109 年 國立臺灣大學應用力學研究所乙組《流體力學(A)》

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第 1 題25 分

A rotary mixer consists of two 1-m-long half-tubes rotating around a central arm, as shown in the figure (left). Using the drag coefficient CDC_D from the table (right),
(a) derive an expression for the torque TT required to drive the mixer at angular velocity Ω\Omega in a fluid of density ρ\rho.
Suppose that the fluid is water at 20∘C20^\circ\text{C} and the maximum driving power PP available is 20 kW20 \text{ kW}.
(b) What is the maximum rotation speed Ωmax\Omega_{\text{max}} (rev/min)?

Hint:

  1. For water at 20∘C20^\circ\text{C}, take ρ=998 kg/m3\rho=998 \text{ kg/m}^3 and μ=0.001 kg/(m⋅s)\mu=0.001 \text{ kg/(m}\cdot\text{s)}.
  2. Torque is equal to the integral of force over two half-tubes: T=2∫rdFT = 2 \int r dF, where dFdF is the drag force.
  3. The drag coefficient is defined as CD=2FρV2AC_D = \frac{2F}{\rho V^2 A}, where VV is the local fluid velocity (Ωr\Omega r) and AA is the frontal area (dA=DdrdA = D dr).
  4. Power is equal to the product of torque and rotation speed (P=TΩP = T\Omega) and 1 W=1 N⋅m/s1 \text{ W} = 1 \text{ N}\cdot\text{m/s}.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題利用外部流場阻力與轉矩的關係:

  • 半管距離旋轉軸為 rr 時,其局部速度為
    V=ΩrV=\Omega r
  • 阻力係數定義為
    dF=12CDρV2dAdF=\frac12 C_D\rho V^2dA
  • 由圖中半管的迎流方向,凹面迎向相對流動,查表得
    CD=2.3C_D=2.3
  • 微小阻力對旋轉軸造成的微小轉矩為 r dFr\,dF,且共有兩支半管。
  • 功率與角速度的關係為
    P=TΩP=T\Omega

(a) 轉矩推導

令半管長度及旋轉半徑為 R=1 mR=1\ \mathrm{m},直徑為 DD。取距離旋轉軸 rr 至 r+drr+dr 的微小區段,單支半管的迎風面積為

dA=D drdA=D\,dr

因此微小阻力為

dF=12CDρ(Ωr)2D drdF=\frac12 C_D\rho(\Omega r)^2D\,dr

兩支半管所需的總轉矩為

T=2∫0Rr dF=2∫0Rr[12CDρΩ2r2D dr]=CDρDΩ2∫0Rr3 dr=14CDρDR4Ω2\begin{aligned} T &=2\int_0^R r\,dF\\ &=2\int_0^R r\left[\frac12 C_D\rho\Omega^2r^2D\,dr\right]\\ &=C_D\rho D\Omega^2\int_0^R r^3\,dr\\ &=\boxed{\frac14 C_D\rho D R^4\Omega^2} \end{aligned}

所以轉矩與角速度平方成正比。

(b) 最大旋轉速度

由 P=TΩP=T\Omega,

P=14CDρDR4Ω3P=\frac14 C_D\rho D R^4\Omega^3

故

Ωmax⁡=(4PCDρDR4)1/3\Omega_{\max} = \left( \frac{4P}{C_D\rho D R^4} \right)^{1/3}
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第 2 題25 分

Air at 20∘C20^\circ\text{C} and 1 atm1 \text{ atm} enters a 40 cm×40 cm40 \text{ cm} \times 40 \text{ cm} square duct as in shown in the figure (left). Using the "displacement thickness" concept of the figure (right), estimate
(a) the mean velocity UcoreU_{\text{core}} (m/s) and
(b) the mean gage pressure pgagep_{\text{gage}} (Pa) in the core of the flow at the position x=3 mx = 3 \text{ m}.
(c) What is the average pressure gradient (Pa/m)(\text{Pa/m}) in this section?

Hint:

  1. For air at 20∘C20^\circ\text{C}, take ρ=1.2 kg/m3\rho=1.2 \text{ kg/m}^3 and μ=1.8×10−5 kg/(m⋅s)\mu=1.8 \times 10^{-5} \text{ kg/(m}\cdot\text{s)}.
  2. The mean velocity at the exit is estimated by the continuity of flow, that is, Q(entrance)=Q(exit)Q(\text{entrance}) = Q(\text{exit}), where QQ is the volume flow rate (Q=VAQ = VA, VV is the mean velocity and AA is the effective cross sectional area).
  3. The pressure change in the (frictionless) core flow is estimated from Bernoulli's equation: p+12ρV2=constantp + \frac{1}{2}\rho V^2 = \text{constant}. Specifically, pentrance+12ρVentrance2=pexit+12ρVexit2p_{\text{entrance}} + \frac{1}{2}\rho V_{\text{entrance}}^2 = p_{\text{exit}} + \frac{1}{2}\rho V_{\text{exit}}^2, where pp is the mean pressure.
  4. Gage pressure is equal to absolute pressure minus atmospheric pressure: pgage=p−patmp_{\text{gage}} = p - p_{\text{atm}}, and 1 Pa=1 N/m21 \text{ Pa} = 1 \text{ N/m}^2.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

位移厚度 δ∗\delta^*將壁面邊界層造成的流量損失,等效為核心流通面積縮小:

δ∗=∫0∞(1−uU∞)dy\delta^*=\int_0^\infty\left(1-\frac{u}{U_\infty}\right)dy

依圖中平板層流關係:

δ∗x=1.721Rex,Rex=ρU∞xμ\frac{\delta^*}{x}=\frac{1.721}{\sqrt{Re_x}}, \qquad Re_x=\frac{\rho U_\infty x}{\mu}

本題以入口速度 U∞≃2 m/sU_\infty\simeq 2\ \text{m/s} 作位移厚度估算。方形 duct 的四個壁面皆有邊界層,因此核心截面邊長約為

acore=a−2δ∗a_{\text{core}}=a-2\delta^*

再利用連續方程與核心流的 Bernoulli 方程求解。

解題方法

1. 計算 x=3 mx=3\ \text{m} 處的位移厚度

運動黏度為

ν=μρ=1.8×10−51.2=1.50×10−5 m2/s\nu=\frac{\mu}{\rho} =\frac{1.8\times10^{-5}}{1.2} =1.50\times10^{-5}\ \text{m}^2/\text{s}

因此

Rex=U∞xν=(2)(3)1.50×10−5=4.00×105Re_x=\frac{U_\infty x}{\nu} =\frac{(2)(3)}{1.50\times10^{-5}} =4.00\times10^5 δ∗=1.721(3)4.00×105=8.16×10−3 m\delta^* =\frac{1.721(3)}{\sqrt{4.00\times10^5}} =8.16\times10^{-3}\ \text{m}

所以

δ∗≈8.16 mm\delta^*\approx 8.16\ \text{mm}

2. 利用連續方程求核心速度

入口流量為

Qin=Vina2=(2)(0.40)2=0.320 m3/sQ_{\text{in}} =V_{\text{in}}a^2 =(2)(0.40)^2 =0.320\ \text{m}^3/\text{s}

在 x=3 mx=3\ \text{m} 處,四面邊界層的位移厚度使核心截面邊長變為

acore=0.40−2(0.00816)=0.3837 ma_{\text{core}} =0.40-2(0.00816) =0.3837\ \text{m}

核心有效面積為

Acore=(0.3837)2=0.1472 m2A_{\text{core}} =(0.3837)^2 =0.1472\ \text{m}^2

由 Qin=QexitQ_{\text{in}}=Q_{\text{exit}}:

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第 2 題25 分

Air at 20∘C20^\circ\text{C} and 1 atm1 \text{ atm} enters a 40 cm×40 cm40 \text{ cm} \times 40 \text{ cm} square duct as in shown in the figure (left). Using the "displacement thickness" concept of the figure (right), estimate
(a) the mean velocity UcoreU_{\text{core}} (m/s) and
(b) the mean gage pressure pgagep_{\text{gage}} (Pa) in the core of the flow at the position x=3 mx = 3 \text{ m}.
(c) What is the average pressure gradient (Pa/m)(\text{Pa/m}) in this section?

Hint:

  1. For air at 20∘C20^\circ\text{C}, take ρ=1.2 kg/m3\rho=1.2 \text{ kg/m}^3 and μ=1.8×10−5 kg/(m⋅s)\mu=1.8 \times 10^{-5} \text{ kg/(m}\cdot\text{s)}.
  2. The mean velocity at the exit is estimated by the continuity of flow, that is, Q(entrance)=Q(exit)Q(\text{entrance}) = Q(\text{exit}), where QQ is the volume flow rate (Q=VAQ = VA, VV is the mean velocity and AA is the effective cross sectional area).
  3. The pressure change in the (frictionless) core flow is estimated from Bernoulli's equation: p+12ρV2=constantp + \frac{1}{2}\rho V^2 = \text{constant}. Specifically, pentrance+12ρVentrance2=pexit+12ρVexit2p_{\text{entrance}} + \frac{1}{2}\rho V_{\text{entrance}}^2 = p_{\text{exit}} + \frac{1}{2}\rho V_{\text{exit}}^2, where pp is the mean pressure.
  4. Gage pressure is equal to absolute pressure minus atmospheric pressure: pgage=p−patmp_{\text{gage}} = p - p_{\text{atm}}, and 1 Pa=1 N/m21 \text{ Pa} = 1 \text{ N/m}^2.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

位移厚度 δ∗\delta^*將壁面邊界層造成的流量損失,等效為核心流通面積縮小:

δ∗=∫0∞(1−uU∞)dy\delta^*=\int_0^\infty\left(1-\frac{u}{U_\infty}\right)dy

依圖中平板層流關係:

δ∗x=1.721Rex,Rex=ρU∞xμ\frac{\delta^*}{x}=\frac{1.721}{\sqrt{Re_x}}, \qquad Re_x=\frac{\rho U_\infty x}{\mu}

本題以入口速度 U∞≃2 m/sU_\infty\simeq 2\ \text{m/s} 作位移厚度估算。方形 duct 的四個壁面皆有邊界層,因此核心截面邊長約為

acore=a−2δ∗a_{\text{core}}=a-2\delta^*

再利用連續方程與核心流的 Bernoulli 方程求解。

解題方法

1. 計算 x=3 mx=3\ \text{m} 處的位移厚度

運動黏度為

ν=μρ=1.8×10−51.2=1.50×10−5 m2/s\nu=\frac{\mu}{\rho} =\frac{1.8\times10^{-5}}{1.2} =1.50\times10^{-5}\ \text{m}^2/\text{s}

因此

Rex=U∞xν=(2)(3)1.50×10−5=4.00×105Re_x=\frac{U_\infty x}{\nu} =\frac{(2)(3)}{1.50\times10^{-5}} =4.00\times10^5 δ∗=1.721(3)4.00×105=8.16×10−3 m\delta^* =\frac{1.721(3)}{\sqrt{4.00\times10^5}} =8.16\times10^{-3}\ \text{m}

所以

δ∗≈8.16 mm\delta^*\approx 8.16\ \text{mm}

2. 利用連續方程求核心速度

入口流量為

Qin=Vina2=(2)(0.40)2=0.320 m3/sQ_{\text{in}} =V_{\text{in}}a^2 =(2)(0.40)^2 =0.320\ \text{m}^3/\text{s}

在 x=3 mx=3\ \text{m} 處,四面邊界層的位移厚度使核心截面邊長變為

acore=0.40−2(0.00816)=0.3837 ma_{\text{core}} =0.40-2(0.00816) =0.3837\ \text{m}

核心有效面積為

Acore=(0.3837)2=0.1472 m2A_{\text{core}} =(0.3837)^2 =0.1472\ \text{m}^2

由 Qin=QexitQ_{\text{in}}=Q_{\text{exit}}:

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第 3 題25 分

A liquid of density ρl\rho_l is sprayed from a nozzle into still air of density ρa\rho_a, as shown in the figure. The liquid stream emerges from the nozzle at a speed U0U_0 and breaks up into small droplets, entraining air and accelerating it in the direction of the spray axis xx. The mass flow rate of the liquid leaving the nozzle is m˙\dot{m}. It is observed that the liquid droplets are uniformly distributed over a cross-section of a cone of half angle α\alpha and have the same speed UU within that cross-section (i.e., both UU and UaU_a are uniform across the jet cross-section).
By using photography, the speed U(x)U(x) of the spray droplets is measured as a function of the distance xx from the tip of the nozzle.
(a) (15%) Derive an expression for the mean speed Va(x)V_a(x) of the air within the spray cone, as a function of xx and the known flow variables, assuming that VaV_a is uniform across the jet cross-section.
(b) (10%) The spray is observed to consist of droplets of uniform diameter dd. Derive an expression for the number of droplets per unit volume, n(x)n(x), as a function of flow parameters.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題使用:

  1. 噴霧錐的幾何關係求截面積。
  2. 液滴質量守恆。
  3. 以液滴與被捲吸空氣組成控制體,套用 xx 方向動量守恆。

混合過程中液滴由 U0U_0 減速至 U(x)U(x),損失的動量傳給原本靜止的空氣。將噴霧視為稀相噴霧,液滴所占體積相對於噴霧錐可忽略。


(a) 空氣平均速度 Va(x)V_a(x)

1. 噴霧截面積

距離噴嘴尖端 xx 處,噴霧錐半徑為

R(x)=xtan⁡αR(x)=x\tan\alpha

因此截面積為

A(x)=πR2=πx2tan⁡2αA(x)=\pi R^2 =\pi x^2\tan^2\alpha

2. 空氣質量流率

空氣在截面上以均勻速度 Va(x)V_a(x) 流動,因此

m˙a=ρaA(x)Va(x)\dot m_a=\rho_a A(x)V_a(x)

3. xx 方向動量守恆

在噴嘴出口處,空氣為靜止狀態,只有液體帶有軸向動量:

P˙in=m˙U0\dot P_{\text{in}}=\dot m U_0

在距離 xx 的截面,液滴與空氣的動量流率分別為

P˙l=m˙U(x)\dot P_l=\dot m U(x)

以及

P˙a=m˙aVa=ρaA(x)Va2\dot P_a=\dot m_a V_a =\rho_a A(x)V_a^2

忽略外界壓力差、重力及其他外力,動量守恆給出

m˙U0=m˙U(x)+ρaA(x)Va2\dot m U_0 = \dot m U(x)+\rho_a A(x)V_a^2

整理得

ρaA(x)Va2=m˙[U0−U(x)]\rho_a A(x)V_a^2 = \dot m\left[U_0-U(x)\right]

代入 A(x)=πx2tan⁡2αA(x)=\pi x^2\tan^2\alpha:

Va(x)=[m˙(U0−U(x))ρaπx2tan⁡2α]1/2\boxed{ V_a(x)= \left[ \frac{\dot m\left(U_0-U(x)\right)} {\rho_a\pi x^2\tan^2\alpha} \right]^{1/2} }

取正根是因為 VaV_a 表示空氣沿 xx 軸方向的速度。


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第 4 題25 分

An aerosol generator contains two tubes which are joined to form a T junction, as shown in the sketch. The larger diameter tube (diameter DD) opens to a pressurized chamber at a gage pressure ΔP\Delta P containing a gas of density ρg\rho_g, say air. Its other end is open to the atmosphere. The open end of the thinner tube (diameter dd) is submerged in a liquid of density ρl\rho_l. The length of the thin tube is LL.
Suppose that ΔP/patm∼O(0.1)\Delta P / p_{\text{atm}} \sim O(0.1), and that both the air and liquid flows are inviscid. Also assume that gravity does not affect the flow.
(a) (5%) Sketch the flow pattern that you expect, including the flow near the T junction.
(b) (10%) What is the ratio of the volumetric flow rate of liquid to gas Ql/QgQ_l / Q_g at the exit from the atomizer?
(c) (10%) When it is not relevant to neglect the effect of gravity? Give your result in a non-dimensional form.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題利用:

  1. 伯努力方程式:將加壓腔的壓力能轉換為氣體、液體的動能。
  2. 連續方程式:Q=AUQ=AU。
  3. T 接頭的引射作用:高速氣流通過接頭時,使液體由細管被吸入,並在下游被氣流拉伸、破碎成液滴。
  4. 無因次重力判斷:比較液體的靜水壓頭 ρlgL\rho_l gL 與驅動壓差 ΔP\Delta P。

令

Ag=πD24,Al=πd24.A_g=\frac{\pi D^2}{4},\qquad A_l=\frac{\pi d^2}{4}.

(a) 流場示意

流動方向如下:

加壓腔                         大管 D                 大氣出口
壓縮氣體   ───────────────→       T ───────────────→  氣液混合流
                                      ↗  ↗  ↗  液滴
                                      ↑
                                      │ 細管 d
                                      ↑
                                  液體被吸入

氣體由加壓腔沿大管向右流動,在 T 接頭附近形成高速主流。細管中的液體受到接頭處壓力降低的作用向上流入主流;液體射流進入水平氣流後迅速轉向下游,受到氣流剪切而拉伸、破碎,形成氣液兩相的噴霧流。

在理想無黏性模型中,主要流線為:

  • 氣體:由左向右;
  • 液體:由下向上進入 T 接頭;
  • 混合流:在接頭下游共同向右流動。

(b) 體積流率比 Ql/QgQ_l/Q_g

氣體流速

加壓腔壓力為

p0=patm+ΔP,p_0=p_{\mathrm{atm}}+\Delta P,

出口壓力為 patmp_{\mathrm{atm}}。忽略損失並以加壓腔內氣體速度近似為零,對氣體使用伯努力方程式:

patm+ΔP=patm+12ρgUg2.p_{\mathrm{atm}}+\Delta P = p_{\mathrm{atm}}+\frac{1}{2}\rho_g U_g^2.

因此

Ug=2ΔPρg.U_g=\sqrt{\frac{2\Delta P}{\rho_g}}.

氣體體積流率為

Qg=AgUg=πD242ΔPρg.Q_g=A_gU_g = \frac{\pi D^2}{4} \sqrt{\frac{2\Delta P}{\rho_g}}.

液體流速

T 接頭處所提供給液體的壓力差同樣為 ΔP\Delta P。忽略重力,對液體使用伯努力方程式:

ΔP=12ρlUl2,\Delta P=\frac{1}{2}\rho_l U_l^2,

故

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其他考古題

109 年臺灣大學的其他科目

臺灣大學《流體力學》其他年度