111 年 國立臺灣大學生態演化研究所《演化生物學》
第 一、配合題 1 題
一、配合題 (20%, 2% each)
(請將下列各項的敘述,配合右列的演化學名詞,選出最適當的配對。)
(A) Phenotypic plasticity
(B) Adaptive landscape
(C) Linkage disequilibrium
(D) Reproductive isolation
(E) Parthenogenesis
(F) Altruism
(G) Mutualism
(H) Refugia
(I) Vicariance
(J) Transposable element
- A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
- Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
- The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
- Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
- A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
- Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separate populations because of the development of a geographic or ecological barrier
- The association of two alleles at two or more loci more frequently than predicted by their individual frequencies
- The relationship or mathematical function between mean fitness of a population and the allele frequencies at a locus
- A symbiotic relationship in which each of two species benefits by their interaction
- Reduction of gene exchange between populations by any possible factors
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
這是一道基本的演化學名詞解釋題,旨在測驗考生對演化生物學核心概念的熟悉度。考生需將題目敘述與所提供的名詞進行配對。
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題目敘述: A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
詳解: 這描述的是一種能夠在基因組內移動並插入到不同位置的 DNA 序列。這正是轉位子(Transposable element),又稱為「跳躍基因」。
【答案】 (J) Transposable element -
題目敘述: Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
詳解: 這描述的是一種行為,一個體付出了代價(cost)而使另一個體獲益(benefit)。這符合立他行為(Altruism)的定義。
答案: (F) Altruism -
題目敘述: The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
詳解: 這描述的是同一基因型在不同環境下表現出不同表型的能力,這是表型可塑性(Phenotypic plasticity)的核心概念。
答案: (A) Phenotypic plasticity -
題目敘述: Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
詳解: 這描述的是物種在某地理區域得以倖存,而該物種在其他地方已經滅絕。這些倖存的區域稱為避難所(Refugia)。
答案: (H) Refugia -
題目敘述: A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
詳解: 這描述的是一種無性生殖方式,不需要雄性的參與,例如孤雌生殖(Parthenogenesis)。
答案: (E) Parthenogenesis -
題目敘述: Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separate p
第 一、配合題 2 題
- A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
- Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
- The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
- Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
- A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
- Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separate populations because of the development of a geographic or ecological barrier
- The association of two alleles at two or more loci more frequently than predicted by their individual frequencies
- The relationship or mathematical function between mean fitness of a population and the allele frequencies at a locus
- A symbiotic relationship in which each of two species benefits by their interaction
- Reduction of gene exchange between populations by any possible factors
(A) Phenotypic plasticity
(B) Adaptive landscape
(C) Linkage disequilibrium
(D) Reproductive isolation
(E) Parthenogenesis
(F) Altruism
(G) Mutualism
(H) Refugia
(I) Vicariance
(J) Transposable element
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題為配合題的第二部分,與上一題的題目敘述相同,但是選項排列順序不同,且題目編號也重新開始。考生需要再次將敘述與選項進行配對。
-
題目敘述: A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
詳解: 這描述的是一種能夠在基因組內移動並插入到不同位置的 DNA 序列。這正是轉位子(Transposable element),又稱為「跳躍基因」。
【答案】 (J) Transposable element -
題目敘述: Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
詳解: 這描述的是一種行為,一個體付出了代價(cost)而使另一個體獲益(benefit)。這符合立他行為(Altruism)的定義。
答案: (F) Altruism -
題目敘述: The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
詳解: 這描述的是同一基因型在不同環境下表現出不同表型的能力,這是表型可塑性(Phenotypic plasticity)的核心概念。
答案: (A) Phenotypic plasticity -
題目敘述: Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
詳解: 這描述的是物種在某地理區域得以倖存,而該物種在其他地方已經滅絕。這些倖存的區域稱為避難所(Refugia)。
答案: (H) Refugia -
題目敘述: A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
詳解: 這描述的是一種無性生殖方式,不需要雄性的參與,例如孤雌生殖(Parthenogenesis)。
答案: (E) Parthenogenesis -
題目敘述: Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separat
第 一、配合題 3 題
- A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
- Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
- The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
- Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
- A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
- Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separate populations because of the development of a geographic or ecological barrier
- The association of two alleles at two or more loci more frequently than predicted by their individual frequencies
- The relationship or mathematical function between mean fitness of a population and the allele frequencies at a locus
- A symbiotic relationship in which each of two species benefits by their interaction
- Reduction of gene exchange between populations by any possible factors
(A) Phenotypic plasticity
(B) Adaptive landscape
(C) Linkage disequilibrium
(D) Reproductive isolation
(E) Parthenogenesis
(F) Altruism
(G) Mutualism
(H) Refugia
(I) Vicariance
(J) Transposable element
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題為配合題的第三部分,題目敘述與前兩題相同,但選項排列順序再次不同。考生需要仔細閱讀題目敘述並從提供的選項中選出最精確的配對。
-
題目敘述: A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
詳解: 這描述的是一種能夠在基因組內移動並插入到不同位置的 DNA 序列。這正是轉位子(Transposable element),又稱為「跳躍基因」。
【答案】 (J) Transposable element -
題目敘述: Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
詳解: 這描述的是一種行為,一個體付出了代價(cost)而使另一個體獲益(benefit)。這符合立他行為(Altruism)的定義。
答案: (F) Altruism -
題目敘述: The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
詳解: 這描述的是同一基因型在不同環境下表現出不同表型的能力,這是表型可塑性(Phenotypic plasticity)的核心概念。
答案: (A) Phenotypic plasticity -
題目敘述: Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
詳解: 這描述的是物種在某地理區域得以倖存,而該物種在其他地方已經滅絕。這些倖存的區域稱為避難所(Refugia)。
答案: (H) Refugia -
題目敘述: A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
詳解: 這描述的是一種無性生殖方式,不需要雄性的參與,例如孤雌生殖(Parthenogenesis)。
答案: (E) Parthenogenesis -
題目敘述: Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separat
第 一、配合題 4 題
- A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
- Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
- The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
- Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
- A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
- Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separate populations because of the development of a geographic or ecological barrier
- The association of two alleles at two or more loci more frequently than predicted by their individual frequencies
- The relationship or mathematical function between mean fitness of a population and the allele frequencies at a locus
- A symbiotic relationship in which each of two species benefits by their interaction
- Reduction of gene exchange between populations by any possible factors
(A) Phenotypic plasticity
(B) Adaptive landscape
(C) Linkage disequilibrium
(D) Reproductive isolation
(E) Parthenogenesis
(F) Altruism
(G) Mutualism
(H) Refugia
(I) Vicariance
(J) Transposable element
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題為配合題的第四部分,題目敘述與前三題相同,但選項排列順序再次不同。考生應仔細閱讀題目敘述並從提供的選項中選出最精確的配對。
-
題目敘述: A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
詳解: 這描述的是一種能夠在基因組內移動並插入到不同位置的 DNA 序列。這正是轉位子(Transposable element),又稱為「跳躍基因」。
【答案】 (J) Transposable element -
題目敘述: Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
詳解: 這描述的是一種行為,一個體付出了代價(cost)而使另一個體獲益(benefit)。這符合立他行為(Altruism)的定義。
答案: (F) Altruism -
題目敘述: The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
詳解: 這描述的是同一基因型在不同環境下表現出不同表型的能力,這是表型可塑性(Phenotypic plasticity)的核心概念。
答案: (A) Phenotypic plasticity -
題目敘述: Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
詳解: 這描述的是物種在某地理區域得以倖存,而該物種在其他地方已經滅絕。這些倖存的區域稱為避難所(Refugia)。
答案: (H) Refugia -
題目敘述: A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
詳解: 這描述的是一種無性生殖方式,不需要雄性的參與,例如孤雌生殖(Parthenogenesis)。
答案: (E) Parthenogenesis -
題目敘述: Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separat
第 一、配合題 5 題
- A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
- Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
- The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
- Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
- A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
- Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separate populations because of the development of a geographic or ecological barrier
- The association of two alleles at two or more loci more frequently than predicted by their individual frequencies
- The relationship or mathematical function between mean fitness of a population and the allele frequencies at a locus
- A symbiotic relationship in which each of two species benefits by their interaction
- Reduction of gene exchange between populations by any possible factors
(A) Phenotypic plasticity
(B) Adaptive landscape
(C) Linkage disequilibrium
(D) Reproductive isolation
(E) Parthenogenesis
(F) Altruism
(G) Mutualism
(H) Refugia
(I) Vicariance
(J) Transposable element
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題為配合題的第五部分,題目敘述與前幾題相同,但選項排列順序再次不同。考生應仔細閱讀題目敘述並從提供的選項中選出最精確的配對。
-
題目敘述: A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
詳解: 這描述的是一種能夠在基因組內移動並插入到不同位置的 DNA 序列。這正是轉位子(Transposable element),又稱為「跳躍基因」。
【答案】 (J) Transposable element -
題目敘述: Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
詳解: 這描述的是一種行為,一個體付出了代價(cost)而使另一個體獲益(benefit)。這符合立他行為(Altruism)的定義。
答案: (F) Altruism -
題目敘述: The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
詳解: 這描述的是同一基因型在不同環境下表現出不同表型的能力,這是表型可塑性(Phenotypic plasticity)的核心概念。
答案: (A) Phenotypic plasticity -
題目敘述: Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
詳解: 這描述的是物種在某地理區域得以倖存,而該物種在其他地方已經滅絕。這些倖存的區域稱為避難所(Refugia)。
答案: (H) Refugia -
題目敘述: A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
詳解: 這描述的是一種無性生殖方式,不需要雄性的參與,例如孤雌生殖(Parthenogenesis)。
答案: (E) Parthenogenesis -
題目敘述: Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separat
第 一、配合題 6 題
- A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
- Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
- The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
- Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
- A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
- Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separate populations because of the development of a geographic or ecological barrier
- The association of two alleles at two or more loci more frequently than predicted by their individual frequencies
- The relationship or mathematical function between mean fitness of a population and the allele frequencies at a locus
- A symbiotic relationship in which each of two species benefits by their interaction
- Reduction of gene exchange between populations by any possible factors
(A) Phenotypic plasticity
(B) Adaptive landscape
(C) Linkage disequilibrium
(D) Reproductive isolation
(E) Parthenogenesis
(F) Altruism
(G) Mutualism
(H) Refugia
(I) Vicariance
(J) Transposable element
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題為配合題的第六部分,題目敘述與前幾題相同,但選項排列順序再次不同。考生應仔細閱讀題目敘述並從提供的選項中選出最精確的配對。
-
題目敘述: A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
詳解: 這描述的是一種能夠在基因組內移動並插入到不同位置的 DNA 序列。這正是轉位子(Transposable element),又稱為「跳躍基因」。
【答案】 (J) Transposable element -
題目敘述: Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
詳解: 這描述的是一種行為,一個體付出了代價(cost)而使另一個體獲益(benefit)。這符合立他行為(Altruism)的定義。
答案: (F) Altruism -
題目敘述: The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
詳解: 這描述的是同一基因型在不同環境下表現出不同表型的能力,這是表型可塑性(Phenotypic plasticity)的核心概念。
答案: (A) Phenotypic plasticity -
題目敘述: Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
詳解: 這描述的是物種在某地理區域得以倖存,而該物種在其他地方已經滅絕。這些倖存的區域稱為避難所(Refugia)。
答案: (H) Refugia -
題目敘述: A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
詳解: 這描述的是一種無性生殖方式,不需要雄性的參與,例如孤雌生殖(Parthenogenesis)。
答案: (E) Parthenogenesis -
題目敘述: Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separat
第 一、配合題 7 題
- A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
- Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
- The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
- Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
- A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
- Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separate populations because of the development of a geographic or ecological barrier
- The association of two alleles at two or more loci more frequently than predicted by their individual frequencies
- The relationship or mathematical function between mean fitness of a population and the allele frequencies at a locus
- A symbiotic relationship in which each of two species benefits by their interaction
- Reduction of gene exchange between populations by any possible factors
(A) Phenotypic plasticity
(B) Adaptive landscape
(C) Linkage disequilibrium
(D) Reproductive isolation
(E) Parthenogenesis
(F) Altruism
(G) Mutualism
(H) Refugia
(I) Vicariance
(J) Transposable element
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題為配合題的第七部分,題目敘述與前幾題相同,但選項排列順序再次不同。考生應仔細閱讀題目敘述並從提供的選項中選出最精確的配對。
-
題目敘述: A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
詳解: 這描述的是一種能夠在基因組內移動並插入到不同位置的 DNA 序列。這正是轉位子(Transposable element),又稱為「跳躍基因」。
【答案】 (J) Transposable element -
題目敘述: Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
詳解: 這描述的是一種行為,一個體付出了代價(cost)而使另一個體獲益(benefit)。這符合立他行為(Altruism)的定義。
答案: (F) Altruism -
題目敘述: The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
詳解: 這描述的是同一基因型在不同環境下表現出不同表型的能力,這是表型可塑性(Phenotypic plasticity)的核心概念。
答案: (A) Phenotypic plasticity -
題目敘述: Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
詳解: 這描述的是物種在某地理區域得以倖存,而該物種在其他地方已經滅絕。這些倖存的區域稱為避難所(Refugia)。
答案: (H) Refugia -
題目敘述: A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
詳解: 這描述的是一種無性生殖方式,不需要雄性的參與,例如孤雌生殖(Parthenogenesis)。
答案: (E) Parthenogenesis -
題目敘述: Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separat
第 一、配合題 8 題
- A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
- Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
- The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
- Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
- A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
- Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separate populations because of the development of a geographic or ecological barrier
- The association of two alleles at two or more loci more frequently than predicted by their individual frequencies
- The relationship or mathematical function between mean fitness of a population and the allele frequencies at a locus
- A symbiotic relationship in which each of two species benefits by their interaction
- Reduction of gene exchange between populations by any possible factors
(A) Phenotypic plasticity
(B) Adaptive landscape
(C) Linkage disequilibrium
(D) Reproductive isolation
(E) Parthenogenesis
(F) Altruism
(G) Mutualism
(H) Refugia
(I) Vicariance
(J) Transposable element
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題為配合題的第八部分,題目敘述與前幾題相同,但選項排列順序再次不同。考生應仔細閱讀題目敘述並從提供的選項中選出最精確的配對。
-
題目敘述: A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
詳解: 這描述的是一種能夠在基因組內移動並插入到不同位置的 DNA 序列。這正是轉位子(Transposable element),又稱為「跳躍基因」。
【答案】 (J) Transposable element -
題目敘述: Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
詳解: 這描述的是一種行為,一個體付出了代價(cost)而使另一個體獲益(benefit)。這符合立他行為(Altruism)的定義。
答案: (F) Altruism -
題目敘述: The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
詳解: 這描述的是同一基因型在不同環境下表現出不同表型的能力,這是表型可塑性(Phenotypic plasticity)的核心概念。
答案: (A) Phenotypic plasticity -
題目敘述: Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
詳解: 這描述的是物種在某地理區域得以倖存,而該物種在其他地方已經滅絕。這些倖存的區域稱為避難所(Refugia)。
答案: (H) Refugia -
題目敘述: A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
詳解: 這描述的是一種無性生殖方式,不需要雄性的參與,例如孤雌生殖(Parthenogenesis)。
答案: (E) Parthenogenesis -
題目敘述: Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separat
第 一、配合題 9 題
- A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
- Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
- The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
- Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
- A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
- Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separate populations because of the development of a geographic or ecological barrier
- The association of two alleles at two or more loci more frequently than predicted by their individual frequencies
- The relationship or mathematical function between mean fitness of a population and the allele frequencies at a locus
- A symbiotic relationship in which each of two species benefits by their interaction
- Reduction of gene exchange between populations by any possible factors
(A) Phenotypic plasticity
(B) Adaptive landscape
(C) Linkage disequilibrium
(D) Reproductive isolation
(E) Parthenogenesis
(F) Altruism
(G) Mutualism
(H) Refugia
(I) Vicariance
(J) Transposable element
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題為配合題的第九部分,題目敘述與前幾題相同,但選項排列順序再次不同。考生應仔細閱讀題目敘述並從提供的選項中選出最精確的配對。
-
題目敘述: A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
詳解: 這描述的是一種能夠在基因組內移動並插入到不同位置的 DNA 序列。這正是轉位子(Transposable element),又稱為「跳躍基因」。
【答案】 (J) Transposable element -
題目敘述: Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
詳解: 這描述的是一種行為,一個體付出了代價(cost)而使另一個體獲益(benefit)。這符合立他行為(Altruism)的定義。
答案: (F) Altruism -
題目敘述: The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
詳解: 這描述的是同一基因型在不同環境下表現出不同表型的能力,這是表型可塑性(Phenotypic plasticity)的核心概念。
答案: (A) Phenotypic plasticity -
題目敘述: Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
詳解: 這描述的是物種在某地理區域得以倖存,而該物種在其他地方已經滅絕。這些倖存的區域稱為避難所(Refugia)。
答案: (H) Refugia -
題目敘述: A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
詳解: 這描述的是一種無性生殖方式,不需要雄性的參與,例如孤雌生殖(Parthenogenesis)。
答案: (E) Parthenogenesis -
題目敘述: Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separat
第 一、配合題 10 題
- A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
- Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
- The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
- Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
- A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
- Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separate populations because of the development of a geographic or ecological barrier
- The association of two alleles at two or more loci more frequently than predicted by their individual frequencies
- The relationship or mathematical function between mean fitness of a population and the allele frequencies at a locus
- A symbiotic relationship in which each of two species benefits by their interaction
- Reduction of gene exchange between populations by any possible factors
(A) Phenotypic plasticity
(B) Adaptive landscape
(C) Linkage disequilibrium
(D) Reproductive isolation
(E) Parthenogenesis
(F) Altruism
(G) Mutualism
(H) Refugia
(I) Vicariance
(J) Transposable element
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題為配合題的第十部分,題目敘述與前幾題相同,但選項排列順序再次不同。考生應仔細閱讀題目敘述並從提供的選項中選出最精確的配對。
-
題目敘述: A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
詳解: 這描述的是一種能夠在基因組內移動並插入到不同位置的 DNA 序列。這正是轉位子(Transposable element),又稱為「跳躍基因」。
【答案】 (J) Transposable element -
題目敘述: Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
詳解: 這描述的是一種行為,一個體付出了代價(cost)而使另一個體獲益(benefit)。這符合立他行為(Altruism)的定義。
答案: (F) Altruism -
題目敘述: The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
詳解: 這描述的是同一基因型在不同環境下表現出不同表型的能力,這是表型可塑性(Phenotypic plasticity)的核心概念。
答案: (A) Phenotypic plasticity -
題目敘述: Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
詳解: 這描述的是物種在某地理區域得以倖存,而該物種在其他地方已經滅絕。這些倖存的區域稱為避難所(Refugia)。
答案: (H) Refugia -
題目敘述: A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
詳解: 這描述的是一種無性生殖方式,不需要雄性的參與,例如孤雌生殖(Parthenogenesis)。
答案: (E) Parthenogenesis -
題目敘述: Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separat
第 一、配合題 11 題
- A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
- Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
- The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
- Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
- A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
- Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separate populations because of the development of a geographic or ecological barrier
- The association of two alleles at two or more loci more frequently than predicted by their individual frequencies
- The relationship or mathematical function between mean fitness of a population and the allele frequencies at a locus
- A symbiotic relationship in which each of two species benefits by their interaction
- Reduction of gene exchange between populations by any possible factors
(A) Phenotypic plasticity
(B) Adaptive landscape
(C) Linkage disequilibrium
(D) Reproductive isolation
(E) Parthenogenesis
(F) Altruism
(G) Mutualism
(H) Refugia
(I) Vicariance
(J) Transposable element
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題為配合題的第十一部分,題目敘述與前幾題相同,但選項排列順序再次不同。考生應仔細閱讀題目敘述並從提供的選項中選出最精確的配對。
-
題目敘述: A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
詳解: 這描述的是一種能夠在基因組內移動並插入到不同位置的 DNA 序列。這正是轉位子(Transposable element),又稱為「跳躍基因」。
【答案】 (J) Transposable element -
題目敘述: Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
詳解: 這描述的是一種行為,一個體付出了代價(cost)而使另一個體獲益(benefit)。這符合立他行為(Altruism)的定義。
答案: (F) Altruism -
題目敘述: The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
詳解: 這描述的是同一基因型在不同環境下表現出不同表型的能力,這是表型可塑性(Phenotypic plasticity)的核心概念。
答案: (A) Phenotypic plasticity -
題目敘述: Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
詳解: 這描述的是物種在某地理區域得以倖存,而該物種在其他地方已經滅絕。這些倖存的區域稱為避難所(Refugia)。
答案: (H) Refugia -
題目敘述: A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
詳解: 這描述的是一種無性生殖方式,不需要雄性的參與,例如孤雌生殖(Parthenogenesis)。
答案: (E) Parthenogenesis -
題目敘述: Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separat
第 一、配合題 12 題
- A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
- Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
- The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
- Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
- A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
- Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separate populations because of the development of a geographic or ecological barrier
- The association of two alleles at two or more loci more frequently than predicted by their individual frequencies
- The relationship or mathematical function between mean fitness of a population and the allele frequencies at a locus
- A symbiotic relationship in which each of two species benefits by their interaction
- Reduction of gene exchange between populations by any possible factors
(A) Phenotypic plasticity
(B) Adaptive landscape
(C) Linkage disequilibrium
(D) Reproductive isolation
(E) Parthenogenesis
(F) Altruism
(G) Mutualism
(H) Refugia
(I) Vicariance
(J) Transposable element
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題為配合題的第十二部分,題目敘述與前幾題相同,但選項排列順序再次不同。考生應仔細閱讀題目敘述並從提供的選項中選出最精確的配對。
-
題目敘述: A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
詳解: 這描述的是一種能夠在基因組內移動並插入到不同位置的 DNA 序列。這正是轉位子(Transposable element),又稱為「跳躍基因」。
【答案】 (J) Transposable element -
題目敘述: Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
詳解: 這描述的是一種行為,一個體付出了代價(cost)而使另一個體獲益(benefit)。這符合立他行為(Altruism)的定義。
答案: (F) Altruism -
題目敘述: The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
詳解: 這描述的是同一基因型在不同環境下表現出不同表型的能力,這是表型可塑性(Phenotypic plasticity)的核心概念。
答案: (A) Phenotypic plasticity -
題目敘述: Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
詳解: 這描述的是物種在某地理區域得以倖存,而該物種在其他地方已經滅絕。這些倖存的區域稱為避難所(Refugia)。
答案: (H) Refugia -
題目敘述: A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
詳解: 這描述的是一種無性生殖方式,不需要雄性的參與,例如孤雌生殖(Parthenogenesis)。
答案: (E) Parthenogenesis -
題目敘述: Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separat
第 一、配合題 13 題
- A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
- Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
- The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
- Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
- A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
- Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separate populations because of the development of a geographic or ecological barrier
- The association of two alleles at two or more loci more frequently than predicted by their individual frequencies
- The relationship or mathematical function between mean fitness of a population and the allele frequencies at a locus
- A symbiotic relationship in which each of two species benefits by their interaction
- Reduction of gene exchange between populations by any possible factors
(A) Phenotypic plasticity
(B) Adaptive landscape
(C) Linkage disequilibrium
(D) Reproductive isolation
(E) Parthenogenesis
(F) Altruism
(G) Mutualism
(H) Refugia
(I) Vicariance
(J) Transposable element
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題為配合題的第十三部分,題目敘述與前幾題相同,但選項排列順序再次不同。考生應仔細閱讀題目敘述並從提供的選項中選出最精確的配對。
-
題目敘述: A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
詳解: 這描述的是一種能夠在基因組內移動並插入到不同位置的 DNA 序列。這正是轉位子(Transposable element),又稱為「跳躍基因」。
【答案】 (J) Transposable element -
題目敘述: Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
詳解: 這描述的是一種行為,一個體付出了代價(cost)而使另一個體獲益(benefit)。這符合立他行為(Altruism)的定義。
答案: (F) Altruism -
題目敘述: The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
詳解: 這描述的是同一基因型在不同環境下表現出不同表型的能力,這是表型可塑性(Phenotypic plasticity)的核心概念。
答案: (A) Phenotypic plasticity -
題目敘述: Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
詳解: 這描述的是物種在某地理區域得以倖存,而該物種在其他地方已經滅絕。這些倖存的區域稱為避難所(Refugia)。
答案: (H) Refugia -
題目敘述: A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
詳解: 這描述的是一種無性生殖方式,不需要雄性的參與,例如孤雌生殖(Parthenogenesis)。
答案: (E) Parthenogenesis -
題目敘述: Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separat
第 一、配合題 14 題
- A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
- Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
- The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
- Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
- A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
- Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separate populations because of the development of a geographic or ecological barrier
- The association of two alleles at two or more loci more frequently than predicted by their individual frequencies
- The relationship or mathematical function between mean fitness of a population and the allele frequencies at a locus
- A symbiotic relationship in which each of two species benefits by their interaction
- Reduction of gene exchange between populations by any possible factors
(A) Phenotypic plasticity
(B) Adaptive landscape
(C) Linkage disequilibrium
(D) Reproductive isolation
(E) Parthenogenesis
(F) Altruism
(G) Mutualism
(H) Refugia
(I) Vicariance
(J) Transposable element
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題為配合題的第十四部分,題目敘述與前幾題相同,但選項排列順序再次不同。考生應仔細閱讀題目敘述並從提供的選項中選出最精確的配對。
-
題目敘述: A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
詳解: 這描述的是一種能夠在基因組內移動並插入到不同位置的 DNA 序列。這正是轉位子(Transposable element),又稱為「跳躍基因」。
【答案】 (J) Transposable element -
題目敘述: Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
詳解: 這描述的是一種行為,一個體付出了代價(cost)而使另一個體獲益(benefit)。這符合立他行為(Altruism)的定義。
答案: (F) Altruism -
題目敘述: The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
詳解: 這描述的是同一基因型在不同環境下表現出不同表型的能力,這是表型可塑性(Phenotypic plasticity)的核心概念。
答案: (A) Phenotypic plasticity -
題目敘述: Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
詳解: 這描述的是物種在某地理區域得以倖存,而該物種在其他地方已經滅絕。這些倖存的區域稱為避難所(Refugia)。
答案: (H) Refugia -
題目敘述: A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
詳解: 這描述的是一種無性生殖方式,不需要雄性的參與,例如孤雌生殖(Parthenogenesis)。
答案: (E) Parthenogenesis -
題目敘述: Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separat
第 一、配合題 15 題
- A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
- Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
- The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
- Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
- A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
- Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separate populations because of the development of a geographic or ecological barrier
- The association of two alleles at two or more loci more frequently than predicted by their individual frequencies
- The relationship or mathematical function between mean fitness of a population and the allele frequencies at a locus
- A symbiotic relationship in which each of two species benefits by their interaction
- Reduction of gene exchange between populations by any possible factors
(A) Phenotypic plasticity
(B) Adaptive landscape
(C) Linkage disequilibrium
(D) Reproductive isolation
(E) Parthenogenesis
(F) Altruism
(G) Mutualism
(H) Refugia
(I) Vicariance
(J) Transposable element
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題為配合題的第十五部分,題目敘述與前幾題相同,但選項排列順序再次不同。考生應仔細閱讀題目敘述並從提供的選項中選出最精確的配對。
-
題目敘述: A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
詳解: 這描述的是一種能夠在基因組內移動並插入到不同位置的 DNA 序列。這正是轉位子(Transposable element),又稱為「跳躍基因」。
【答案】 (J) Transposable element -
題目敘述: Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
詳解: 這描述的是一種行為,一個體付出了代價(cost)而使另一個體獲益(benefit)。這符合立他行為(Altruism)的定義。
答案: (F) Altruism -
題目敘述: The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
詳解: 這描述的是同一基因型在不同環境下表現出不同表型的能力,這是表型可塑性(Phenotypic plasticity)的核心概念。
答案: (A) Phenotypic plasticity -
題目敘述: Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
詳解: 這描述的是物種在某地理區域得以倖存,而該物種在其他地方已經滅絕。這些倖存的區域稱為避難所(Refugia)。
答案: (H) Refugia -
題目敘述: A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
詳解: 這描述的是一種無性生殖方式,不需要雄性的參與,例如孤雌生殖(Parthenogenesis)。
答案: (E) Parthenogenesis -
題目敘述: Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separat
第 一、配合題 16 題
- A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
- Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
- The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
- Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
- A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
- Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separate populations because of the development of a geographic or ecological barrier
- The association of two alleles at two or more loci more frequently than predicted by their individual frequencies
- The relationship or mathematical function between mean fitness of a population and the allele frequencies at a locus
- A symbiotic relationship in which each of two species benefits by their interaction
- Reduction of gene exchange between populations by any possible factors
(A) Phenotypic plasticity
(B) Adaptive landscape
(C) Linkage disequilibrium
(D) Reproductive isolation
(E) Parthenogenesis
(F) Altruism
(G) Mutualism
(H) Refugia
(I) Vicariance
(J) Transposable element
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題為配合題的第十六部分,題目敘述與前幾題相同,但選項排列順序再次不同。考生應仔細閱讀題目敘述並從提供的選項中選出最精確的配對。
-
題目敘述: A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
詳解: 這描述的是一種能夠在基因組內移動並插入到不同位置的 DNA 序列。這正是轉位子(Transposable element),又稱為「跳躍基因」。
【答案】 (J) Transposable element -
題目敘述: Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
詳解: 這描述的是一種行為,一個體付出了代價(cost)而使另一個體獲益(benefit)。這符合立他行為(Altruism)的定義。
答案: (F) Altruism -
題目敘述: The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
詳解: 這描述的是同一基因型在不同環境下表現出不同表型的能力,這是表型可塑性(Phenotypic plasticity)的核心概念。
答案: (A) Phenotypic plasticity -
題目敘述: Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
詳解: 這描述的是物種在某地理區域得以倖存,而該物種在其他地方已經滅絕。這些倖存的區域稱為避難所(Refugia)。
答案: (H) Refugia -
題目敘述: A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
詳解: 這描述的是一種無性生殖方式,不需要雄性的參與,例如孤雌生殖(Parthenogenesis)。
答案: (E) Parthenogenesis -
題目敘述: Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separat
第 一、配合題 17 題
- A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
- Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
- The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
- Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
- A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
- Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separate populations because of the development of a geographic or ecological barrier
- The association of two alleles at two or more loci more frequently than predicted by their individual frequencies
- The relationship or mathematical function between mean fitness of a population and the allele frequencies at a locus
- A symbiotic relationship in which each of two species benefits by their interaction
- Reduction of gene exchange between populations by any possible factors
(A) Phenotypic plasticity
(B) Adaptive landscape
(C) Linkage disequilibrium
(D) Reproductive isolation
(E) Parthenogenesis
(F) Altruism
(G) Mutualism
(H) Refugia
(I) Vicariance
(J) Transposable element
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題為配合題的第十七部分,題目敘述與前幾題相同,但選項排列順序再次不同。考生應仔細閱讀題目敘述並從提供的選項中選出最精確的配對。
-
題目敘述: A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
詳解: 這描述的是一種能夠在基因組內移動並插入到不同位置的 DNA 序列。這正是轉位子(Transposable element),又稱為「跳躍基因」。
【答案】 (J) Transposable element -
題目敘述: Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
詳解: 這描述的是一種行為,一個體付出了代價(cost)而使另一個體獲益(benefit)。這符合立他行為(Altruism)的定義。
答案: (F) Altruism -
題目敘述: The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
詳解: 這描述的是同一基因型在不同環境下表現出不同表型的能力,這是表型可塑性(Phenotypic plasticity)的核心概念。
答案: (A) Phenotypic plasticity -
題目敘述: Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
詳解: 這描述的是物種在某地理區域得以倖存,而該物種在其他地方已經滅絕。這些倖存的區域稱為避難所(Refugia)。
答案: (H) Refugia -
題目敘述: A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
詳解: 這描述的是一種無性生殖方式,不需要雄性的參與,例如孤雌生殖(Parthenogenesis)。
答案: (E) Parthenogenesis -
題目敘述: Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separat
第 一、配合題 18 題
- A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
- Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
- The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
- Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
- A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
- Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separate populations because of the development of a geographic or ecological barrier
- The association of two alleles at two or more loci more frequently than predicted by their individual frequencies
- The relationship or mathematical function between mean fitness of a population and the allele frequencies at a locus
- A symbiotic relationship in which each of two species benefits by their interaction
- Reduction of gene exchange between populations by any possible factors
(A) Phenotypic plasticity
(B) Adaptive landscape
(C) Linkage disequilibrium
(D) Reproductive isolation
(E) Parthenogenesis
(F) Altruism
(G) Mutualism
(H) Refugia
(I) Vicariance
(J) Transposable element
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此題為配合題的第十八部分,題目敘述與前幾題相同,但選項排列順序再次不同。考生應仔細閱讀題目敘述並從提供的選項中選出最精確的配對。
-
題目敘述: A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
詳解: 這描述的是一種能夠在基因組內移動並插入到不同位置的 DNA 序列。這正是轉位子(Transposable element),又稱為「跳躍基因」。
【答案】 (J) Transposable element -
題目敘述: Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
詳解: 這描述的是一種行為,一個體付出了代價(cost)而使另一個體獲益(benefit)。這符合立他行為(Altruism)的定義。
答案: (F) Altruism -
題目敘述: The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
詳解: 這描述的是同一基因型在不同環境下表現出不同表型的能力,這是表型可塑性(Phenotypic plasticity)的核心概念。
答案: (A) Phenotypic plasticity -
題目敘述: Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
詳解: 這描述的是物種在某地理區域得以倖存,而該物種在其他地方已經滅絕。這些倖存的區域稱為避難所(Refugia)。
答案: (H) Refugia -
題目敘述: A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
詳解: 這描述的是一種無性生殖方式,不需要雄性的參與,例如孤雌生殖(Parthenogenesis)。
答案: (E) Parthenogenesis -
題目敘述: Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separat
第 一、配合題 19 題
- A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
- Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
- The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
- Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
- A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
- Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separate populations because of the development of a geographic or ecological barrier
- The association of two alleles at two or more loci more frequently than predicted by their individual frequencies
- The relationship or mathematical function between mean fitness of a population and the allele frequencies at a locus
- A symbiotic relationship in which each of two species benefits by their interaction
- Reduction of gene exchange between populations by any possible factors
(A) Phenotypic plasticity
(B) Adaptive landscape
(C) Linkage disequilibrium
(D) Reproductive isolation
(E) Parthenogenesis
(F) Altruism
(G) Mutualism
(H) Refugia
(I) Vicariance
(J) Transposable element
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此題為配合題的第十九部分,題目敘述與前幾題相同,但選項排列順序再次不同。考生應仔細閱讀題目敘述並從提供的選項中選出最精確的配對。
-
題目敘述: A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
詳解: 這描述的是一種能夠在基因組內移動並插入到不同位置的 DNA 序列。這正是轉位子(Transposable element),又稱為「跳躍基因」。
【答案】 (J) Transposable element -
題目敘述: Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
詳解: 這描述的是一種行為,一個體付出了代價(cost)而使另一個體獲益(benefit)。這符合立他行為(Altruism)的定義。
答案: (F) Altruism -
題目敘述: The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
詳解: 這描述的是同一基因型在不同環境下表現出不同表型的能力,這是表型可塑性(Phenotypic plasticity)的核心概念。
答案: (A) Phenotypic plasticity -
題目敘述: Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
詳解: 這描述的是物種在某地理區域得以倖存,而該物種在其他地方已經滅絕。這些倖存的區域稱為避難所(Refugia)。
答案: (H) Refugia -
題目敘述: A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
詳解: 這描述的是一種無性生殖方式,不需要雄性的參與,例如孤雌生殖(Parthenogenesis)。
答案: (E) Parthenogenesis -
題目敘述: Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separat
第 一、配合題 20 題
- A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
- Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
- The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
- Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
- A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
- Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separate populations because of the development of a geographic or ecological barrier
- The association of two alleles at two or more loci more frequently than predicted by their individual frequencies
- The relationship or mathematical function between mean fitness of a population and the allele frequencies at a locus
- A symbiotic relationship in which each of two species benefits by their interaction
- Reduction of gene exchange between populations by any possible factors
(A) Phenotypic plasticity
(B) Adaptive landscape
(C) Linkage disequilibrium
(D) Reproductive isolation
(E) Parthenogenesis
(F) Altruism
(G) Mutualism
(H) Refugia
(I) Vicariance
(J) Transposable element
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題為配合題的第二十部分,題目敘述與前幾題相同,但選項排列順序再次不同。考生應仔細閱讀題目敘述並從提供的選項中選出最精確的配對。
-
題目敘述: A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome
詳解: 這描述的是一種能夠在基因組內移動並插入到不同位置的 DNA 序列。這正是轉位子(Transposable element),又稱為「跳躍基因」。
【答案】 (J) Transposable element -
題目敘述: Conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor
詳解: 這描述的是一種行為,一個體付出了代價(cost)而使另一個體獲益(benefit)。這符合立他行為(Altruism)的定義。
答案: (F) Altruism -
題目敘述: The ability of one genotype to generate distinct character states under different environments
詳解: 這描述的是同一基因型在不同環境下表現出不同表型的能力,這是表型可塑性(Phenotypic plasticity)的核心概念。
答案: (A) Phenotypic plasticity -
題目敘述: Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere
詳解: 這描述的是物種在某地理區域得以倖存,而該物種在其他地方已經滅絕。這些倖存的區域稱為避難所(Refugia)。
答案: (H) Refugia -
題目敘述: A type of asexual reproduction that requires no male contribution
詳解: 這描述的是一種無性生殖方式,不需要雄性的參與,例如孤雌生殖(Parthenogenesis)。
答案: (E) Parthenogenesis -
題目敘述: Separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separat
第 二、單選題 1 題
二、單選題 (30%, 2% each)
※ 注意:請於試卷內之「非選擇題作答區」標明題號依序作答。
- What does the breeder's equation, , tell us about evolutionary biology?
(A) Evolutionary response to selection depends on genetic variation of the trait
(B) Phenotypic plasticity is important in evolutionary response to environment change
(C) The stronger the selection force, the higher the correlation is between parent and offspring mean traits
(D) Genetic covariance among traits constrains the direction of evolution
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這題考驗考生對育種者方程式(Breeder's equation)的理解及其在演化生物學中的意義。育種者方程式是 ,其中 是族群的演化反應(response to selection), 是遺傳力(heritability), 是選擇壓力(selection differential)。
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核心觀念: 育種者方程式描述了在選擇壓力下,一個性狀的演化反應(即下一世代的平均值與上一世代的差異)與該性狀的遺傳力以及選擇壓力之間的關係。
-
公式解析:
- (Response): 下一代的平均表型值與這一代平均表型值的差異。這代表了演化了多少。
- (Heritability): 指的是性狀的表型變異中,有多少比例是由遺傳因素造成的。,其中 是遺傳變異, 是表型變異。遺傳力越高,表示性狀越容易受到遺傳的影響,也越容易對選擇產生反應。
- (Selection differential): 指的是有繁殖能力的個體(或選擇的個體)的平均表型值,與整個族群的平均表型值之間的差異。它代表了選擇的強度和方向。
-
選項分析:
- (A) Evolutionary response to selection depends on genetic variation of the trait: 這個選項是正確的。,而 。 代表了遺傳變異。因此,演化反應 直接取決於遺傳變異(透過 )。如果遺傳變異為零,則 ,,沒有演化反應。
第 二、單選題 2 題
- A contact zone exists between two species locally adaptive to distinct habitats. In the short term, allele frequency cline of a locally adaptive gene is NOT affected by:
(A) Strength of selection
(B) Dispersal distance of individuals
(C) Rate of self-fertilization
(D) Mutation rate
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這題考驗考生對接觸帶(contact zone)中,局部適應基因頻率變化(allele frequency cline)的影響因素的理解。接觸帶是兩種不同族群或物種相遇並可能發生基因交流的地理區域。局部適應基因是指在特定環境下具有較高適應度的基因。
-
核心觀念: 在接觸帶中,局部適應基因的頻率變化(cline)是由多種演化力量共同作用的結果,包括選擇、基因流(由個體遷徙或散佈決定)、突變、漂變等。
-
影響因素分析:
- (A) Strength of selection (選擇強度): 選擇是驅動局部適應基因頻率變化的主要力量。如果一個基因在某個棲地具有較高的適應度,選擇會傾向於增加該基因的頻率。選擇強度越高,頻率變化越快,cline 通常越陡峭。因此,選擇強度會影響 cline。
- (B) Dispersal distance of individuals (個體散佈距離): 個體散佈距離代表了基因流(gene flow)的程度。如果個體能夠長距離散佈,則基因會更容易在不同族群之間傳播,這會導致不同地區的基因頻率趨於一致,減緩或模糊局部適應基因的頻率變化(cline)。因此,散佈距離會影響 cline。
第 二、單選題 3 題
- When post-zygotic isolation evolved first, it is advantageous to develop pre-mating or pre-zygotic isolation. This is called:
(A) Red-queen hypothesis
(B) Sympatric speciation
(C) Reinforcement
(D) Haldane's rule
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這題考驗考生對物種形成過程中,生殖隔離機制演化的理解。特別是當生殖子隔離(post-zygotic isolation)已經形成後,為何會演化出交配前或合子前隔離(pre-mating or pre-zygotic isolation)。
-
核心觀念:
- 生殖隔離(Reproductive isolation) 是物種形成的關鍵。它防止不同物種間發生有活力的、可育的後代。
- 生殖隔離可以分為:
- 合子前隔離(Pre-zygotic isolation):阻止交配或阻止受精。包括地理隔離、棲地隔離、求偶隔離、時間隔離、機械隔離、配子隔離等。
- 合子後隔離(Post-zygotic isolation):即使發生了雜交,但後代沒有活力、不育或無法存活。例如雜種致死(hybrid inviability)、雜種不育(hybrid sterility)。
-
情境分析: 題目描述的情況是:如果兩種族群已經發展出「合子後隔離」,那麼進一步發展出「合子前隔離」是有利的。為什麼?
- 如果兩種族群之間會發生雜交,但產生的後代是無活力的或不育的(合子後隔離),那麼這種雜交就浪費了親代的繁殖資源(時間、能量、配子),而且產生的後代也無法延續基因。
第 二、單選題 4 題
- Which of the following is NOT directly related with Muller's ratchet?
(A) Recombination rate
(B) Sexual reproduction
(C) Dispersal distance
(D) Natural selection
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這題考驗考生對 Muller's ratchet(穆勒的齒輪)概念的理解,以及哪些因素會影響或不影響這個過程。
-
核心觀念: Muller's ratchet 是指在沒有基因重組(recombination)的無性繁殖族群中,有害突變(deleterious mutations)會隨著世代累積,導致基因組的適應度逐漸下降。這個過程被比喻為一個「齒輪」,一旦有害突變累積到最不帶有害突變的基因型上,就無法再透過突變回到沒有該突變的狀態,只能不斷累積更多有害突變。
-
Muller's ratchet 的機制與影響因素:
- 無性繁殖 (Asexual reproduction): Muller's ratchet 主要發生在無性繁殖的族群中,因為無性繁殖缺乏基因重組,無法將有害突變與有利突變分離,也無法透過重組來產生不帶有害突變的純合子。
- 有害突變累積 (Accumulation of deleterious mutations): 這是 ratchet 的核心。
- 基因重組 (Recombination): 基因重組(通常發生在有性生殖中)是抵抗 Muller's ratchet 的關鍵機制。透過重組,可以將有害突變從某些基因型中移除,並產生不帶有害突變的新的基因型,從而「重置」或減緩 ratchet 的過程。因此,重組率(Recombination rate)與 Muller's ratchet 是直接相關的(高重組率可以抵抗 ratchet)。
- 有性生殖 (Sexual reproduction): 有性生殖通常伴隨著基因重組,因此與抵抗 Muller's ratchet 直接相關。
第 二、單選題 5 題
- Which of the following is NOT a fitness component of an individual or a genotype?
(A) Survival
(B) Ability to find mates
(C) Fecundity
(D) Body size
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這題考驗考生對「適應度」(Fitness)在演化生物學中的定義和組成部分的理解。
-
核心觀念: 適應度(Fitness)是指一個基因型或個體在其生存環境中,能夠成功繁殖並將其基因傳遞給下一代的相對能力。它不是指個體的體力或運動能力,而是繁殖的成功率。
-
適應度的組成部分:
適應度通常包含以下幾個關鍵要素:- 存活率 (Survival): 個體必須活到繁殖年齡。
- 求偶能力 (Ability to find mates): 能夠找到配偶進行繁殖。
- 繁殖力/生育力 (Fecundity): 能夠產生後代,包括卵子/精子數量、懷孕成功率、產仔數等。
- 後代存活率 (Offspring survival): 產生的後代能夠存活並成長到能夠繁殖的年齡。
第 二、單選題 6 題
- "Selfish DNA" is:
(A) A DNA sequence that makes an individual altruistic
(B) A DNA sequence that replicates but with no immediate function for the organism
(C) A DNA sequence that maximizes the fitness of the individual
(D) A DNA sequence facilitating the cooperation among kins
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這題考驗考生對「自私 DNA」(Selfish DNA)概念的理解。
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核心觀念: 「自私 DNA」是一個假說,用來解釋基因組中那些似乎沒有明顯功能,但卻能自我複製並在基因組中擴散的 DNA 序列(例如,許多重複序列、內含子、轉位子等)。這些序列的演化壓力並非來自對宿主生物體的整體適應度有多大貢獻,而是來自它們自身的複製和擴散能力,即使這種複製和擴散可能對宿主造成負擔。
-
選項分析:
- (A) A DNA sequence that makes an individual altruistic: 利他行為(Altruism)是指個體付出代價幫助其他個體。這與自私 DNA 的概念相反,自私 DNA 關注的是基因自身的擴散,而不是個體的行為。
- (B) A DNA sequence that replicates but with no immediate function for the organism: 這精確地描述了自私 DNA 的特徵。
第 二、單選題 7 題
- Which of the following is not the fate of a new gene after gene duplication?
(A) Muta-functionalization
(B) Neo-functionalization
(C) Sub-functionalization
(D) Pseudo-functionalization
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核心觀念
本題考查「基因重複(gene duplication)」後,新產生的基因拷貝可能採取哪些演化命運。
基因重複後,原本相同的兩個基因拷貝具有相同或近似的功能。由於基因拷貝增加,某一拷貝暫時承受的純化選汰壓力可能降低,因此可透過突變累積而產生不同命運,主要包括:
- 新功能化(neo-functionalization):其中一個拷貝獲得原本沒有的新功能。
- 次功能化(sub-functionalization):原基因的不同功能被分配到兩個拷貝,各自保留部分功能。
- 假基因化/功能喪失(pseudo-functionalization):其中一個拷貝累積失活突變,成為假基因,失去原有功能。
「Muta-functionalization」並不是演化生物學中描述基因重複命運的標準術語。
解題方法
判斷各選項是否為基因重複後的標準命運即可。基因重複後的拷貝通常有三種方向:
- 獲得新功能;
- 分割原有功能;
- 喪失功能。
依此分類,找出不屬於正式演化分類的名詞。
選項分析
(A) Muta-functionalization
錯誤。Muta-functionalization 不是基因重複後常用或標準的命運名稱。雖然基因功能改變通常與突變有關,但「發生突變」本身不是一種獨立的功能演化分類。
因此,本選項是不屬於基因重複後標準命運的項目。
第 二、單選題 8 題
- Which of the following is correct about human evolution?
(A) The out-of-Africa event happened only once
(B) Neanderthals diverged from Europeans after anatomical modern human migrated into Europe
(C) Linkage disequilibrium decays faster in Africans than in Native Americans
(D) Infant birth weight is a good example of diversifying selection
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這題考驗考生對人類演化相關知識的掌握,特別是關於「走出非洲」、「尼安德特人」、「連鎖不平衡」以及「選擇類型」等概念。
-
核心觀念: 人類演化是一個複雜的過程,涉及多個物種、遷徙事件和基因交流。
-
選項分析:
- (A) The out-of-Africa event happened only once: 這是不正確的。關於人類演化,存在一個主要的「走出非洲」事件,將現代智人(Homo sapiens)散佈到全球。然而,早期的人類演化階段(如 Homo erectus)也發生過走出非洲的事件。即使是現代智人,也可能存在多次較小的遷徙波。因此,說「只發生一次」是過於簡化的,通常指的是現代智人的一次主要擴散。
- (B) Neanderthals diverged from Europeans after anatomical modern human migrated into Europe: 這是不正確的。尼安德特人(Neanderthals)是歐洲和西亞地區的古人類,他們在解剖學上的現代人類(Anatomical modern humans)從非洲遷徙到歐洲 之前 就已經存在並演化了。現代人類遷徙到歐洲後,與當地的尼安德特人發生了基因交流(雜交),而非尼安德特人是從後來遷徙來的歐洲人分化出來的。
- (C) Linkage disequilibrium decays faster in Africans than in Native Americans: 這句話是正確的。連鎖不平衡(Linkage disequilibrium, LD)是指非隨機的等位基因組合。LD 的強度會受到幾個因素影響,其中一個是重組率,另一個是族群的歷史。
第 二、單選題 9 題
- Which of the following is correct about the Wallace Line?
(A) This is the line of least resistance through which evolution is facilitated
(B) This is a boundary line separating biogeographical realms
(C) This line is used to defined the boundary between species in a contact zone
(D) This is a line on the map where gene flow is facilitated
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這題考驗考生對華萊士線(Wallace Line)的理解,這是生物地理學中的一個重要概念。
-
核心觀念: 華萊士線是生物地理學家阿爾弗雷德·羅素·華萊士(Alfred Russel Wallace)在19世紀提出的,用來劃分亞洲生物地理區域(Paleartic and Oriental realms)和澳洲生物地理區域(Australasian realm)之間界線的假想線。這條線大致通過印度尼西亞群島。
-
華萊士線的特徵:
- 它代表了兩種截然不同的動物群落之間的明顯界限。
- 例如,在線的西側(亞洲一側),有亞洲特有的動物(如老虎、大象、猴子等);而在線的東側(澳洲一側),則有澳洲特有的動物(如袋鼠、有袋類動物等)。
- 這條線的形成主要是由於地理隔離(例如,在冰河時期海平面下降時,亞洲大陸和島嶼之間可能相連,但澳洲大陸和島嶼與亞洲大陸之間始終存在較寬的水域,阻止了陸生動物的遷徙)。
-
選項分析:
- **(A) This is the line of least resistance through which evol
第 二、單選題 10 題
- Which of the following is correct about sympatric speciation?
(A) Polyploidization is a way to achieve sympatric speciation
(B) It is the most common form of speciation
(C) After sympatric speciation, the two species expanded to different locations, called parapatric speciation
(D) Domestication is a type of sympatric speciation
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這題考驗考生對同域物種形成(Sympatric speciation)的理解。
-
核心觀念: 同域物種形成是指在同一地理區域內,一個祖先族群演化成兩個或多個新物種的過程。這需要族群內部出現生殖隔離。
-
同域物種形成的機制:
- 多倍體化 (Polyploidization): 在植物中,由於染色體數目異常(如多倍體化)而導致的生殖隔離,可以快速地在同一個體內形成一個新的、與親本不育但能與同多倍體個體繁殖的族群。這是一種常見的同域物種形成機制。
- 棲地隔離 (Habitat isolation): 族群內部的個體對資源的利用或棲息地的選擇發生分化,導致不同個體群之間的基因流減少。
- 性選擇 (Sexual selection): 個體對配偶的偏好發生分化,導致兩個族群的求偶行為不同,進而產生生殖隔離。
-
選項分析:
- (A) Polyploidization is a way to achieve sympatric speciation: 這是正確的。在植物中,多倍體化是一個非常有效的同域物種形成機制,因為多倍體個體與親本二倍體個體通常是不育的,從而快速建立起生殖隔離。
第 二、單選題 11 題
- A woman and her husband both show the normal phenotype for skin pigmentation. However, both had one parent who was an albino. Albinism is an autosomal recessive trait. What is the probability that their first child will have normal skin pigmentation?
(A) 0%
(B) 25%
(C) 50%
(D) 75%
(E) 100%
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這題考驗考生對孟德爾遺傳定律,特別是關於隱性遺傳病的機率計算。
-
核心觀念: 隱性遺傳病(如白化症,Albinism)只有當個體同時攜帶兩個隱性等位基因時才會表現出來。
-
題目資訊:
- 白化症(Albinism)是「體染色體隱性遺傳」(autosomal recessive)。
- 女性和她的丈夫都有「正常膚色」的表型。
- 他們各自的「父母中有一位」是白化症患者。
-
推導基因型:
- 設白化症的等位基因是 ,正常膚色的等位基因是 。
- 由於白化症是隱性遺傳,白化症患者的基因型一定是 。
- 女性和她的丈夫都表現正常膚色,所以他們的基因型不可能是 。
- 他們的父母中有一位是白化症患者 ()。這意味著,他們從那位白化症的父母那裡一定遺傳到了一個 等位基因。
- 由於他們本人表現為正常膚色,所以他們必定還有一個 等位基因。
- 因此,該女性和她的丈夫的基因型都是 (攜帶者,heterozygote)。
第 二、單選題 12 題
- Same as above. If their first two children have normal pigmentation, what is the chance that their third child will have albinism?
(A) 0%
(B) 25%
(C) 50%
(D) 75%
(E) 100%
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這題是上一題的延伸,考驗考生對「獨立事件」機率計算的理解。
-
核心觀念: 每次懷孕生子都是一個獨立的事件。過去的生育結果(前兩個孩子有正常膚色)不會影響下一次生育的機率。
-
題目資訊:
- 父母的基因型是 (從上一題推導得出)。
- 他們前兩個孩子都有正常膚色(這已經發生了)。
- 我們要計算第三個孩子患有白化症(基因型為 )的機率。
第 二、單選題 13 題
- In familial hypercholesterolemia (presence of high plasma cholesterol levels), individuals homozygous for the allele causing the disorder completely lack receptors on liver cells that take up cholesterol from the blood stream. Heterozygotes have one-half the number of receptors while individuals homozygous for the normal allele are phenotypically normal. This is an example of
(A) Complete dominance
(B) Co-dominance
(C) Incomplete dominance
(D) Epistasis
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這題考驗考生對不同遺傳模式(顯隱性關係)的理解。
-
核心觀念: 基因型與表型的關係有多種模式,包括完全顯性、不完全顯性、共顯性以及上位性。
-
題目資訊:
- 疾病: familial hypercholesterolemia (高膽固醇血症)。
- 基因: 假設由一個基因控制,有兩種等位基因:一個致病等位基因(設為 )和一個正常等位基因(設為 )。
- 表型與基因型的關係:
- (純合子致病):完全缺乏膽固醇受體。表型是極高膽固醇。
- (雜合子):擁有正常一半數量的受體。表型是高膽固醇,但不如 嚴重。
- (純合子正常):擁有正常數量的受體,表型正常。
-
分析遺傳模式:
- 完全顯性 (Complete dominance): 雜合子 () 的表型與其中一個純合子(通常是顯性純合子 )相同。例如,如果 對 完全顯性,則 和 的表型相同。
- 共顯性 (Co-dominance): 雜合子 () 的表型同時表現出兩個純合子( 和 )的特徵。例如,血型 AB,同時表現 A 和 B 抗原。
第 二、單選題 14 題
- Sex-linked genetically inherited traits:
(A) Can appear in both males and females
(B) Are only found in males
(C) Are only found in females
(D) Are only inherited from mother
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這題考驗考生對「性聯遺傳」(Sex-linked inheritance)的理解,特別是與 X 染色體相關的遺傳。
-
核心觀念: 性聯遺傳是指基因位於性染色體上,其遺傳模式與性別相關。在哺乳動物中,最常見的是 X 染色體連鎖遺傳。
-
X 染色體連鎖遺傳的特點:
- 基因型:
- 雄性(XY):只有一條 X 染色體,基因型為 或 。
- 雌性(XX):有兩條 X 染色體,基因型為 , , 或 。
- 表現型:
- 對於隱性性狀,雄性只需要一個隱性等位基因 () 就會表現出來。而雌性需要兩個隱性等位基因 () 才會表現出來。
- 因此,隱性性聯遺傳疾病在雄性中更常見。
- 遺傳途徑:
- 父親將其 Y 染色體傳給兒子,將其 X 染色體傳給女兒。
- 母親將其 X 染色體傳給兒子和女兒。
- 關鍵點: 雄性個體(XY)的 X 染色體來自母親,Y 染色體來自父親。雌性個體(XX)的一條 X 染色體來自父親,另一條來自母親。
- 基因型:
第 二、單選題 15 題
- Developmental similarities observed in most vertebrates are probably due to
(A) chance.
(B) the similar environments in which they live.
(C) homeobox genes.
(D) their phylogenetic histories.
(E) homeobox genes and their phylogenetic histories.
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這題考驗考生對比較胚胎學和演化生物學的理解,特別是關於脊椎動物發育相似性的原因。
-
核心觀念: 許多脊椎動物在胚胎發育早期表現出驚人的相似性,例如脊索、咽弓、尾巴等結構的出現。這表明它們共享一個共同的祖先。
-
選項分析:
- (A) chance: 這種高度結構化的相似性不太可能是偶然發生的。演化上的趨同(convergence)可能產生功能相似的結構,但如此廣泛和早期的胚胎發育相似性,通常指向共同祖先。
- (B) the similar environments in which they live: 環境相似性(例如,都在水中發育)可能對某些發育特徵產生影響(如水生生物的某些適應),但它無法解釋所有脊椎動物,包括陸生和水生,在早期胚胎階段的普遍相似性。
- (C) homeobox genes: Homeobox 基因(Hox genes)是一類在動物發育中起關鍵作用的基因,它們決定身體軸的形成和結構的模式。Hox 基因在許多動物(包括脊椎動物)中高度保守,並且在調控早期胚胎發育中扮演核心角色。
第 三、名詞解釋 1 題
三、名詞解釋 (30%, 3% each)
- Balancing selection
- Adaptation
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這部分是名詞解釋題,要求考生對演化生物學中的核心概念進行定義和闡述。
1. Balancing selection (平衡選擇)
- 定義: 平衡選擇是指一種演化力量,它能夠在族群中維持兩個或多個等位基因(或基因型)的頻率,使其不至於被單一的等位基因所取代。換句話說,它維持了族群的遺傳多樣性。
- 機制: 平衡選擇有多種機制,常見的有:
- 異型合子優勢 (Heterozygote advantage): 雜合子基因型的適應度高於兩個純合子基因型的適應度。例如,鐮刀型貧血症狀的攜帶者(雜合子 )對瘧疾有抵抗力,其適應度高於純合正常者 ()(易感染瘧疾)和純合患病者 ()(患鐮刀型貧血)。
- 頻率依賴性選擇 (Frequency-dependent selection): 基因型的適應度取決於其在族群中的頻率。
- 負頻率依賴性選擇 (Negative frequency-dependent selection): 基因型頻率越低,其適應度越高(例如,一些稀有的配偶選擇偏好,或在寄生蟲-宿主關係中的情況)。
- 正頻率依賴性選擇 (Positive frequency-dependent selection): 基因型頻率越高,其適應度越高(這種情況通常會導致單一等位基因的固定,除非伴隨其他機制)。
- 環境異質性 (Environmental heterogeneity): 在空間或時間上不斷變化的環境中,不同的基因型可能在不同的環境條件下具有優勢,從而維持了多個等位基因的存在。
第 三、名詞解釋 2 題
- Balancing selection
- Adaptation
- Phylogeny
- Speciation
- Orthology
- Molecular clock
- Fitness
- Selective sweep
- Monophyletic group
- Homoplasy
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這部分是名詞解釋題,要求考生對演化生物學中的核心概念進行定義和闡述。
3. Phylogeny (系統發生)
- 定義: 系統發生(Phylogeny)是指一個物種(或一個類群)的演化歷史和演化關係。它描述了一個生物類群從其共同祖先演化而來的過程,以及各個分支(物種或類群)之間的親緣關係。
- 表示方式: 系統發生關係通常通過「系統發生樹」(phylogenetic tree)來視覺化表示。樹的節點代表共同祖先,分支代表演化歷程,分支的末端代表現存或已滅絕的物種或類群。
- 研究方法: 系統發生學(Phylogenetics)是研究生物演化關係的學科,它利用形態學、解剖學、胚胎學、化石記錄以及分子數據(如 DNA 和蛋白質序列)來構建和推斷系統發生關係。
- 演化意義: 了解生物的系統發生關係有助於我們理解生物多樣性的起源、生物體的演化趨勢、基因的功能演化以及生物地理分佈的模式。
4. Speciation (物種形成)
第 三、名詞解釋 3 題
- Balancing selection
- Adaptation
- Phylogeny
- Speciation
- Orthology
- Molecular clock
- Fitness
- Selective sweep
- Monophyletic group
- Homoplasy
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這部分是名詞解釋題,要求考生對演化生物學中的核心概念進行定義和闡述。
5. Orthology (同源基因)
- 定義: 同源基因(Orthologs)是指在不同物種之間,由於物種分化而產生的、從共同祖先基因繼承而來的基因。這些基因通常保留了原始的相同功能。
- 區別於同功基因 (Paralogs): 同功基因(Paralogs)則是指在同一物種內部,由於基因重複(gene duplication)而產生的、具有相似或新功能的基因。
- 研究意義: 同源基因的比較對於理解物種間的演化關係(構建系統發生樹)以及研究基因功能在演化過程中的保守性至關重要。例如,人類的 基因與小鼠的 基因是同源基因,它們在功能上高度保守,這使得小鼠成為研究人類癌症的模式生物。
6. Molecular clock (分子時鐘)
第 三、名詞解釋 4 題
- Balancing selection
- Adaptation
- Phylogeny
- Speciation
- Orthology
- Molecular clock
- Fitness
- Selective sweep
- Monophyletic group
- Homoplasy
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這部分是名詞解釋題,要求考生對演化生物學中的核心概念進行定義和闡述。
7. Fitness (適應度)
- 定義: 適應度(Fitness)是指一個基因型或個體在其生存環境中,能夠成功繁殖並將其基因傳遞給下一代的相對能力。它是一個衡量繁殖成功率的指標。
- 組成部分: 適應度通常包括個體的存活率、求偶能力、繁殖力(生育力)以及後代存活率等。
- 演化意義: 在自然選擇的框架下,適應度是驅動演化的關鍵。自然選擇會偏好那些具有更高適應度的基因型,從而導致這些基因型的頻率在族群中增加。
- 注意: 適應度是相對的,並且依賴於特定的環境。一個在某個環境下高適應度的基因型,在另一個環境下可能適應度較低。
8. Selective sweep (選擇掃蕩)
- 定義: 選擇掃蕩(Selective sweep),也稱為「積極選擇」(positive selection)或「淨化選擇」(purifying selection,如果選擇的是有利突變,清除其他突變),是指一個有利突變在族群
第 三、名詞解釋 5 題
- Balancing selection
- Adaptation
- Phylogeny
- Speciation
- Orthology
- Molecular clock
- Fitness
- Selective sweep
- Monophyletic group
- Homoplasy
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這部分是名詞解釋題,要求考生對演化生物學中的核心概念進行定義和闡述。
9. Monophyletic group (單系群)
- 定義: 單系群(Monophyletic group),也稱為「同源群」(holophyletic group),是指一個演化支,它包含一個共同的祖先以及該祖先的所有後代。
- 形成: 單系群是通過物種形成(speciation)過程產生的,是系統發生樹中一個分支的完整集合。
- 研究意義: 在構建系統發生樹時,我們旨在識別單系群,因為它們代表了真正有共同祖先的演化單元。這有助於我們準確地理解生物的演化關係。
- 對比:
- 並系群 (Paraphyletic group): 包含一個共同祖先,但只包含該祖先的 一部分 後代。例如,爬行動物(不包括鳥類)是一個並系群,因為它包含共同祖先和其後代,但排除了演化出的鳥類。
- 多系群 (Polyphyletic group): 不包含它們最近的共同祖先,或者包含來自多個不同祖先的成員。例如,將所有「翅膀」組成的類群定義為一個群體,這是一個多系群,因為翅膀在演化過程中獨立出現了多次(鳥類、蝙蝠、昆蟲)。
第 四、問答題 1 題
四、問答題 (20%)
- (5%) In a diploid organism, genes A and B affect fitness. Gene A has alleles A and a, and gene B has alleles B and b. In both genes, the lower-case alleles (a and b) are recessive to the upper-case alleles (A and B), and homozygous recessives (aa and bb) have lower fitness. Please use this to explain hybrid vigor from the cross of two inbred genotypes.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 近親繁殖衰退(inbreeding depression)
- 雜種優勢(hybrid vigor,又稱 heterosis)
- 隱性有害等位基因的遮蔽
- 雙基因座的基因型與適存度關係
在二倍體生物中,每個基因座具有兩個等位基因。題目設定:
- 基因座 A:、、
- 基因座 B:、、
- 對 為隱性, 對 為隱性
- 與 的個體適存度較低
因此, 與 的顯性正常等位基因,能在雜合子 、 中遮蔽隱性有害等位基因的表現。
雜種優勢是指兩個遺傳背景不同、常為近親繁殖系的親本雜交後, 雜種在適存度、生長、存活率或繁殖成功率上高於親本平均值,甚至高於雙親的現象。
解題方法:以互補的兩個近交系為例
選擇兩個分別固定不同隱性有害等位基因的近交系:
由於兩者是近交系,基因型高度純合,因此每一個親本都會把自身的隱性有害性狀表現出來:
- 在 B 基因座為 ,因此適存度降低。
- 在 A 基因座為 ,因此適存度降低。
兩親本雜交時,配子分別為:
因此 子代的基因型為:
同時在兩個基因座都是雜合子:
- A 基因座為 , 遮蔽
- B 基因座為 , 遮蔽
所以 不具有 或 的純合隱性基因型,兩個隱性有害等位基因都不會以純合狀態表現。
親本與雜種的適存度比較
可用下列方式表示:
| 基因型 | 隱性純合基因座 | 適存度 |
|---|---|---|
| 較低 | ||
| 較低 | ||
| 無 | 較高 |
若適存度滿足:
且
則 的雜合子相對於兩個近交親本具有雜種優勢。
以親本平均適存度作比較時,雜種優勢可表示為:
其中 代表適存度。
為何近交系本身適存度較低?
第 四、問答題 2 (1) 題
- (5%) For a trait, the phenotypic variance () is about 100, and genetic variance () is about 80. (1) What is the heritability?
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這題考驗考生對遺傳力(Heritability)的定義和計算。
-
核心觀念: 遺傳力是衡量表型變異中,有多少比例是由遺傳因素造成的。在演化生物學和遺傳學中,通常指的是狹義遺傳力(narrow-sense heritability),它描述了加性遺傳變異(additive genetic variance)在總表型變異中所佔的比例。
-
公式: 狹義遺傳力 () 的計算公式為:
其中:- (Phenotypic variance): 表型變異,即觀察到的個體間性狀的總差異。
第 四、問答題 2 (2) 題
- (5%) For a trait, the phenotypic variance () is about 100, and genetic variance () is about 80. (2) A population's mean trait value is 10. After directional selection, the survivors' mean trait value is 20. Will the next-generation progenies' mean trait values of those survivors be lower, equal, or higher than 20? Why?
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這題是上一題的延伸,考驗考生對育種者方程式(Breeder's equation)的應用,特別是預測下一世代的性狀值。
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核心觀念: 育種者方程式 () 描述了在選擇壓力下,一個性狀的演化反應(下一世代平均值與上一世代平均值的差異)與遺傳力 () 和選擇差 () 之間的關係。
-
已知資訊:
- 從上一小題計算得出,遺傳力 。
- 族群的平均性狀值(親代平均值) 。
- 定向選擇後,倖存者(有繁殖能力的個體)的平均性狀值 。
-
計算選擇差 ():
選擇差 () 是指選擇的個體(倖存者)的平均表型值與整個族群的平均表型值之間的差異。
-
計算演化反應 ():
演化反應 () 是指下一世代的平均性狀值與親代平均值之間的預期差異。
-
預測下一世代的平均性狀值:
下一世代的平均性狀值是親代平均值加上演化反應。
下一世代平均值 = 親代平均值 +
下一世代平均值 = -
回答問題:
題目問的是:「Will the next-generation progenies' mean trait values of those survivors be lower, equal
第 四、問答題 3 (1) 題
- (10%) Among native Americans, two types of earwax(cerumen) are seen, dry and sticky. A geneticist studied the inheritance of this trait by observing the types of offspring produced by different kinds of matings. He observed the following numbers:
| Parents | Number of mating pairs | Offspring | Sticky | Dry |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| sticky x sticky | 10 | 32 | 6 | |
| sticky x dry | 8 | 21 | 9 | |
| dry x dry | 2 | 0 | 6 |
(1) How is earwax type inherited? (recessive, dominance, or codominance)
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這題要求考生根據觀察到的親代和子代表型的數據,推斷耳垢(earwax)性狀的遺傳模式,並判斷是隱性、顯性還是共顯性。
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核心觀念: 遺傳模式(隱性、顯性、共顯性)可以通過觀察不同親代組合的子代表型比例來推斷。
- 隱性遺傳 (Recessive inheritance): 隱性性狀只有在個體為純合隱性時才會表現。例如,如果「乾性耳垢」是隱性(設為 ),「黏性耳垢」是顯性(設為 ),那麼:
- 或 表現黏性。
- 表現乾性。
- 顯性遺傳 (Dominance): 顯性性狀在純合顯性或雜合子時都表現。
- 共顯性 (Codominance): 雜合子同時表現兩種純合子的性狀。例如,血型 AB。
- 隱性遺傳 (Recessive inheritance): 隱性性狀只有在個體為純合隱性時才會表現。例如,如果「乾性耳垢」是隱性(設為 ),「黏性耳垢」是顯性(設為 ),那麼:
-
數據分析:
- sticky x sticky 32 sticky, 6 dry:
- 如果黏性是顯性,乾性是隱性( 為黏性, 為乾性)。
- 親代都是黏性,但出現了隱性後代(乾性)。這意味著親代必須是雜合子 。
- 的後代比例理論上是 3:1(黏性:乾性)。
- 觀察數據:32 黏性 : 6 乾性。比例約為 32/6 ≈ 5.33:1。這與 3:1 的比例比較接近。
- dry x dry 0 sticky, 6 dry:
- 如果乾性是隱性(),那麼兩個 個體只能產生 後代。
- 觀察數據:0 黏性 : 6 乾性。這與親代都是乾性()且後代也都是乾性()的結果一致。這支持了乾性是隱性的假設。
- sticky x dry 21 sticky, 9 dry:
- 如果親代是黏性 () 和乾性 ()。
- 的後代比例理論上是 1:1( 黏性 : 乾性)。
- 觀察數據:21 黏性 : 9 乾性。比例約為 21/9 ≈ 2.33:1。這個比例與 1:1 的理論比例也比較接近。
- sticky x sticky 32 sticky, 6 dry:
-
評估其他可能性:
- 如果黏性是隱性 (),乾性是顯性 ():
- sticky x sticky 兩個 親代,只能產生 後代。但數據出現了乾性後代,所以這個假設不成立。
- 如果是共顯性:
- 如果黏性是隱性 (),乾性是顯性 ():
第 四、問答題 3 (2) 題
- (10%) Among native Americans, two types of earwax(cerumen) are seen, dry and sticky. A geneticist studied the inheritance of this trait by observing the types of offspring produced by different kinds of matings. He observed the following numbers:
| Parents | Number of mating pairs | Offspring | Sticky | Dry |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| sticky x sticky | 10 | 32 | 6 | |
| sticky x dry | 8 | 21 | 9 | |
| dry x dry | 2 | 0 | 6 |
(2) Why are there no 3:1 or 1:1 ratios in the data shown in the chart?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
這題要求考生根據上一小題的結論(黏性為顯性,乾性為隱性),解釋為何觀察到的數據比例(如 32:6, 21:9)沒有嚴格呈現理論上的 3:1 或 1:1 比例。
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核心觀念: 孟德爾遺傳定律中的比例(如 3:1, 1:1, 9:3:3:1)是基於隨機的配子結合和無限大的樣本量所得到的「理論機率」。在實際觀察中,由於樣本量有限、隨機變異、以及其他演化因素的影響,觀察到的比例往往會與理論比例有所偏差。
-
數據與理論比例的比較:
-
親代 sticky x sticky (預期 3:1):
- 理論上,兩個雜合子 () 的後代比例為 3 黏性 () : 1 乾性 ()。
- 觀察數據:32 黏性 : 6 乾性。總計 38 個後代。
- 理論期望值:黏性 = ;乾性 = 。
- 觀察值 (32, 6) 與期望值 (28.5, 9.5) 存在一定差異,但比例約為 5.3:1。
-
親代 sticky x dry (預期 1:1):
- 理論上,雜合子與隱性純合子 () 的後代比例為 1 黏性 () : 1 乾性 ()。
- 觀察數據:21 黏性 : 9 乾性。總計 30 個後代。
- 理論期望值:黏性 = ;乾性 = 。
- 觀察值 (21, 9) 與期望值 (15, 15) 存在較大差異,比例約為 2.3:1。
-
親代 dry x dry (預期 1:0 或 1:1 情況下的 1:0):
- 理論上,兩個隱性純合子 () 的後代只能是隱性 ()。
- 觀察數據:0 黏性 : 6 乾性。這與理論預期完全一致。
-
-
解釋偏差的原因:
- 樣本量有限 (Small sample size):
- 在 的實驗中,只有 10 對親代,產生了 38 個後代。在 中,只有 8 對親代,產生了 30 個後代。
- 當樣本量不大時,隨機的個體組合(配子結合)會產生隨機的偏差。例如,在 的交配中,雖然產生 配子的機率是 1/2,但連續產生 6 個 配子(從而形成 後代)的機率並非為零。同樣,連續產生 32 個非 後代的機率也存在。
- 這種隨機偏差是統計學上的「抽樣誤差」。
- 樣本量有限 (Small sample size):