Polyphyletic
(B) Paraphyletic
(C) Monophyletic
(D) Duophyletic -
In evolution, the "two fold cost of sex" is:
(A) Asexual populations can grow twice as fast as sexual populations.
(B) Sexual animals need to find twice as much food to survive.
(C) Sexual organisms live twice as long as asexual organisms.
(D) It takes two parents to produce twice as many mutations. -
Which of the following is true about genetic drift?
(A) It always helps animals adapt to their environment.
(B) It is the same thing as natural selection.
(C) It has a much stronger effect on small populations.
(D) It only happens when new species are created. -
A human fetus, if born too early, has a low survival rate. If born too late, it would grow too big and difficult to be
born. This is an example of:
(A) Background selection
(B) Directional selection
(C) Stabilizing selection
(D) Disruptive selection -
In a gene, the fitness of the three genotypes is: AA = 1, Aa = 1, aa = 0.8. The selection coefficient of genotype aa
is:
(A) 1.2
(B) 0.2
(C) 0.8
(D) 0.4 -
Two species originally exist in different locations and developed hybrid incompatibility. After secondary contact,
they evolved different secondary sexual characteristics to prevent hybridization. This is called:
(A) Sympatric speciation
(B) Cryptic female choice
(C) Behavior isolation
(D) Reinforcement
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
這部分包含單選題,涵蓋了演化生物學的基礎概念,包括同源性、演化機制(如自然選擇、遺傳漂變、性選擇)、物種形成、演化歷史(如人類演化)以及族群遺傳學。
1. Human arms and bird wings are in:
核心觀念: 同源結構 (Homology) vs. 同功結構 (Homoplasy)。同源結構是指來源於共同祖先,即使功能不同,但其基本結構相似;同功結構則是指功能相似但來源不同。
詳解: 人類的手臂和鳥類的翅膀在演化上具有共同的祖先,都源自於四足動物的前肢骨骼結構。儘管它們的功能(抓握 vs. 飛行)差異很大,但其骨骼組成(如肱骨、橈骨、尺骨等)卻高度相似,這證明了它們是同源結構。Paralogy 指的是基因重複產生的同源基因。Monophyletic 是指一個演化支,包含一個共同祖先及其所有後代。
【答案】(A) Homology
2. Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
核心觀念: 演化適應的基礎是遺傳變異。
詳解: 自然選擇作用於表現型,但適應的基礎是遺傳變異。如果沒有遺傳上的差異,個體就不會對選擇產生不同的反應,也就無法發生演化。顏色 (A) 是一種表徵,但本身不是演化的基礎。異域物種形成 (C) 是一種物種形成的機制,與生物體對選擇的反應不是直接關係。同源性 (D) 描述的是結構的來源,與對選擇的反應無關。
【答案】(B) Genetic variation
3. About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
核心觀念: 人類演化「走出非洲」(Out of Africa) 模型。
詳解: 目前最廣泛接受的現代人類起源理論是「走出非洲」模型,認為現代人類(智人)起源於非洲,然後遷移到世界各地,取代了當地較早的古人類(如尼安德塔人)。(A) 共同祖先曾存在於非洲,這是「走出非洲」模型的基礎。 (B) 獨立演化模型已被大部分證據否定。 (C) 尼安德塔人是人類的近親,但不是現代人類的直接共同祖先,而是在部分地區與遷入的智人發生了基因交流。 (D) 一般認為非洲族群保有最多的基因多樣性,因為他們是人類演化的根源,但不能說亞洲人有最高遺傳變異。
【答案】(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
4. In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
核心觀念: 紅皇后假說 (Red Queen Hypothesis) 強調演化軍備競賽。
詳解: 紅皇后假說指出,生物必須不斷演化以維持其在生態系統中的適應度,因為牠們所處的環境並非靜態,特別是與其他生物(如捕食者、獵物、寄生蟲、競爭者)之間的交互作用。這些交互作用迫使雙方進行持續的演化軍備競賽。選項 (A) 精確地描述了這種交互作用。選項 (B) 雖然是演化結果,但不是持續演化的原因。選項 (C) 全球暖化是環境變遷,但紅皇后假說更側重於生物間的互動。選項 (D) 性選擇是演化的一個驅動力,但紅皇后假說的適用範圍更廣。
【答案】(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
5. Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
核心觀念: 分類群的定義:單系群 (Monophyletic)、並系群 (Paraphyletic)、多系群 (Polyphyletic)。
詳解: 如果一個分類群包含一個共同祖先及其「所有」後代,則稱為單系群。人類和黑猩猩共享一個最近的共同祖先,並且牠們是該共同祖先的「所有」後代(沒有被排除在外)。因此,牠們構成了一個單系群。並系群包含一個共同祖先,但只包含其「部分」後代。多系群則不包含其最近的共同祖先。Duophyletic 不是標準的分類學術語。
【答案】(C) Monophyletic
第 二、單選題 (42%, 3% each) 題42 分
-
Human arms and bird wings are in:
(A) Homology
(B) Paralogy
(C) Homoplasy
(D) Monophyletic -
Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
(A) Their color
(B) Genetic variation
(C) Allopatric speciation
(D) Homology -
About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
(B) They evolved independently from local apes in Asia, Europe, and Africa
(C) Neanderthals are their common ancestors
(D) Asians have the highest genetic variation -
In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
(B) To become the strongest species in the ecosystem
(C) To adapt to global warming
(D) Strong sexual selection -
Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
(A) Polyphyletic
(B) Paraphyletic
(C) Monophyletic
(D) Duophyletic -
In evolution, the "two fold cost of sex" is:
(A) Asexual populations can grow twice as fast as sexual populations.
(B) Sexual animals need to find twice as much food to survive.
(C) Sexual organisms live twice as long as asexual organisms.
(D) It takes two parents to produce twice as many mutations. -
Which of the following is true about genetic drift?
(A) It always helps animals adapt to their environment.
(B) It is the same thing as natural selection.
(C) It has a much stronger effect on small populations.
(D) It only happens when new species are created. -
A human fetus, if born too early, has a low survival rate. If born too late, it would grow too big and difficult to be
born. This is an example of:
(A) Background selection
(B) Directional selection
(C) Stabilizing selection
(D) Disruptive selection -
In a gene, the fitness of the three genotypes is: AA = 1, Aa = 1, aa = 0.8. The selection coefficient of genotype aa
is:
(A) 1.2
(B) 0.2
(C) 0.8
(D) 0.4 -
Two species originally exist in different locations and developed hybrid incompatibility. After secondary contact,
they evolved different secondary sexual characteristics to prevent hybridization. This is called:
(A) Sympatric speciation
(B) Cryptic female choice
(C) Behavior isolation
(D) Reinforcement
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
這部分包含單選題,涵蓋了演化生物學的基礎概念,包括同源性、演化機制(如自然選擇、遺傳漂變、性選擇)、物種形成、演化歷史(如人類演化)以及族群遺傳學。
1. Human arms and bird wings are in:
核心觀念: 同源結構 (Homology) vs. 同功結構 (Homoplasy)。同源結構是指來源於共同祖先,即使功能不同,但其基本結構相似;同功結構則是指功能相似但來源不同。
詳解: 人類的手臂和鳥類的翅膀在演化上具有共同的祖先,都源自於四足動物的前肢骨骼結構。儘管它們的功能(抓握 vs. 飛行)差異很大,但其骨骼組成(如肱骨、橈骨、尺骨等)卻高度相似,這證明了它們是同源結構。Paralogy 指的是基因重複產生的同源基因。Monophyletic 是指一個演化支,包含一個共同祖先及其所有後代。
【答案】(A) Homology
2. Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
核心觀念: 演化適應的基礎是遺傳變異。
詳解: 自然選擇作用於表現型,但適應的基礎是遺傳變異。如果沒有遺傳上的差異,個體就不會對選擇產生不同的反應,也就無法發生演化。顏色 (A) 是一種表徵,但本身不是演化的基礎。異域物種形成 (C) 是一種物種形成的機制,與生物體對選擇的反應不是直接關係。同源性 (D) 描述的是結構的來源,與對選擇的反應無關。
【答案】(B) Genetic variation
3. About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
核心觀念: 人類演化「走出非洲」(Out of Africa) 模型。
詳解: 目前最廣泛接受的現代人類起源理論是「走出非洲」模型,認為現代人類(智人)起源於非洲,然後遷移到世界各地,取代了當地較早的古人類(如尼安德塔人)。(A) 共同祖先曾存在於非洲,這是「走出非洲」模型的基礎。 (B) 獨立演化模型已被大部分證據否定。 (C) 尼安德塔人是人類的近親,但不是現代人類的直接共同祖先,而是在部分地區與遷入的智人發生了基因交流。 (D) 一般認為非洲族群保有最多的基因多樣性,因為他們是人類演化的根源,但不能說亞洲人有最高遺傳變異。
【答案】(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
4. In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
核心觀念: 紅皇后假說 (Red Queen Hypothesis) 強調演化軍備競賽。
詳解: 紅皇后假說指出,生物必須不斷演化以維持其在生態系統中的適應度,因為牠們所處的環境並非靜態,特別是與其他生物(如捕食者、獵物、寄生蟲、競爭者)之間的交互作用。這些交互作用迫使雙方進行持續的演化軍備競賽。選項 (A) 精確地描述了這種交互作用。選項 (B) 雖然是演化結果,但不是持續演化的原因。選項 (C) 全球暖化是環境變遷,但紅皇后假說更側重於生物間的互動。選項 (D) 性選擇是演化的一個驅動力,但紅皇后假說的適用範圍更廣。
【答案】(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
5. Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
核心觀念: 分類群的定義:單系群 (Monophyletic)、並系群 (Paraphyletic)、多系群 (Polyphyletic)。
詳解: 如果一個分類群包含一個共同祖先及其「所有」後代,則稱為單系群。人類和黑猩猩共享一個最近的共同祖先,並且牠們是該共同祖先的「所有」後代(沒有被排除在外)。因此,牠們構成了一個單系群。並系群包含一個共同祖先,但只包含其「部分」後代。多系群則不包含其最近的共同祖先。Duophyletic 不是標準的分類學術語。
【答案】(C) Monophyletic
第 二、單選題 (42%, 3% each) 題42 分
-
Human arms and bird wings are in:
(A) Homology
(B) Paralogy
(C) Homoplasy
(D) Monophyletic -
Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
(A) Their color
(B) Genetic variation
(C) Allopatric speciation
(D) Homology -
About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
(B) They evolved independently from local apes in Asia, Europe, and Africa
(C) Neanderthals are their common ancestors
(D) Asians have the highest genetic variation -
In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
(B) To become the strongest species in the ecosystem
(C) To adapt to global warming
(D) Strong sexual selection -
Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
(A) Polyphyletic
(B) Paraphyletic
(C) Monophyletic
(D) Duophyletic -
In evolution, the "two fold cost of sex" is:
(A) Asexual populations can grow twice as fast as sexual populations.
(B) Sexual animals need to find twice as much food to survive.
(C) Sexual organisms live twice as long as asexual organisms.
(D) It takes two parents to produce twice as many mutations. -
Which of the following is true about genetic drift?
(A) It always helps animals adapt to their environment.
(B) It is the same thing as natural selection.
(C) It has a much stronger effect on small populations.
(D) It only happens when new species are created. -
A human fetus, if born too early, has a low survival rate. If born too late, it would grow too big and difficult to be
born. This is an example of:
(A) Background selection
(B) Directional selection
(C) Stabilizing selection
(D) Disruptive selection -
In a gene, the fitness of the three genotypes is: AA = 1, Aa = 1, aa = 0.8. The selection coefficient of genotype aa
is:
(A) 1.2
(B) 0.2
(C) 0.8
(D) 0.4 -
Two species originally exist in different locations and developed hybrid incompatibility. After secondary contact,
they evolved different secondary sexual characteristics to prevent hybridization. This is called:
(A) Sympatric speciation
(B) Cryptic female choice
(C) Behavior isolation
(D) Reinforcement
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
這部分包含單選題,涵蓋了演化生物學的基礎概念,包括同源性、演化機制(如自然選擇、遺傳漂變、性選擇)、物種形成、演化歷史(如人類演化)以及族群遺傳學。
1. Human arms and bird wings are in:
核心觀念: 同源結構 (Homology) vs. 同功結構 (Homoplasy)。同源結構是指來源於共同祖先,即使功能不同,但其基本結構相似;同功結構則是指功能相似但來源不同。
詳解: 人類的手臂和鳥類的翅膀在演化上具有共同的祖先,都源自於四足動物的前肢骨骼結構。儘管它們的功能(抓握 vs. 飛行)差異很大,但其骨骼組成(如肱骨、橈骨、尺骨等)卻高度相似,這證明了它們是同源結構。Paralogy 指的是基因重複產生的同源基因。Monophyletic 是指一個演化支,包含一個共同祖先及其所有後代。
【答案】(A) Homology
2. Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
核心觀念: 演化適應的基礎是遺傳變異。
詳解: 自然選擇作用於表現型,但適應的基礎是遺傳變異。如果沒有遺傳上的差異,個體就不會對選擇產生不同的反應,也就無法發生演化。顏色 (A) 是一種表徵,但本身不是演化的基礎。異域物種形成 (C) 是一種物種形成的機制,與生物體對選擇的反應不是直接關係。同源性 (D) 描述的是結構的來源,與對選擇的反應無關。
【答案】(B) Genetic variation
3. About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
核心觀念: 人類演化「走出非洲」(Out of Africa) 模型。
詳解: 目前最廣泛接受的現代人類起源理論是「走出非洲」模型,認為現代人類(智人)起源於非洲,然後遷移到世界各地,取代了當地較早的古人類(如尼安德塔人)。(A) 共同祖先曾存在於非洲,這是「走出非洲」模型的基礎。 (B) 獨立演化模型已被大部分證據否定。 (C) 尼安德塔人是人類的近親,但不是現代人類的直接共同祖先,而是在部分地區與遷入的智人發生了基因交流。 (D) 一般認為非洲族群保有最多的基因多樣性,因為他們是人類演化的根源,但不能說亞洲人有最高遺傳變異。
【答案】(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
4. In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
核心觀念: 紅皇后假說 (Red Queen Hypothesis) 強調演化軍備競賽。
詳解: 紅皇后假說指出,生物必須不斷演化以維持其在生態系統中的適應度,因為牠們所處的環境並非靜態,特別是與其他生物(如捕食者、獵物、寄生蟲、競爭者)之間的交互作用。這些交互作用迫使雙方進行持續的演化軍備競賽。選項 (A) 精確地描述了這種交互作用。選項 (B) 雖然是演化結果,但不是持續演化的原因。選項 (C) 全球暖化是環境變遷,但紅皇后假說更側重於生物間的互動。選項 (D) 性選擇是演化的一個驅動力,但紅皇后假說的適用範圍更廣。
【答案】(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
5. Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
核心觀念: 分類群的定義:單系群 (Monophyletic)、並系群 (Paraphyletic)、多系群 (Polyphyletic)。
詳解: 如果一個分類群包含一個共同祖先及其「所有」後代,則稱為單系群。人類和黑猩猩共享一個最近的共同祖先,並且牠們是該共同祖先的「所有」後代(沒有被排除在外)。因此,牠們構成了一個單系群。並系群包含一個共同祖先,但只包含其「部分」後代。多系群則不包含其最近的共同祖先。Duophyletic 不是標準的分類學術語。
【答案】(C) Monophyletic
第 二、單選題 (42%, 3% each) 題42 分
-
Human arms and bird wings are in:
(A) Homology
(B) Paralogy
(C) Homoplasy
(D) Monophyletic -
Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
(A) Their color
(B) Genetic variation
(C) Allopatric speciation
(D) Homology -
About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
(B) They evolved independently from local apes in Asia, Europe, and Africa
(C) Neanderthals are their common ancestors
(D) Asians have the highest genetic variation -
In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
(B) To become the strongest species in the ecosystem
(C) To adapt to global warming
(D) Strong sexual selection -
Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
(A) Polyphyletic
(B) Paraphyletic
(C) Monophyletic
(D) Duophyletic -
In evolution, the "two fold cost of sex" is:
(A) Asexual populations can grow twice as fast as sexual populations.
(B) Sexual animals need to find twice as much food to survive.
(C) Sexual organisms live twice as long as asexual organisms.
(D) It takes two parents to produce twice as many mutations. -
Which of the following is true about genetic drift?
(A) It always helps animals adapt to their environment.
(B) It is the same thing as natural selection.
(C) It has a much stronger effect on small populations.
(D) It only happens when new species are created. -
A human fetus, if born too early, has a low survival rate. If born too late, it would grow too big and difficult to be
born. This is an example of:
(A) Background selection
(B) Directional selection
(C) Stabilizing selection
(D) Disruptive selection -
In a gene, the fitness of the three genotypes is: AA = 1, Aa = 1, aa = 0.8. The selection coefficient of genotype aa
is:
(A) 1.2
(B) 0.2
(C) 0.8
(D) 0.4 -
Two species originally exist in different locations and developed hybrid incompatibility. After secondary contact,
they evolved different secondary sexual characteristics to prevent hybridization. This is called:
(A) Sympatric speciation
(B) Cryptic female choice
(C) Behavior isolation
(D) Reinforcement
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
這部分包含單選題,涵蓋了演化生物學的基礎概念,包括同源性、演化機制(如自然選擇、遺傳漂變、性選擇)、物種形成、演化歷史(如人類演化)以及族群遺傳學。
1. Human arms and bird wings are in:
核心觀念: 同源結構 (Homology) vs. 同功結構 (Homoplasy)。同源結構是指來源於共同祖先,即使功能不同,但其基本結構相似;同功結構則是指功能相似但來源不同。
詳解: 人類的手臂和鳥類的翅膀在演化上具有共同的祖先,都源自於四足動物的前肢骨骼結構。儘管它們的功能(抓握 vs. 飛行)差異很大,但其骨骼組成(如肱骨、橈骨、尺骨等)卻高度相似,這證明了它們是同源結構。Paralogy 指的是基因重複產生的同源基因。Monophyletic 是指一個演化支,包含一個共同祖先及其所有後代。
【答案】(A) Homology
2. Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
核心觀念: 演化適應的基礎是遺傳變異。
詳解: 自然選擇作用於表現型,但適應的基礎是遺傳變異。如果沒有遺傳上的差異,個體就不會對選擇產生不同的反應,也就無法發生演化。顏色 (A) 是一種表徵,但本身不是演化的基礎。異域物種形成 (C) 是一種物種形成的機制,與生物體對選擇的反應不是直接關係。同源性 (D) 描述的是結構的來源,與對選擇的反應無關。
【答案】(B) Genetic variation
3. About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
核心觀念: 人類演化「走出非洲」(Out of Africa) 模型。
詳解: 目前最廣泛接受的現代人類起源理論是「走出非洲」模型,認為現代人類(智人)起源於非洲,然後遷移到世界各地,取代了當地較早的古人類(如尼安德塔人)。(A) 共同祖先曾存在於非洲,這是「走出非洲」模型的基礎。 (B) 獨立演化模型已被大部分證據否定。 (C) 尼安德塔人是人類的近親,但不是現代人類的直接共同祖先,而是在部分地區與遷入的智人發生了基因交流。 (D) 一般認為非洲族群保有最多的基因多樣性,因為他們是人類演化的根源,但不能說亞洲人有最高遺傳變異。
【答案】(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
4. In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
核心觀念: 紅皇后假說 (Red Queen Hypothesis) 強調演化軍備競賽。
詳解: 紅皇后假說指出,生物必須不斷演化以維持其在生態系統中的適應度,因為牠們所處的環境並非靜態,特別是與其他生物(如捕食者、獵物、寄生蟲、競爭者)之間的交互作用。這些交互作用迫使雙方進行持續的演化軍備競賽。選項 (A) 精確地描述了這種交互作用。選項 (B) 雖然是演化結果,但不是持續演化的原因。選項 (C) 全球暖化是環境變遷,但紅皇后假說更側重於生物間的互動。選項 (D) 性選擇是演化的一個驅動力,但紅皇后假說的適用範圍更廣。
【答案】(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
5. Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
核心觀念: 分類群的定義:單系群 (Monophyletic)、並系群 (Paraphyletic)、多系群 (Polyphyletic)。
詳解: 如果一個分類群包含一個共同祖先及其「所有」後代,則稱為單系群。人類和黑猩猩共享一個最近的共同祖先,並且牠們是該共同祖先的「所有」後代(沒有被排除在外)。因此,牠們構成了一個單系群。並系群包含一個共同祖先,但只包含其「部分」後代。多系群則不包含其最近的共同祖先。Duophyletic 不是標準的分類學術語。
【答案】(C) Monophyletic
第 二、單選題 (42%, 3% each) 題42 分
-
Human arms and bird wings are in:
(A) Homology
(B) Paralogy
(C) Homoplasy
(D) Monophyletic -
Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
(A) Their color
(B) Genetic variation
(C) Allopatric speciation
(D) Homology -
About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
(B) They evolved independently from local apes in Asia, Europe, and Africa
(C) Neanderthals are their common ancestors
(D) Asians have the highest genetic variation -
In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
(B) To become the strongest species in the ecosystem
(C) To adapt to global warming
(D) Strong sexual selection -
Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
(A) Polyphyletic
(B) Paraphyletic
(C) Monophyletic
(D) Duophyletic -
In evolution, the "two fold cost of sex" is:
(A) Asexual populations can grow twice as fast as sexual populations.
(B) Sexual animals need to find twice as much food to survive.
(C) Sexual organisms live twice as long as asexual organisms.
(D) It takes two parents to produce twice as many mutations. -
Which of the following is true about genetic drift?
(A) It always helps animals adapt to their environment.
(B) It is the same thing as natural selection.
(C) It has a much stronger effect on small populations.
(D) It only happens when new species are created. -
A human fetus, if born too early, has a low survival rate. If born too late, it would grow too big and difficult to be
born. This is an example of:
(A) Background selection
(B) Directional selection
(C) Stabilizing selection
(D) Disruptive selection -
In a gene, the fitness of the three genotypes is: AA = 1, Aa = 1, aa = 0.8. The selection coefficient of genotype aa
is:
(A) 1.2
(B) 0.2
(C) 0.8
(D) 0.4 -
Two species originally exist in different locations and developed hybrid incompatibility. After secondary contact,
they evolved different secondary sexual characteristics to prevent hybridization. This is called:
(A) Sympatric speciation
(B) Cryptic female choice
(C) Behavior isolation
(D) Reinforcement
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
這部分包含單選題,涵蓋了演化生物學的基礎概念,包括同源性、演化機制(如自然選擇、遺傳漂變、性選擇)、物種形成、演化歷史(如人類演化)以及族群遺傳學。
1. Human arms and bird wings are in:
核心觀念: 同源結構 (Homology) vs. 同功結構 (Homoplasy)。同源結構是指來源於共同祖先,即使功能不同,但其基本結構相似;同功結構則是指功能相似但來源不同。
詳解: 人類的手臂和鳥類的翅膀在演化上具有共同的祖先,都源自於四足動物的前肢骨骼結構。儘管它們的功能(抓握 vs. 飛行)差異很大,但其骨骼組成(如肱骨、橈骨、尺骨等)卻高度相似,這證明了它們是同源結構。Paralogy 指的是基因重複產生的同源基因。Monophyletic 是指一個演化支,包含一個共同祖先及其所有後代。
【答案】(A) Homology
2. Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
核心觀念: 演化適應的基礎是遺傳變異。
詳解: 自然選擇作用於表現型,但適應的基礎是遺傳變異。如果沒有遺傳上的差異,個體就不會對選擇產生不同的反應,也就無法發生演化。顏色 (A) 是一種表徵,但本身不是演化的基礎。異域物種形成 (C) 是一種物種形成的機制,與生物體對選擇的反應不是直接關係。同源性 (D) 描述的是結構的來源,與對選擇的反應無關。
【答案】(B) Genetic variation
3. About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
核心觀念: 人類演化「走出非洲」(Out of Africa) 模型。
詳解: 目前最廣泛接受的現代人類起源理論是「走出非洲」模型,認為現代人類(智人)起源於非洲,然後遷移到世界各地,取代了當地較早的古人類(如尼安德塔人)。(A) 共同祖先曾存在於非洲,這是「走出非洲」模型的基礎。 (B) 獨立演化模型已被大部分證據否定。 (C) 尼安德塔人是人類的近親,但不是現代人類的直接共同祖先,而是在部分地區與遷入的智人發生了基因交流。 (D) 一般認為非洲族群保有最多的基因多樣性,因為他們是人類演化的根源,但不能說亞洲人有最高遺傳變異。
【答案】(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
4. In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
核心觀念: 紅皇后假說 (Red Queen Hypothesis) 強調演化軍備競賽。
詳解: 紅皇后假說指出,生物必須不斷演化以維持其在生態系統中的適應度,因為牠們所處的環境並非靜態,特別是與其他生物(如捕食者、獵物、寄生蟲、競爭者)之間的交互作用。這些交互作用迫使雙方進行持續的演化軍備競賽。選項 (A) 精確地描述了這種交互作用。選項 (B) 雖然是演化結果,但不是持續演化的原因。選項 (C) 全球暖化是環境變遷,但紅皇后假說更側重於生物間的互動。選項 (D) 性選擇是演化的一個驅動力,但紅皇后假說的適用範圍更廣。
【答案】(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
5. Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
核心觀念: 分類群的定義:單系群 (Monophyletic)、並系群 (Paraphyletic)、多系群 (Polyphyletic)。
詳解: 如果一個分類群包含一個共同祖先及其「所有」後代,則稱為單系群。人類和黑猩猩共享一個最近的共同祖先,並且牠們是該共同祖先的「所有」後代(沒有被排除在外)。因此,牠們構成了一個單系群。並系群包含一個共同祖先,但只包含其「部分」後代。多系群則不包含其最近的共同祖先。Duophyletic 不是標準的分類學術語。
【答案】(C) Monophyletic
第 二、單選題 (42%, 3% each) 題42 分
-
Human arms and bird wings are in:
(A) Homology
(B) Paralogy
(C) Homoplasy
(D) Monophyletic -
Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
(A) Their color
(B) Genetic variation
(C) Allopatric speciation
(D) Homology -
About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
(B) They evolved independently from local apes in Asia, Europe, and Africa
(C) Neanderthals are their common ancestors
(D) Asians have the highest genetic variation -
In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
(B) To become the strongest species in the ecosystem
(C) To adapt to global warming
(D) Strong sexual selection -
Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
(A) Polyphyletic
(B) Paraphyletic
(C) Monophyletic
(D) Duophyletic -
In evolution, the "two fold cost of sex" is:
(A) Asexual populations can grow twice as fast as sexual populations.
(B) Sexual animals need to find twice as much food to survive.
(C) Sexual organisms live twice as long as asexual organisms.
(D) It takes two parents to produce twice as many mutations. -
Which of the following is true about genetic drift?
(A) It always helps animals adapt to their environment.
(B) It is the same thing as natural selection.
(C) It has a much stronger effect on small populations.
(D) It only happens when new species are created. -
A human fetus, if born too early, has a low survival rate. If born too late, it would grow too big and difficult to be
born. This is an example of:
(A) Background selection
(B) Directional selection
(C) Stabilizing selection
(D) Disruptive selection -
In a gene, the fitness of the three genotypes is: AA = 1, Aa = 1, aa = 0.8. The selection coefficient of genotype aa
is:
(A) 1.2
(B) 0.2
(C) 0.8
(D) 0.4 -
Two species originally exist in different locations and developed hybrid incompatibility. After secondary contact,
they evolved different secondary sexual characteristics to prevent hybridization. This is called:
(A) Sympatric speciation
(B) Cryptic female choice
(C) Behavior isolation
(D) Reinforcement
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
這部分包含單選題,涵蓋了演化生物學的基礎概念,包括同源性、演化機制(如自然選擇、遺傳漂變、性選擇)、物種形成、演化歷史(如人類演化)以及族群遺傳學。
1. Human arms and bird wings are in:
核心觀念: 同源結構 (Homology) vs. 同功結構 (Homoplasy)。同源結構是指來源於共同祖先,即使功能不同,但其基本結構相似;同功結構則是指功能相似但來源不同。
詳解: 人類的手臂和鳥類的翅膀在演化上具有共同的祖先,都源自於四足動物的前肢骨骼結構。儘管它們的功能(抓握 vs. 飛行)差異很大,但其骨骼組成(如肱骨、橈骨、尺骨等)卻高度相似,這證明了它們是同源結構。Paralogy 指的是基因重複產生的同源基因。Monophyletic 是指一個演化支,包含一個共同祖先及其所有後代。
【答案】(A) Homology
2. Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
核心觀念: 演化適應的基礎是遺傳變異。
詳解: 自然選擇作用於表現型,但適應的基礎是遺傳變異。如果沒有遺傳上的差異,個體就不會對選擇產生不同的反應,也就無法發生演化。顏色 (A) 是一種表徵,但本身不是演化的基礎。異域物種形成 (C) 是一種物種形成的機制,與生物體對選擇的反應不是直接關係。同源性 (D) 描述的是結構的來源,與對選擇的反應無關。
【答案】(B) Genetic variation
3. About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
核心觀念: 人類演化「走出非洲」(Out of Africa) 模型。
詳解: 目前最廣泛接受的現代人類起源理論是「走出非洲」模型,認為現代人類(智人)起源於非洲,然後遷移到世界各地,取代了當地較早的古人類(如尼安德塔人)。(A) 共同祖先曾存在於非洲,這是「走出非洲」模型的基礎。 (B) 獨立演化模型已被大部分證據否定。 (C) 尼安德塔人是人類的近親,但不是現代人類的直接共同祖先,而是在部分地區與遷入的智人發生了基因交流。 (D) 一般認為非洲族群保有最多的基因多樣性,因為他們是人類演化的根源,但不能說亞洲人有最高遺傳變異。
【答案】(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
4. In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
核心觀念: 紅皇后假說 (Red Queen Hypothesis) 強調演化軍備競賽。
詳解: 紅皇后假說指出,生物必須不斷演化以維持其在生態系統中的適應度,因為牠們所處的環境並非靜態,特別是與其他生物(如捕食者、獵物、寄生蟲、競爭者)之間的交互作用。這些交互作用迫使雙方進行持續的演化軍備競賽。選項 (A) 精確地描述了這種交互作用。選項 (B) 雖然是演化結果,但不是持續演化的原因。選項 (C) 全球暖化是環境變遷,但紅皇后假說更側重於生物間的互動。選項 (D) 性選擇是演化的一個驅動力,但紅皇后假說的適用範圍更廣。
【答案】(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
5. Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
核心觀念: 分類群的定義:單系群 (Monophyletic)、並系群 (Paraphyletic)、多系群 (Polyphyletic)。
詳解: 如果一個分類群包含一個共同祖先及其「所有」後代,則稱為單系群。人類和黑猩猩共享一個最近的共同祖先,並且牠們是該共同祖先的「所有」後代(沒有被排除在外)。因此,牠們構成了一個單系群。並系群包含一個共同祖先,但只包含其「部分」後代。多系群則不包含其最近的共同祖先。Duophyletic 不是標準的分類學術語。
【答案】(C) Monophyletic
第 二、單選題 (42%, 3% each) 題42 分
-
Human arms and bird wings are in:
(A) Homology
(B) Paralogy
(C) Homoplasy
(D) Monophyletic -
Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
(A) Their color
(B) Genetic variation
(C) Allopatric speciation
(D) Homology -
About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
(B) They evolved independently from local apes in Asia, Europe, and Africa
(C) Neanderthals are their common ancestors
(D) Asians have the highest genetic variation -
In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
(B) To become the strongest species in the ecosystem
(C) To adapt to global warming
(D) Strong sexual selection -
Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
(A) Polyphyletic
(B) Paraphyletic
(C) Monophyletic
(D) Duophyletic -
In evolution, the "two fold cost of sex" is:
(A) Asexual populations can grow twice as fast as sexual populations.
(B) Sexual animals need to find twice as much food to survive.
(C) Sexual organisms live twice as long as asexual organisms.
(D) It takes two parents to produce twice as many mutations. -
Which of the following is true about genetic drift?
(A) It always helps animals adapt to their environment.
(B) It is the same thing as natural selection.
(C) It has a much stronger effect on small populations.
(D) It only happens when new species are created. -
A human fetus, if born too early, has a low survival rate. If born too late, it would grow too big and difficult to be
born. This is an example of:
(A) Background selection
(B) Directional selection
(C) Stabilizing selection
(D) Disruptive selection -
In a gene, the fitness of the three genotypes is: AA = 1, Aa = 1, aa = 0.8. The selection coefficient of genotype aa
is:
(A) 1.2
(B) 0.2
(C) 0.8
(D) 0.4 -
Two species originally exist in different locations and developed hybrid incompatibility. After secondary contact,
they evolved different secondary sexual characteristics to prevent hybridization. This is called:
(A) Sympatric speciation
(B) Cryptic female choice
(C) Behavior isolation
(D) Reinforcement
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
這部分包含單選題,涵蓋了演化生物學的基礎概念,包括同源性、演化機制(如自然選擇、遺傳漂變、性選擇)、物種形成、演化歷史(如人類演化)以及族群遺傳學。
1. Human arms and bird wings are in:
核心觀念: 同源結構 (Homology) vs. 同功結構 (Homoplasy)。同源結構是指來源於共同祖先,即使功能不同,但其基本結構相似;同功結構則是指功能相似但來源不同。
詳解: 人類的手臂和鳥類的翅膀在演化上具有共同的祖先,都源自於四足動物的前肢骨骼結構。儘管它們的功能(抓握 vs. 飛行)差異很大,但其骨骼組成(如肱骨、橈骨、尺骨等)卻高度相似,這證明了它們是同源結構。Paralogy 指的是基因重複產生的同源基因。Monophyletic 是指一個演化支,包含一個共同祖先及其所有後代。
【答案】(A) Homology
2. Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
核心觀念: 演化適應的基礎是遺傳變異。
詳解: 自然選擇作用於表現型,但適應的基礎是遺傳變異。如果沒有遺傳上的差異,個體就不會對選擇產生不同的反應,也就無法發生演化。顏色 (A) 是一種表徵,但本身不是演化的基礎。異域物種形成 (C) 是一種物種形成的機制,與生物體對選擇的反應不是直接關係。同源性 (D) 描述的是結構的來源,與對選擇的反應無關。
【答案】(B) Genetic variation
3. About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
核心觀念: 人類演化「走出非洲」(Out of Africa) 模型。
詳解: 目前最廣泛接受的現代人類起源理論是「走出非洲」模型,認為現代人類(智人)起源於非洲,然後遷移到世界各地,取代了當地較早的古人類(如尼安德塔人)。(A) 共同祖先曾存在於非洲,這是「走出非洲」模型的基礎。 (B) 獨立演化模型已被大部分證據否定。 (C) 尼安德塔人是人類的近親,但不是現代人類的直接共同祖先,而是在部分地區與遷入的智人發生了基因交流。 (D) 一般認為非洲族群保有最多的基因多樣性,因為他們是人類演化的根源,但不能說亞洲人有最高遺傳變異。
【答案】(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
4. In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
核心觀念: 紅皇后假說 (Red Queen Hypothesis) 強調演化軍備競賽。
詳解: 紅皇后假說指出,生物必須不斷演化以維持其在生態系統中的適應度,因為牠們所處的環境並非靜態,特別是與其他生物(如捕食者、獵物、寄生蟲、競爭者)之間的交互作用。這些交互作用迫使雙方進行持續的演化軍備競賽。選項 (A) 精確地描述了這種交互作用。選項 (B) 雖然是演化結果,但不是持續演化的原因。選項 (C) 全球暖化是環境變遷,但紅皇后假說更側重於生物間的互動。選項 (D) 性選擇是演化的一個驅動力,但紅皇后假說的適用範圍更廣。
【答案】(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
5. Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
核心觀念: 分類群的定義:單系群 (Monophyletic)、並系群 (Paraphyletic)、多系群 (Polyphyletic)。
詳解: 如果一個分類群包含一個共同祖先及其「所有」後代,則稱為單系群。人類和黑猩猩共享一個最近的共同祖先,並且牠們是該共同祖先的「所有」後代(沒有被排除在外)。因此,牠們構成了一個單系群。並系群包含一個共同祖先,但只包含其「部分」後代。多系群則不包含其最近的共同祖先。Duophyletic 不是標準的分類學術語。
【答案】(C) Monophyletic
第 二、單選題 (42%, 3% each) 題42 分
-
Human arms and bird wings are in:
(A) Homology
(B) Paralogy
(C) Homoplasy
(D) Monophyletic -
Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
(A) Their color
(B) Genetic variation
(C) Allopatric speciation
(D) Homology -
About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
(A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa
(B) They evolved independently from local apes in Asia, Europe, and Africa
(C) Neanderthals are their common ancestors
(D) Asians have the highest genetic variation -
In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
(B) To become the strongest species in the ecosystem
(C) To adapt to global warming
(D) Strong sexual selection -
Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
(A) Polyphyletic
(B) Paraphyletic
(C) Monophyletic
(D) Duophyletic -
In evolution, the "two fold cost of sex" is:
(A) Asexual populations can grow twice as fast as sexual populations.
(B) Sexual animals need to find twice as much food to survive.
(C) Sexual organisms live twice as long as asexual organisms.
(D) It takes two parents to produce twice as many mutations. -
Which of the following is true about genetic drift?
(A) It always helps animals adapt to their environment.
(B) It is the same thing as natural selection.
(C) It has a much stronger effect on small populations.
(D) It only happens when new species are created. -
A human fetus, if born too early, has a low survival rate. If born too late, it would grow too big and difficult to be
born. This is an example of:
(A) Background selection
(B) Directional selection
(C) Stabilizing selection
(D) Disruptive selection -
In a gene, the fitness of the three genotypes is: AA = 1, Aa = 1, aa = 0.8. The selection coefficient of genotype aa
is:
(A) 1.2
(B) 0.2
(C) 0.8
(D) 0.4 -
Two species originally exist in different locations and developed hybrid incompatibility. After secondary contact,
evolved different secondary sexual characteristics to prevent hybridization. This is called:
(A) Sympatric speciation
(B) Cryptic female choice
(C) Behavior isolation
(D) Reinforcement
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
好的,我是您的演化生物學補教名師。我們來仔細解析這份 115 年臺大生態演化所的考題。
第二、單選題 (42%, 3% each)
1. Human arms and bird wings are in:
這題主要在測試學生對於演化學中「同源結構」與「同功結構」的理解。同源結構(Homology)是指由共同祖先演化而來,雖然功能可能不同,但其基本結構和發育來源相似。同功結構(Homoplasy)則是指功能相似但演化來源不同,通常是由於趨同演化(Convergent evolution)所致。
- 解題過程:
人類的手臂和鳥類的翅膀,雖然功能上一個用於抓握、一個用於飛行,但牠們都擁有相同的基本骨骼結構(如肱骨、櫫骨、橈骨、腕骨、掌骨和指骨),這是因為牠們都從共同的四足動物祖先演化而來。這種結構上的相似性,即使功能有所差異,都屬於同源結構。- (A) Homology (同源性):指結構相似,源自共同祖先。人類手臂和鳥類翅膀符合此定義。
- (B) Paralogy (旁同源性):指基因或蛋白質的重複序列,因基因複製而產生,彼此之間是旁同源的。這與結構比較無關。
- (C) Homoplasy (同功性):指結構功能相似,但演化來源不同。例如,鳥類翅膀和昆蟲翅膀是同功結構,但人類手臂和鳥類翅膀是同源結構。
- (D) Monophyletic (單系群):指一個演化支,包含一個共同祖先及其所有後代。這是一個分類學上的概念,與結構比較無關。
【答案】(A)
2. Which one of the following is important in organisms' response to selection?
此題考驗學生對演化學基本驅動力的理解,特別是自然選擇如何作用。自然選擇作用的對象是生物體的表現型,但其基礎是遺傳變異。
- 解題過程:
自然選擇是演化的一個主要機制,它作用於生物體的表現型差異,並導致適應性性狀在族群中頻率的改變。然而,自然選擇要能夠發生並產生持續的演化效應,族群中必須存在遺傳上的差異,也就是遺傳變異。如果族群中的個體在某個性狀上完全相同(沒有遺傳變異),那麼自然選擇就無法對該性狀產生作用。- (A) Their color (牠們的顏色):顏色是表現型的一種,可能是自然選擇的對象,但本身不是自然選擇作用的「基礎」。
- (B) Genetic variation (遺傳變異):這是自然選擇作用的必要條件。沒有遺傳變異,就沒有可供選擇的差異,自然選擇就無法驅動演化。
- (C) Allopatric speciation (異域物種形成):這是物種形成的過程,是演化的結果,而不是自然選擇作用的基礎。
- (D) Homology (同源性):同源性是演化歷史的證據,與自然選擇如何作用於當前族群的適應性無直接關係。
【答案】(B)
3. About the origin of modern humans in Asia, Europe, and Africa, which is correct?
這題探討的是人類演化的「現代起源說」(Out of Africa theory)與「多區起源說」(Multiregional hypothesis)的爭論。目前主流科學界支持現代起源說。
- 解題過程:
現代起源說(Out of Africa theory)認為,現代人類(Homo sapiens)起源於大約 20 萬年前的非洲,然後才擴散到世界各地,取代了當地較早的古人類(如直立人 Homo erectus)。這意味著所有現代人類的共同祖先都曾存在於非洲。- (A) Their common ancestors once existed in Africa (牠們的共同祖先曾經存在於非洲):這是現代起源說的核心觀點,也是目前最被廣泛接受的理論。
- (B) They evolved independently from local apes in Asia, Europe, and Africa (牠們獨立地從亞洲、歐洲和非洲當地的猿類演化而來):這是多區起源說的觀點,但缺乏足夠的化石和遺傳學證據支持,且無法解釋現代人類高度的一致性。
- (C) Neanderthals are their common ancestors (尼安德塔人是牠們的共同祖先):尼安德塔人(Neanderthals)是與現代人類同時期存在,並在歐洲和西亞演化的一支古人類,牠們是現代人類的近親,但不是所有現代人類的共同祖先。雖然有少量基因交流,但現代人類的直接祖先並非尼安德塔人。
- (D) Asians have the highest genetic variation (亞洲人擁有最高的遺傳變異):根據「擴散模型」(serial founder effect),人類從非洲擴散出去的過程中,每一次的遷徙都會導致部分遺傳變異的損失。因此,非洲族群通常擁有最高的遺傳變異,而越遠離非洲的族群,遺傳變異越少。
【答案】(A)
4. In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
紅皇后假說(Red Queen Hypothesis)是演化生物學中一個重要的概念,它解釋了為何生物在看似穩定的環境中仍需不斷演化。
- 解題過程:
紅皇后假說源自劉易斯·卡羅爾(Lewis Carroll)的《愛麗絲夢遊仙境》,其中紅皇后對愛麗絲說:「在這裡,你必須不停地跑,才能停留在原地。」在演化生物學中,這個假說指出,生物必須不斷演化以適應不斷變化的環境,即使這個環境本身看起來是穩定的。這種「不斷演化以維持現狀」的原因,主要是因為與該物種互動的其他物種(如掠食者、獵物、寄生蟲、競爭者)也在不斷演化,牠們的演化會對該物種造成壓力,迫使其跟隨演化,否則將面臨滅絕的風險。- (A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving (互動的物種(競爭者或寄生蟲)也在演化):這是紅皇后假說的核心解釋。
- (B) To become the strongest species in the ecosystem (成為生態系統中最優勢的物種):雖然演化可能導致某些物種變得更優勢,但紅皇后假說強調的是「維持現狀」的壓力,而非追求絕對的優勢。
- (C) To adapt to global warming (適應全球暖化):全球暖化是環境變遷的一個例子,但紅皇后假說適用於任何類型的環境變遷,包括生物間的互動所造成的變遷,而不僅限於氣候變遷。
- (D) Strong sexual selection (強烈的性選擇):性選擇是演化的一個驅動力,但紅皇后假說強調的是種間互動造成的演化壓力,而非單純的性選擇。
【答案】(A)
5. Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
這題考驗學生對演化群體分類的理解,特別是單系群(Monophyletic group)的定義。
- 解題過程:
一個單系群(Monophyletic group)是指一個演化支,它包含一個共同的祖先以及該祖先的所有後代。題目中提到,人類和黑猩猩有一個共同祖先,並且牠們是該共同祖先「僅有的」後代物種。這完全符合單系群的定義。- (A) Polyphyletic (多系群):指一個群體,其成員的共同祖先不包含在該群體內,或者該群體包含來自不同祖先的後代。
- (B) Paraphyletic (並系群):指一個群體,它包含一個共同祖先,但沒有包含該祖先的「所有」後代。例如,爬行動物(不含鳥類)是一個並系群。
- (C) Monophyletic (單系群):指一個群體,它包含一個共同祖先及其「所有」後代。
- (D) Duophyletic (雙系群):這不是演化群體分類的標準術語。
【答案】(C)
第 4 題3 分
In the Red Queen Hypothesis, species must keep evolving even in a stable environment. This is because:
(A) The interacting species (competitors or parasites) are also evolving
(B) To become the strongest species in the ecosystem
(C) To adapt to global warming
(D) Strong sexual selection
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
紅皇后假說指出,即使環境條件看似穩定,物種仍須持續演化,才能維持在生態互動中的相對適應度。原因是競爭者、寄生者或宿主等互動物種也會演化;一方的適應會改變另一方所面對的選汰壓力,形成持續的共同演化。
解題方法
原卷第 2 頁第 4 題問:在穩定環境中,物種為何仍須持續演化?四個選項分別提到互動物種也在演化、成為生態系最強者、適應全球暖化,以及強烈的性擇。判斷關鍵是紅皇后假說所指的「相對適應度」:生物必須跟上互動物種的變化,才能維持原有的生存與繁殖能力,因此選 (A)。
選項分析
第 5 題3 分
Human and chimpanzee have a common ancestor, and they are the only descendant species of that common ancestor. They are:
(A) Polyphyletic
(B) Paraphyletic
(C) Monophyletic
(D) Duophyletic
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考的是系統分類中「單系群、並系群、多系群」的區別。判斷一群生物是否為單系群,要看它是否包含:
- 最近共同祖先;
- 該祖先的所有後代。
題幹指出,人類與黑猩猩有共同祖先,而且它們是該祖先唯一的後代物種,因此兩者涵蓋了這個祖先的全部後代,構成單系群。
解題方法
將題幹轉成親緣關係判斷:先確認人類與黑猩猩是否有共同祖先,再確認有沒有其他後代物種被排除。題幹明確說兩者是該共同祖先唯一的後代,所以沒有漏掉任何後代,符合單系群的定義。
選項分析
第 6 題3 分
In evolution, the “two fold cost of sex” is:
(A) Asexual populations can grow twice as fast as sexual populations.
(B) Sexual animals need to find twice as much food to survive.
(C) Sexual organisms live twice as long as asexual organisms.
(D) It takes two parents to produce twice as many mutations.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
「性繁殖的雙倍成本」(twofold cost of sex)指的是:在其他條件相同時,性繁殖族群通常約有一半個體是雄性,而雄性不直接產下子代;無性繁殖族群則可由所有個體繁殖。因此,無性繁殖族群每代產生的可繁殖雌性後代,理論上可達性繁殖族群的兩倍。這項成本常稱為「雄性成本」。相關研究說明
解題方法
抓住「雙倍成本」比較的是性繁殖與無性繁殖族群的繁殖輸出。假設兩個族群規模相同、性繁殖族群雌雄比例為 ,且只有雌性直接生產後代:
- 若兩個族群各有 個個體,無性繁殖族群的 個個體都能繁殖。
- 性繁殖族群中只有 個雌性能直接繁殖。
第 7 題3 分
Which of the following is true about genetic drift?
(A) It always helps animals adapt to their environment.
(B) It is the same thing as natural selection.
(C) It has a much stronger effect on small populations.
(D) It only happens when new species are created.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
遺傳漂變是指族群中等位基因頻率因隨機抽樣而產生的變化。個體留下後代的數量及其遺傳物質會受偶然因素影響,因此即使某等位基因不帶來適應優勢,其頻率仍可能上升、下降,甚至固定或消失。
遺傳漂變在族群有效大小較小時影響較強。以二倍體族群的 Wright–Fisher 模型為例,若目前某等位基因頻率為 ,下一世代頻率為 ,則:
其中 為有效族群大小。 越小,等位基因頻率因隨機抽樣而波動的幅度越大。
解題方法
這題考查遺傳漂變的定義、作用方式,以及其與族群大小的關係。判斷時先區分「由適存度差異造成的定向變化」與「由隨機抽樣造成的變化」,再檢查哪一個選項符合遺傳漂變的典型特徵:其相對影響在小族群中較強。
第 8 題3 分
A human fetus, if born too early, has a low survival rate. If born too late, it would grow too big and difficult to be born. This is an example of:
(A) Background selection
(B) Directional selection
(C) Stabilizing selection
(D) Disruptive selection
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「穩定化選擇」(stabilizing selection):自然選擇偏好性狀的中間值,兩端的極端值都會降低個體適合度。若以 表示出生時的發育程度,適合度可概念化為:
其中 是適合度最高的中間值。偏離這個最適值越多,適合度越低。
解題方法
先辨認題幹描述的是性狀分布的哪一種適合度模式。胎兒出生太早,存活率低;出生太晚,體型過大而增加分娩困難。兩端都不利,代表適合度最高的不是任一極端,而是落在兩者之間的適中發育程度。因此,本題符合穩定化選擇。
選項分析
- (A) Background selection(背景選擇)錯誤:指有害突變受到自然選擇清除時,與其連鎖的中性變異也一併流失,因而降低族群的中性遺傳變異。
第 9 題3 分
In a gene, the fitness of the three genotypes is: , , . The selection coefficient of genotype is:
(A) 1.2
(B) 0.2
(C) 0.8
(D) 0.4
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
選擇係數 用來表示某基因型相對於適存度最高基因型所受到的適存度損失。若最高相對適存度標準化為 ,則適存度為 的基因型,其選擇係數為:
其中 是該基因型的相對適存度。
解題方法
題目給定 、、。最高適存度為 ,而 的適存度為 ,所以:
因此, 的選擇係數是 。
選項分析
第 10 題3 分
Two species originally exist in different locations and developed hybrid incompatibility. After secondary contact, they evolved different secondary sexual characteristics to prevent hybridization. This is called:
(A) Sympatric speciation
(B) Cryptic female choice
(C) Behavior isolation
(D) Reinforcement
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查強化作用(reinforcement):兩個族群原先分布於不同地點,因地理隔離而分化;接觸後若能交配,會產生適存度較低的雜交後代。自然選擇因此有利於能避免雜交的個體,使兩族群的交配訊號或性徵差異加大,進而強化生殖隔離。
這種在接觸區出現的性狀分化,也常稱為生殖特徵位移(reproductive character displacement)。題幹描述的是造成隔離的演化過程,因此答案是 reinforcement。
解題方法
抓住題幹的兩個關鍵線索:
- 兩物種原先在不同地點,後來發生次級接觸。
- 牠們已有雜交不相容性,接觸後演化出不同的第二性徵,以避免雜交。
雜交後代適存度較低時,避免交配可減少不利雜交的代價。選擇會促使交配前的差異增加,這正是強化作用的定義。
選項分析
- (A) Sympatric speciation(同域種化)錯誤。
同域種化是指族群在沒有地理隔離的情況下,於同一地理區域內演化出新物種。
第 11 題3 分
After gene duplication, the two duplicates are redundant. Loss-of-function mutations later accumulate in one gene copy, making it a:
(A) Oncogene
(B) Neogene
(C) Pseudogene
(D) Nonsynonymous gene
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
基因重複後,兩個基因副本在功能上可能暫時冗餘。若其中一個副本累積失功能突變,逐漸失去原有功能,這個過程稱為假基因化;失去功能的基因副本稱為假基因(pseudogene)。
解題方法
抓住題幹中的關鍵因果關係:
- 基因重複產生兩個副本,功能暫時冗餘。
- 其中一個副本累積失功能突變。
- 該副本失去功能,成為假基因。
因此,答案是指失去功能的基因副本,而非具有新功能或致癌功能的基因。
選項分析
第 12 題3 分
A single ancestor species evolves into many different species to fit into different environments. This is called:
(A) Adaptive radiation
(B) Genetic drift
(C) Mass extinction
(D) Convergent evolution
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查適應輻射(adaptive radiation):單一共同祖先的物種分化成多個不同物種,各自適應不同環境或生態棲位。這種分化常伴隨不同物種在形態、生理或行為上的差異。
解題方法
抓住題幹的兩個線索:「單一祖先」與「演化成許多適應不同環境的物種」。這描述的是共同祖先族群分化並拓展至不同生態棲位,符合適應輻射的定義。
選項分析
- (A) Adaptive radiation(適應輻射)—正確。 一個祖先物種分化為多個物種,並適應不同環境,正是適應輻射。
- **(B) Genetic drift(遺傳漂變)—錯誤。
第 13 題3 分
Organisms have limited dispersal and migration distances, and therefore, a population often has highest gene flow with nearby populations. This caused:
(A) Hybrid incompatibility
(B) Migration-selection balance
(C) Isolation by distance
(D) Sympatric speciation
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查距離隔離(isolation by distance):生物的移動與散布距離有限,因此基因流通常在地理位置相近的族群之間較強,在相距較遠的族群之間較弱。長期下來,族群間的遺傳差異往往隨地理距離增加而增加。
可以用下列關係掌握其核心:
這是描述族群空間結構的模式,不代表只要距離增加就必然形成新物種。
解題方法
先抓題幹的因果鏈:生物的散布與遷移距離有限,所以基因流主要發生在鄰近族群之間。這表示基因流受到地理距離影響,遠距離族群之間的基因交換較少,遺傳分化因而容易隨距離累積。
符合此描述的概念是距離隔離,因此選(C)。
選項分析
- (A) Hybrid incompatibility(雜交不相容)—錯誤。
指不同族群或物種雜交後,後代存活率、繁殖力或發育受到限制,屬於生殖隔離機制。
第 14 題3 分
Heterosis is:
(A) Brother-sister mating of fruit flies results in weaker offspring.
(B) The excess of heterozygotes in the population due to high mutation rate.
(C) When two animals from the same family have more offspring than their siblings do.
(D) When the offspring of two different parents is stronger or healthier than both parents.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
雜種優勢(heterosis,又稱雜種活力)是指不同遺傳背景的親本交配後,子代在生長、存活、繁殖力或健康等性狀上,表現優於親本的現象。本題選項以「子代比雙親都更強壯或健康」描述此現象。
雜種優勢常見的遺傳解釋包括:子代的異型合子增加,使有害隱性等位基因較不易表現;或某些基因型具有超顯性,使異型合子性狀優於兩種同型合子。這是本題辨認名詞的題目,不需要進行計算。
解題方法
先抓住 heterosis 的核心詞義:不同親本所生的子代,表現出較佳的性狀。接著區分它與近親交配造成的近交衰退,以及族群中的異型合子比例等概念。
選項分析
(18%) For the following descriptions, please fill in whether they are (A) pre-mating reproductive isolation, (B) post-mating pre-zygotic isolation, or (C) post-zygotic isolation.
第 1-(1) 題
Insect populations living in Taiwan and Japan
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
生殖隔離是阻止不同族群基因交流的屏障,依屏障發生的階段分成:
- 交配前隔離(A):交配發生前就阻止個體相遇或交配,例如地理隔離、繁殖季節不同、求偶訊號不同。
- 交配後、受精前隔離(B):已發生交配,但精子與卵子無法結合,例如生殖器官不相容、配子不相容。
- 受精後隔離(C):已形成合子,但後代無法存活或繁殖,例如雜種不活或雜種不育。
解題方法
題目描述昆蟲族群分別生活在臺灣與日本。依題意,這是以地理位置分隔族群,使牠們難以相遇並交配;屏障發生在交配之前,因此分類為 A:交配前生殖隔離。
第 1-(2) 題
Hybrid sterility
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
生殖隔離依作用階段可分為三類:
- A 交配前隔離:阻止不同族群個體相遇或交配。
- B 交配後、合子形成前隔離:已發生交配,但精卵無法結合形成合子。
- C 合子形成後隔離:已形成雜種合子,之後出現存活、發育或生殖能力上的障礙。
**Hybrid sterility(雜種不育)**是雜種個體形成後,無法產生具生殖能力的配子,或無法繁殖後代;因此屬於合子形成後的生殖隔離。
解題方法
第 1-(3) 題
Pollen tube fails to grow in another flower’s pistil
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
生殖隔離依阻止基因交流的階段,可分為:
- 交配前隔離(A):阻止個體交配或花粉傳遞,例如繁殖時間、棲地或求偶行為不同。
- 交配後、合子形成前隔離(B):交配或授粉已發生,但受精尚未完成,例如精子無法與卵結合,或花粉管無法到達胚珠。
- 合子形成後隔離(C):受精已形成合子,但後代無法正常發育、存活或繁殖,例如雜種不育。
解題方法
題目指出花粉已進入另一朵花的雌蕊,但花粉管無法生長。這表示授粉已發生,隔離作用發生在花粉管生長與受精之間,尚未形成合子。因此屬於交配後、合子形成前隔離。
選項分析
第 1-(4) 題
Hybrid not preferred by either parental species during mate choice
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
第 1-(4) 題詳解
Hybrid not preferred by either parental species during mate choice
核心觀念
本題測驗的是生殖隔離(reproductive isolation)三階段分類的精確判斷:
| 類別 | 時間點 | 定義 |
|---|---|---|
| (A) Pre-mating isolation(交配前隔離) | 交配行為發生之前 | 兩親代物種之間因棲地、時間、行為偏好等差異,根本不會嘗試交配 |
| (B) Post-mating pre-zygotic isolation(交配後、合子前隔離) | 交配已發生,但受精卵尚未形成 | 配子不相容、精子無法到達卵子、花粉管無法生長等,導致合子無法形成 |
| (C) Post-zygotic isolation(合子後隔離) | 合子(受精卵)已經形成 | 雜交後代在存活力、繁殖力或適存度上受損 |
本題的關鍵字是 "Hybrid"(雜交後代)。雜交個體的存在,代表兩親代物種已經成功交配且受精卵已形成發育——亦即交配前隔離與合子前隔離皆已被跨越。因此,任何發生在雜交後代身上、降低其適存度的現象,一律屬於合子後隔離。
進一步而言,合子後隔離可再細分為兩大類:
- 內在合子後隔離(intrinsic post-zygotic isolation):雜交後代因遺傳不相容(如 Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities)導致不孕(hybrid sterility)或不活(hybrid inviability),與外在環境無關。
- 外在合子後隔離(extrinsic post-zygotic isolation):雜交後代在基因層面可存活且具生殖能力,但在生態適應或行為互動上處於劣勢,導致適存度降低。本題所述的**行為性合子後隔離(behavioral post-zygotic isolation)**即屬此類——雜交個體因表型介於兩親代之間(例如求偶訊號、體色、鳴聲等為中間型),不符合任一親代物種的擇偶偏好,因而在性擇中被排斥,繁殖成功率極低。
解題方法
判斷的切入點只有一個核心問題:題目描述的事件發生在哪個時間點?
第 1-(5) 題
Plant species with different pollinators
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
生殖隔離依阻斷基因交流的階段分為三類:
- 交配前隔離(A):在交配或受精前,阻止不同物種相遇、交配或互相傳遞配子。
- 交配後、合子形成前隔離(B):交配或配子接觸已發生,但配子無法成功結合形成合子。
- 合子形成後隔離(C):合子已形成,之後出現胚胎死亡、雜交後代存活率低或不育等情形。
植物的「交配」涉及花粉傳遞與受精。授粉者不同時,花粉通常不易在兩個植物物種之間傳遞,因而形成授粉者造成的交配前隔離。
解題方法
先判斷題幹所述差異發生在哪個生殖階段。「不同授粉者」描述的是花粉如何從一朵花傳到另一朵花,屬於受精之前的傳粉階段。
第 1-(6) 題
Sperms reach the egg but cannot enter due to un-matching surface receptors
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
生殖隔離可依阻隔發生的階段分為:
- 交配前隔離(A):阻止個體交配或交配接觸,例如求偶行為、繁殖季節或棲地不同。
- 交配後、合子形成前隔離(B):交配已發生,但精子與卵子無法完成受精,例如精子無法穿過卵子的外層,或無法與卵子表面受體結合。
- 合子形成後隔離(C):受精已完成並形成合子,但後續出現胚胎死亡、雜交個體存活率低或不育等情形。
解題方法
題幹指出精子已經到達卵子,但因表面受體不匹配而無法進入。判斷時依序確認兩件事:交配是否已發生,以及是否已形成合子。
第 1-(7) 題
Two insect species depending on different host plants and never meet
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
生殖隔離依阻斷基因交流的時間點分成三類:
- 交配前生殖隔離(A):個體在交配前無法相遇,或不會互相選擇交配,例如棲地隔離、求偶行為差異與繁殖季節不同。
- 交配後、受精前隔離(B):已發生交配,但精卵無法結合,例如精子無法在雌性生殖道中存活,或無法與卵結合。
- 合子後隔離(C):受精已形成合子,後代卻無法存活、發育正常,或無法繁殖。
解題方法
題幹指出兩種昆蟲依賴不同寄主植物,而且「從不相遇」。判斷重點是隔離發生在交配前、交配後受精前,還是受精後。
第 1-(8) 題
Seeds from crossing two plant species cannot sprout
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
生殖隔離依阻斷繁殖的階段分為三類:
- 交配前隔離(A):阻止不同物種交配或傳遞配子。
- 交配後、合子形成前隔離(B):交配已發生,但受精未能完成,例如精卵無法結合。
- 合子形成後隔離(C):受精已完成,後代在胚胎發育、存活或繁殖能力上受阻。
本題考查的是依照「生殖流程中斷的位置」判定生殖隔離類型。
解題方法
題目指出兩種植物雜交後已形成種子,但種子不能萌芽。種子形成代表受精已完成,因此障礙發生在合子形成之後;種子未能萌芽屬於雜交後代存活或發育受阻,歸為合子形成後隔離。
第 1-(9) 題
Two plant species with the same pollinator (bee), but one deposits pollen on the bee’s head while the other deposits pollen on the bee’s back
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查生殖隔離發生的階段。植物利用同一種授粉者時,花部構造或授粉方式仍可使花粉落在授粉者身體的不同部位,降低不同物種間的花粉傳遞。這屬於授粉者媒介的機械性隔離,發生在受精之前,因此歸為 交配前生殖隔離(pre-mating reproductive isolation)。
解題方法
先判斷隔離機制作用在哪個階段:
- 交配前隔離:阻止不同物種接觸、交配或完成花粉轉移。
- 交配後、合子形成前隔離:交配或配子轉移已發生,但配子無法成功結合形成合子。
- 合子形成後隔離:合子已形成,之後出現胚胎死亡、存活率低或雜種不育等情形。
第 2 題10 分
Below is the number of individuals of three genotypes:
| Before selection | 200 | 200 | 100 |
| After selection | 100 | 200 | 80 |
(1) What is the relative fitness of the three genotypes?
(2) Before selection, what is the frequency of alleles and ?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查存活適存度與等位基因頻率。
基因型的存活適存度可用選汰前後的個體數比值表示:
這個比值是各基因型的絕對存活率。相對適存度則以最高的絕對適存度為基準,將最高值標準化為 。
選汰前若有 個二倍體個體, 的頻率為 、 的頻率為 ,則:
解題方法
(1)三種基因型的相對適存度
逐一計算各基因型的絕對存活率:
其中 的存活率最高,為 ,因此各基因型的相對適存度已以最高值 表示: