108 年 國立臺灣大學生態演化研究所《演化生物學》

(一)配合題 (2 points each)
A. Phenotypic plasticity
B. Quantitative trait
C. Antagonistic pleiotropy
D. Sexual selection
E. Biological species
F. Ecological speciation
G. Sympatric speciation
H. Conservative characters
I. Gene family
J. Horizontal gene transfer
K. Pseudogene

請將下列敘述與上述選項配對。

1. A nonfunctional member of a gene family that has been derived from a functional gene.
2. A population or group of populations within which genes are actually or potentially exchanged by inter-breeding, and which are reproductively isolated from other such groups.
3. A phenotypic character that varies continuously rather than as discretely different character states.
4. Movement of genes between individual organisms other than by transmission from parents to their offspring.
5. Speciation in the same geographic location.
6. Two or more loci with similar nucleotide sequences that have been derived from a common ancestral sequence.
7. Speciation caused by divergent selection, by ecological factors, on characteristics that contribute to reproductive isolation.
8. The capacity of an organism to develop any of several phenotypic states, depending on the environment.
9. Features that evolve slowly and are retained with little or no change for long periods of evolutionary time.
10. Differential reproduction as a result of variation in the ability to obtain mates.
11. Contrasting effects of a gene on two different characters, such that the effect of an allele substitution on one character increases fitness, but the effect on the other character decreases fitness.

(二)名詞解釋 (3 points each)
請解釋下列名詞：

1. Adaptation
2. Kin selection
3. Bottleneck
4. Inbreeding
5. Polymorphism
6. Fitness
7. Maternal effect
8. Heterozygous advantage
9. Euploid
10. Locus

(三)題組 (2 points each)
Below is the "reaction norm" of the phenotypes (the vertical axis) of three different genotypes (three lines) in two different environments (the horizontal axis). In (A) and (B), the lines are parallel to each other.

🖼️【此處有附圖，請對照原卷】
(A)
(B)
(C)
Environment 1 Environment 2
Environment 1 Environment 2
Environment 1 Environment 2

請回答下列問題：

1. Which one has genotype-by-environment interaction effect?
2. Which one has both genetic and environmental effect, but not genotype-by-environment interaction?
3. Which one has only genotype but no environmental effect?

(四)問答題

1. (6 points) Explain "biological species concept"
2. (6 points) Premating barriers between species reduce the likelihood to transfer gametes to members of other species. Please give one example of premating barrier in plant.
3. (5 points) In many cases sexual reproduction is more costly than asexual reproduction: individuals need to spend time searching for and use energy to compete for mates. Why can sexual reproduction still evolve from asexual reproduction? Please give one advantage of sexual reproduction.
4. (5 points) A naturally outcrossing species, if forced to perform inbreeding (self-fertilization or mating between close relatives), the progeny would often have lower fitness. This is called inbreeding depression. Please give one explanation why inbreeding depression happens.
5. The genotype frequencies of a locus within a population are listed below.
   A1A1 | A1A2 | A2A2
   -------|------|------
   Observed | 181 | 239 | 80

5A. (5 points) What are the allele frequencies of A1 and A2?
5B. (5 points) What are the frequencies of three expected genotypes under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
6. (10 points) On average 5% of offspring of genotype A are able to survival to reproduce and that percentage for genotype B is 3%. The number of egg laid by adult of genotype A is 20 and by adult of genotype B is 30. Which genotype has higher fitness?